EP0355388B1 - Radiant heater and method and device for producing same - Google Patents
Radiant heater and method and device for producing same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0355388B1 EP0355388B1 EP89113041A EP89113041A EP0355388B1 EP 0355388 B1 EP0355388 B1 EP 0355388B1 EP 89113041 A EP89113041 A EP 89113041A EP 89113041 A EP89113041 A EP 89113041A EP 0355388 B1 EP0355388 B1 EP 0355388B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- heating coil
- insulating material
- filling material
- insulator
- interior
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000009969 flowable effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003605 opacifier Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims 3
- 239000004964 aerogel Substances 0.000 claims 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 230000001698 pyrogenic effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-monostearoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002012 Aerosil® Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DCXXMTOCNZCJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerol trioctadecanoate Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DCXXMTOCNZCJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021485 fumed silica Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002241 glass-ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001029 thermal curing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003760 hair shine Effects 0.000 description 1
- YDZQQRWRVYGNER-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;titanium;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[Ti].[Fe] YDZQQRWRVYGNER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004848 polyfunctional curative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009419 refurbishment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/68—Heating arrangements specially adapted for cooking plates or analogous hot-plates
- H05B3/74—Non-metallic plates, e.g. vitroceramic, ceramic or glassceramic hobs, also including power or control circuits
- H05B3/748—Resistive heating elements, i.e. heating elements exposed to the air, e.g. coil wire heater
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49082—Resistor making
- Y10T29/49083—Heater type
Definitions
- the invention relates to a radiant heater, in particular for use in heating glass ceramic hot plates, baking roasters or the like. as well as a method and a device for its production.
- the heating coils are attached to insulating bodies for radiant heaters either by inserting them into the grooves of the insulating body, by fastening them on the surface of the insulating body with clips or by embedding the heating coil in a damp insulating body into which the heating coil is pressed and fixed there after drying.
- This latter method has been shown to be very advantageous, but is relatively complex and requires a predominantly fibrous insulating material that has good mechanical strength, but is therefore somewhat lower in the thermal insulating properties.
- This insulator are therefore usually underlaid with a layer of an Aerosil, which, however, has a low level of mechanical strength with good heat resistance and excellent electrical and thermal insulation properties.
- the object of the invention is to propose a radiant heater and a method and a device for its production, in which disadvantages of known solutions are avoided and in which, in particular, embedding of the heating coils in the insulating body is possible with a good hold therein.
- the insulating body is produced in that the interior of the heating coil is filled over a portion of its cross-sectional area with the filler material which can be introduced into the interior of the heating coil and then the insulating material is applied in such a way that it fills the space free of filling material in the interior of the heating coil, after which then the filling material is removed.
- the filling material can be a flowable material, for example quartz sand.
- the insulating material can be poured in dry form onto the heating coils lying on a suitable base, partially filled with the filling material, preferably a free-flowing material, in particular an airgel based on pyrogenic silica or aluminum oxide, optionally with fiber reinforcement and with binding agent, as the insulating material. and opacifiers is used.
- a free-flowing material in particular an airgel based on pyrogenic silica or aluminum oxide, optionally with fiber reinforcement and with binding agent, as the insulating material. and opacifiers is used.
- the insulating material can be pressed before the filling material is removed, so that it forms a relatively solid block, which under many conditions alone is sufficient to ensure the necessary strength.
- the filling material has penetrated between the turns of the heating coils and partially enclosed them.
- the shape of the part of the insulating body which forms the embedding and remains in the interior of the heating coil can also be determined by the size of the filling material in the interior of the heating coil and possibly also a certain shape with a concave or convex surface. This can also be done by designing the heating coil as an upstanding oval. It is thus possible to extend the pressing pressure even into the interior of the heating coil without the heating coil itself being deformed or the insulating body being additionally damaged if, for example, a heating coil itself is pressed into the dry, pre-pressed insulating body.
- the resulting insulating body has, apart from a good definition of the heating coil, the advantage that part of its inner cross-sectional area is free of insulating material, so that the radiation conditions of the radiant heater are good and the insulating body is not unnecessarily thermally stressed or heated.
- the insulating body can preferably be thermally cured after pressing. This can also happen if it is used for the first time or during a test run. It can corresponding known curing agents are used. It is also possible to introduce a hardening agent into the filling material and to let it penetrate from there into the adjacent areas of the insulating material. In this case, the embedding points would preferably be hardened, which results in an ideal insulating body with increased strength in the area of the embedding, but otherwise the best thermal insulation properties. In the case of multi-component hardeners, only one component of this hardening agent could also be present in the filler material.
- a preferred device for producing radiant heaters of the type described contains a tool in which the heating coils are partially accommodated in grooves and a device for partially filling a flowable or free-flowing filler material in the grooves and a pressing device for subsequent embedding pressing of the heating coil with the Insulating material.
- the free-flowing material is preferably incompressible and forms a "counter-pressure stamp" located inside the heating coil, on which the insulating material can be firmly pressed.
- a preferred radiant heater can be produced by the method and the device, as is evident from claim 7.
- the insulating material can particularly preferably consist of a free-flowing substance, in particular an airgel of the type already mentioned.
- the radiant heater is particularly characterized by that the surface of the section of the insulating body lying inside the heating coil is the impression of the filler material which can be introduced into the inside of the heating coil.
- the distance between the individual turns of the heating coil should be greater than the wire thickness so that a good penetration of the filler material on the one hand and the insulating material on the other hand is possible inside the heating coil and that the heating coil which holds the heating coil between the Insulating body webs extending through wire windings have a sufficient cross section.
- Fig. 1 shows a device 11 which is arranged on a tool table or stand 12 and carries a tool 13 which has the shape of a plate with grooves 14 formed on its upper side, which have a substantially semicircular cross section.
- the grooves run on the upper tool surface 15, for example in a spiral, zigzag or meandering shape, depending on how heating coils 16 are to be arranged on the surface of an insulating body.
- the tool can have recesses in the edge area which, for example, form a peripheral edge of an insulating body.
- Heating coils 16 are inserted into the grooves 14 and partially protrude from the grooves.
- the proportion of the heating coil cross section that protrudes upward from the grooves, together with the groove depth, determines the height of the later embedding of the heating coils in an insulating body 21.
- a filling material 17 which consists for example of quartz sand as the main constituent, is introduced into the grooves 14. It is also possible to use a material such as wax or stearin that is liquid when warm.
- the filling material is preferably filled in so far that its surface is essentially flush with the upper tool surface 15. However, it can also be slightly above or below, and it can also take on a certain shape through appropriate introduction or after-treatment steps, for example a concave or convex shape, which then also determines the shape of the insulating body at this point. This could be done, for example, by shaking or other measures.
- the shape of the grooves does not have to correspond exactly to the heating coils. It should only be such that the heating coils are guided well during processing. Around however, to avoid an external enclosure of the heating coils in the groove area; the grooves should be matched relatively precisely to the heating coils. A shaping of the grooves according to the individual turns should only be necessary in exceptional cases.
- the filler material could also be introduced before the heating coils if, for example, the heating coils were introduced into the grooves from above by a vibration process under appropriate pressure. It would also do no harm if the filler material still grips under the heating coils, because the filler material acts just like a fixed tool stamp due to its incompressibility
- An insulating material is poured onto the tool 13 prepared in this way, which is preferably an airgel based on pyrogenic silica or aluminum oxide and can optionally contain a fiber reinforcement. It contains conventional binders and opacifiers, for example ilmenite, iron oxide or the like.
- the insulating material is very light and free-flowing and penetrates well between the turns of the heating filaments and fills the portion 20 of the interior of the heating filament not occupied by the filling material 17 up to the surface of the filling material.
- This dry, pourable insulating material 21 is then pressed by a press ram 22 with an indicated, for example hydraulic, pressing device 23 against the tool 13.
- the section 20 lying inside the heating coil is also compressed by insulating material being pushed through the windings.
- a largely homogeneous body made of pressed dry insulating material is formed. It can then be heat-treated to thermally contained in the opacifiers or binders hardening materials of known consistency to be effective. Their proportion and the degree of pressing depends on the requirements for the strength and, in particular, the abrasion resistance of the insulating body.
- An additional partial hardening in the area of the embedding can be done by adding a hardening agent to the filler material 17, which is pressed out of the filler material during the pressing or also penetrates capillary into the adjacent parts of the insulating body. It is also possible to provide the insulating body with different proportions of hardening additives and to increase the dosage on the heating coils.
- the dry-pressed insulating body 21 is removed from the device 11 by moving the device parts 13, 22 apart.
- the filling material 17 trickles itself between the turns of the heating coils 16 or remains in the grooves from where it can either be used immediately or removed by shaking off, blowing off or suctioning off and, if necessary, can be used again after refurbishment.
- Suitable as filling material are all free-flowing or to some extent flowable materials that are largely incompressible and cannot be displaced like a pure liquid or penetrate into the insulating material, for example due to the inherent friction of the individual particles from which they consist. Accordingly, the consistency will usually be between “dusty” and “granular”, or liquid when using wax or stearin.
- FIG. 2 and 3 show the finished radiant heater in its position of use with the direction of radiation upwards
- a glass ceramic plate 23 is shown, under which the radiant heater 24 is arranged and shines through it upwards.
- the radiant heater is also suitable for other applications, for example for heating ovens etc.
- the radiator can also be clearly distinguished from radiators produced differently, because normally in the region of the section 37 located in the interior of the heating coil, its surface 26 has a different structure than the surface 35 formed by the tool 13. This usually begins Structured surface 26 is already slightly outside of the heating coil 16 and forms a small edge 27 there. Depending on the degree of filling of the filling material 17, the surface 26 is slightly higher or possibly also lower than the surface 35. If the grooves 14 are just filled, Before the pressing begins, the surface 26 is somewhat higher because the filling material settles somewhat during the pressing.
- the surface 26 and possibly also the surface 35 can be designed in a simple manner as desired.
- the heating coil in the region of a rib running parallel to it or also crossing it, or of a longitudinal projection. This can be achieved by appropriate design of the surface of the tool 13 and the grooves and by a special shape of the bed.
- the pouring could take place through pouring channels or nozzles running along the grooves, which produce a specific pattern of the filling material inside the heating coil.
- a concave shape of the section 17 which is adapted to the curvature of the turns of the heating coil can be achieved.
- the area under a heating coil could also be poured through cover a little less high when the bed was laid through the heating coil, so that the insulating material came to be somewhat higher at this point and therefore an enclosure especially the heating coil enables.
- the surface 26 in FIG. 2 would have a corrugated shape, which descends between the heating coils.
- the insulating body section 37 preferably comprises only the lower part, for example a third to half the circumference of the turns of the heating coil 16. This is sufficient for a good fixing. It is important that considerable portions of the heating coil and accordingly a section 36, which preferably occupies more than half of the heating coil cross section, are free of the insulating body in order to be able to radiate freely.
- the embedded and non-binding parts change depending on the nature of the insulating material and the strength and usage requirements for the radiant heater. The use of oval heating coils arranged upright is particularly favorable.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- General Induction Heating (AREA)
- Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
- Heating, Cooling, Or Curing Plastics Or The Like In General (AREA)
- Control Of Resistance Heating (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Strahlheizkörper, insbesondere zur Verwendung zur Beheizung von Glaskeramik-Kochplatten, Back-Bratgeräten o.dgl. sowie ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zu seiner Herstellung.The invention relates to a radiant heater, in particular for use in heating glass ceramic hot plates, baking roasters or the like. as well as a method and a device for its production.
Die Befestigung von Heizwendeln auf Isolierkörpern für Strahlheizkörper geschieht entweder durch Einlegen in Nuten des Isolierkörpers, durch Befestigen mit Klammern auf der Oberfläche des Isolierkörpers oder durch Einbetten der Heizwendel in einem feuchten Isolierkörper, in den die Heizwendel hineingedrückt wird und nach der Trocknung dort festgelegt ist. Dieses letztere Verfahren hat sich als sehr vorteilhaft gezeigt, ist jedoch relativ aufwendig und erfordert ein überwiegend faseriges Isoliermaterial, das eine gute mechanische Festigkeit hat, jedoch in den thermischen Isoliereigenschaften deshalb etwas niedriger liegt. Diese Isolierkörper werden daher normalerweise mit einer Schicht aus einem Aerosil unterlegt, das bei guter Wärmebeständigkeit und ausgezeichneten elektrischen und thermischen Isoliereigenschaften jedoch eine geringere mechanische Festigkeit hat.The heating coils are attached to insulating bodies for radiant heaters either by inserting them into the grooves of the insulating body, by fastening them on the surface of the insulating body with clips or by embedding the heating coil in a damp insulating body into which the heating coil is pressed and fixed there after drying. This latter method has been shown to be very advantageous, but is relatively complex and requires a predominantly fibrous insulating material that has good mechanical strength, but is therefore somewhat lower in the thermal insulating properties. This insulator are therefore usually underlaid with a layer of an Aerosil, which, however, has a low level of mechanical strength with good heat resistance and excellent electrical and thermal insulation properties.
Ebenfalls bekannt ist es, die Heizwendel an einigen Stellen so zu verformen, daß Vorsprünge entstehen, die beim Herstellen des Isolierkörpers von diesem umpreßt werden (EP-A-71 048).It is also known to deform the heating coil at some points in such a way that projections are formed which are pressed around the insulating body during manufacture (EP-A-71 048).
Bisherige Versuche, Heizwendeln oder Vorsprünge direkt in ein solches Aerosil einzubetten, sind fehlgeschlagen. Wollte man ein solches Material verwenden, so mußte man die Festlegung mittels Klammern oder ausgeformten Vorsprüngen der Heizwendeln vornehmen.Previous attempts to embed heating coils or protrusions directly in such an aerosil have failed. If you wanted to use such a material, you had to fix it with brackets or molded projections of the heating coils.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, einen Strahlheizkörper und ein Verfahren sowie eine Vorrichtung zu seiner Herstellung vorzuschlagen, bei dem Nachteile bekannter Lösungen vermieden sind und bei dem insbesondere eine Einbettung der Heizwendeln in den Isolierkörper mit gutem Halt darin möglich ist.The object of the invention is to propose a radiant heater and a method and a device for its production, in which disadvantages of known solutions are avoided and in which, in particular, embedding of the heating coils in the insulating body is possible with a good hold therein.
Diese Aufgabe wird gemäß der Erfindung durch ein Verfahren gelöst, bei dem ein Füllmaterial für die Heizwendel verwendet und damit ein Hohlraum-Abschnitt der Heizwendel gegen Eindringen von Isoliermaterial gesichert wird. Nach der Erfindung wird der Isolierkörper dadurch hergestellt, daß das Innere der Heizwendel über einen Abschnitt seiner Querschnittsfläche mit dem ins Innere der Heizwendel einbringbarem Füllmaterial gefüllt und danach das Isoliermaterial so aufgebracht wird, daß es den von Füllmaterial freien Raum im Inneren der Heizwendel ausfüllt, wonach anschließend das Füllmaterial entfernt wird. Das Füllmaterial kann ein fließfähiges Material, beispielsweise Quarzsand sein.This object is achieved according to the invention by a method in which a filler material is used for the heating coil and thus a cavity section of the heating coil is secured against the penetration of insulating material. According to the invention, the insulating body is produced in that the interior of the heating coil is filled over a portion of its cross-sectional area with the filler material which can be introduced into the interior of the heating coil and then the insulating material is applied in such a way that it fills the space free of filling material in the interior of the heating coil, after which then the filling material is removed. The filling material can be a flowable material, for example quartz sand.
Das Isoliermaterial kann in trockener Form auf die auf einer geeigneten Unterlage liegenden, teilweise mit dem Füllmaterial gefüllten Heizwendeln aufgeschüttet werden, wobei bevorzugt als Isoliermaterial ein rieselfähiger Stoff, insbesondere ein Aerogel auf der Basis pyrogener Kieselsäure oder Aluminiumoxid, ggf. mit Faserverstärkung und mit Binde- und Trübungsmitteln verwendet wird.The insulating material can be poured in dry form onto the heating coils lying on a suitable base, partially filled with the filling material, preferably a free-flowing material, in particular an airgel based on pyrogenic silica or aluminum oxide, optionally with fiber reinforcement and with binding agent, as the insulating material. and opacifiers is used.
Das Isoliermaterial kann vor dem Entfernen des Füllmaterials gepreßt werden, so daß es einen relativ festen Block bildet, der unter vielen Voraussetzungen schon allein ausreicht, um die nötige Festigkeit zu gewährleisten. Dabei ist ja das Füllmaterial zwischen die Windungen der Heizwendeln eingedrungen und hat diese teilweise umschlossen. Durch die Größe der Füllmaterial-Schüttung im Inneren der Heizwendel und auch ggf. eine gewisse Form mit einer konkaven oder konvexen Oberfläche kann auch die Form des die Einbettung bildenden, im Heizwendel-Inneren verbleibenden Teil des Isolierkörpers bestimmt werden. Dies kann ebenfalls dadurch geschehen, daß die Heizwendel als hochstehendes Oval ausgebildet wird. Es ist somit möglich, den Preßdruck auch bis ins Innere der Heizwendel zu erstrecken, ohne daß dadurch die Heizwendel selbst verformt wird bzw. zusätzlich der Isolierkörper beschädigt wird, wenn beispielsweise eine Heizwendel in den trocken vorgepreßten Isolierkörper selbst eingepreßt wird.The insulating material can be pressed before the filling material is removed, so that it forms a relatively solid block, which under many conditions alone is sufficient to ensure the necessary strength. The filling material has penetrated between the turns of the heating coils and partially enclosed them. The shape of the part of the insulating body which forms the embedding and remains in the interior of the heating coil can also be determined by the size of the filling material in the interior of the heating coil and possibly also a certain shape with a concave or convex surface. This can also be done by designing the heating coil as an upstanding oval. It is thus possible to extend the pressing pressure even into the interior of the heating coil without the heating coil itself being deformed or the insulating body being additionally damaged if, for example, a heating coil itself is pressed into the dry, pre-pressed insulating body.
Der entstehende Isolierkörper hat außer einer guten Festlegung der Heizwendel den Vorteil, daß ein Teil seiner Innen-Querschnittsfläche frei von Isoliermaterial ist, so daß die Abstrahlungsbedingungen des Strahlheizkörpers gut sind und der Isolierkörper nicht unnötig thermisch belastet oder aufgeheizt wird.The resulting insulating body has, apart from a good definition of the heating coil, the advantage that part of its inner cross-sectional area is free of insulating material, so that the radiation conditions of the radiant heater are good and the insulating body is not unnecessarily thermally stressed or heated.
Der Isolierkörper kann nach dem Pressen vorzugsweise noch thermisch ausgehärtet werden. Das kann ggf. auch bei der ersten Benutzung oder einem Probelauf geschehen. Es können entsprechende bekannte Härtungsmittel verwendet werden. Es ist auch möglich, ein Härtungsmittel in das Füllmaterial einzubringen und dieses von dort aus in die benachbarten Bereiche des Isoliermaterials eindringen zu lassen. In diesem Falle würden bevorzugt die Einbettungsstellen gehärtet werden, was einen idealen Isolierkörper mit erhöhter Festigkeit im Bereich der Einbettung, im übrigen aber die besten thermischen Isoliereigenschaften ergibt. Bei Mehrkomponenten-Härtern könnte auch nur eine Komponente dieses Härtungsmittels im Füllmaterial enthalten sein.The insulating body can preferably be thermally cured after pressing. This can also happen if it is used for the first time or during a test run. It can corresponding known curing agents are used. It is also possible to introduce a hardening agent into the filling material and to let it penetrate from there into the adjacent areas of the insulating material. In this case, the embedding points would preferably be hardened, which results in an ideal insulating body with increased strength in the area of the embedding, but otherwise the best thermal insulation properties. In the case of multi-component hardeners, only one component of this hardening agent could also be present in the filler material.
Es ist ebenfalls möglich, das Härtungsmaterial geschichtet zu dosieren und dabei an den Stellen der Heizwendel erhöht zu dosieren.It is also possible to dose the hardening material in layers and to dose it at the points of the heating coil.
Eine bevorzugte Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Strahlheizkörpern der beschriebenen Art enthält ein Werkzeug, in dem die Heizwendeln in Nuten teilweise aufgenommen sind und eine Einrichtung zur teilweisen Füllung eines fließ- bzw. rieselfähigen Füllmaterials in die Nuten und eine Preßeinrichtung zum anschließenden einbettenden Verpressen der Heizwendel mit dem Isoliermaterial. Das rieselfähige Material ist vorzugsweise inkompressibel und bildet einen im Inneren der Heizwendel liegenden "Gegendruckstempel", auf dem das Isoliermaterial fest verpreßt werden kann.A preferred device for producing radiant heaters of the type described contains a tool in which the heating coils are partially accommodated in grooves and a device for partially filling a flowable or free-flowing filler material in the grooves and a pressing device for subsequent embedding pressing of the heating coil with the Insulating material. The free-flowing material is preferably incompressible and forms a "counter-pressure stamp" located inside the heating coil, on which the insulating material can be firmly pressed.
Durch das Verfahren und die Vorrichtung kann ein bevorzugter Strahlheizkörper hergestellt werden, wie es aus Anspruch 7 hervorgeht. Das Isoliermaterial kann dabei besonders bevorzugt aus einem rieselfähigen Stoff, insbesondere einem Aerogel der bereits erwähnten Art bestehen. Der Strahlheizkörper ist besonders dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Oberfläche des im Inneren der Heizwendel liegenden Abschnittes des Isolierkörpers der Abdruck des ins Innere der Heizwendel einbringbaren Füllmaterials ist.A preferred radiant heater can be produced by the method and the device, as is evident from claim 7. The insulating material can particularly preferably consist of a free-flowing substance, in particular an airgel of the type already mentioned. The radiant heater is particularly characterized by that the surface of the section of the insulating body lying inside the heating coil is the impression of the filler material which can be introduced into the inside of the heating coil.
Es hat sich gezeigt, daß der Abstand zwischen den einzelnen Windungen der Heizwendel größer als die Drahtdicke sein sollte, damit ein gutes Eindringen des Füllmaterials einerseits und des Isoliermaterials andererseits ins Innere der Heizwendel möglich ist und daß die für den Halt der Heizwendel sorgenden, zwischen den Drahtwindungen hindurchreichenden Isolierkörper-Stege einen ausreichenden Querschnitt haben.It has been shown that the distance between the individual turns of the heating coil should be greater than the wire thickness so that a good penetration of the filler material on the one hand and the insulating material on the other hand is possible inside the heating coil and that the heating coil which holds the heating coil between the Insulating body webs extending through wire windings have a sufficient cross section.
Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung wird nachstehend anhand der Zeichnung beschrieben. In dieser zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach der Erfindung im teilweise abgebrochenen schematischen Vertikalschnitt;
- Fig. 2
- die vergrößerte Schnittdarstellung eines Teils eines Strahlheizkörpers nach der Erfindung;
- Fig. 3
- einen Schnitt nach Linie III in Fig. 2.
- Fig. 1
- a device for performing the method according to the invention in a partially broken schematic vertical section;
- Fig. 2
- the enlarged sectional view of a part of a radiant heater according to the invention;
- Fig. 3
- a section along line III in Fig. 2nd
Fig. 1 zeigt eine Vorrichtung 11, die auf einem Werkzeugtisch oder -ständer 12 angeordnet ist und ein Werkzeug 13 trägt, das die Form einer Platte mit an seiner Oberseite eingeformten Nuten 14 hat, die einen im wesentlichen halbrunden Querschnitt haben. Die Nuten verlaufen auf der oberen Werkzeugfläche 15 in beispielsweise spiraliger, zickzack- oder mäanderartiger Form, je nachdem, wie Heizwendeln 16 auf der Oberfläche eines Isolierkörpers angeordnet werden sollen. Das Werkzeug kann im Randbereich Ausnehmungen haben, die beispielsweise einen umlaufenden Rand eines Isolierkörpers formen.Fig. 1 shows a
In die Nuten 14 werden Heizwendeln 16 eingelegt, die aus den Nuten teilweise herausragen. Der Anteil des Heizwendel-Querschnitts, der aus den Nuten nach oben herausragt, bestimmt zusammen mit der Nuttiefe die Höhe der späteren Einbettung der Heizwendeln in einen Isolierkörper 21.
In die Nuten 14 wird im Rahmen des Herstellungsverfahrens ein Füllmaterial 17 eingebracht, das beispielsweise aus Quarzsand als Hauptbestandteil besteht. Möglich ist auch die Verwendung eines Materials wie Wachs oder Stearin, das im warmen Zustand flüssig ist. Das Füllmaterial wird vorzugsweise so weit eingefüllt, daß es mit seiner Oberfläche im wesentlichen mit der oberen Werkzeugfläche 15 abschließt. Es kann aber auch etwas darüber oder darunter liegen und es kann auch durch entsprechende Einbringungs- oder Nachbehandlungsschritte eine bestimmte Gestalt einnehmen, beispielsweise eine konkave oder konvexe Form, die dann auch die Form des Isolierkörpers an dieser Stelle bestimmt. Dies könnte beispielsweise durch Rütteln oder andere Maßnahmen durchgeführt werden. Die Form der Nuten muß auch nicht genau den Heizwendeln entsprechen. Sie sollte nur so sein, daß die Heizwendeln während der Bearbeitung gut geführt werden. Um jedoch eine äußere Umschließung der Heizwendeln auch im Nutbereich zu vermeiden; sollten die Nuten relativ genau auf die Heizwendeln abgestimmt sein. Eine Ausformung der Nuten entsprechend den Einzelwindungen dürfte jedoch nur in Ausnahmefällen nötig sein.In the course of the manufacturing process, a filling
Unter gewissen Umständen könnte auch das Füllmaterial bereits vor den Heizwendeln eingebracht sein, wenn beispielsweise die Heizwendeln durch einen Vibrationsvorgang unter entsprechendem Druck von oben in die Nuten eingebracht werden. Es würde auch nichts schaden, wenn das Füllmaterial die Heizwendeln noch untergreift, weil das Füllmaterial wegen seiner Inkompressibilität ebenso wirkt wie ein fester WerkzeugstempelUnder certain circumstances, the filler material could also be introduced before the heating coils if, for example, the heating coils were introduced into the grooves from above by a vibration process under appropriate pressure. It would also do no harm if the filler material still grips under the heating coils, because the filler material acts just like a fixed tool stamp due to its incompressibility
Auf das so vorbereitete Werkzeug 13 wird ein Isoliermaterial geschüttet, das vorzugsweise ein Aerogel auf der Basis pyrogener Kieselsäure oder Aluminiumoxid ist und ggf. eine Faserverstärkung beinhalten kann. Es enthält übliche Binde-und Trübungsmittel beispielsweise Ilmenit, Eisenoxid oder dergleichen. Das Isoliermaterial ist sehr leicht und rieselfähig und dringt gut zwischen den Windungen der Heizwendeln ein und füllt den vom Füllmaterial 17 nicht eingenommenen Abschnitt 20 des Innenraums der Heizwendel bis an die Oberfläche des Füllmaterials an.An insulating material is poured onto the
Dieses trocken in rieselfähigem Zustand aufgebrachte Isoliermaterial 21 wird danach von einem Preßstempel 22 mit einer angedeuteten, beispielsweise hydraulischen Preßvorrichtung 23 gegen das Werkzeug 13 verpreßt. Dabei wird auch der im Inneren der Heizwendel liegende Abschnitt 20 verdichtet, indem Isoliermaterial durch die Windungen nachdrängt. Man kann davon ausgehen, daß am Ende der Verpressung ein weitgehend homogener Körper aus verpreßtem trockenen Isoliermaterial gebildet ist. Er kann danach wärmebehandelt werden, um in den Trübe- oder Bindemitteln enthaltene thermisch aushärtende Materialien bekannter Konsistenz wirksam werden zu lassen. Ihr Anteil und der Grad der Verpressung hängt von den Anforderungen an die Festigkeit und insbesondere Abriebfestigkeit des Isolierkörpers ab. Eine zusätzliche partielle Härtung im Bereich der Einbettung kann durch Versetzen des Füllmaterials 17 mit einem Härtungsmittel geschehen, das beim Verpressen aus dem Füllmaterial herausgedrängt wird oder auch kapillar in die angrenzenden Teile des Isolierkörpers eindringt. Ebenfalls möglich ist es, den Isolierkörper mit unterschiedlichen Anteilen an Härtungszusätzen zu versehen und die Dosierung an den Heizwendeln zu erhöhen. Vor dem thermischen Aushärten wird der trocken verpreßte Isolierkörper 21 aus der Vorrichtung 11 entfernt, indem die Vorrichtungsteile 13, 22 auseinandergefahren werden. Das Füllmaterial 17 rieselt dabei von selbst zwischen den Windungen der Heizwendeln 16 hindurch bzw. verbleibt in den Nuten von wo es entweder sofort weiterverwendet oder durch Abschütteln, Abblasen oder Absaugen entfernt und ggf. nach einer Aufarbeitung wieder neu verwendet werden kann. Als Füllmaterial sind alle rieselfähigen oder in gewisser Weise fließfähigen Materialien geeignet, die weitgehend inkompressibel sind und, beispielsweise durch Eigenreibung der einzelnen Partikel, aus denen sie bestehen, nicht wie eine reine Flüssigkeit verdrängt werden können oder in das Isoliermaterial eindringen. Die Konsistenz wird dementsprechend meist zwischen "staubförmig" und "körnig" liegen, bei Verwendung von Wachs oder Stearin auch flüssig.This dry, pourable insulating
Die Fig. 2 und 3 zeigen den fertigen Strahlheizkörper in seiner Gebrauchslage mit Abstrahlrichtung nach oben, wobei in Fig. 2 eine Glaskeramikplatte 23 gezeigt ist, unter der der Strahlheizkörper 24 angeordnet ist und diese nach oben durchstrahlt. Der Strahlheizkörper ist jedoch auch für andere Anwendungen geeignet, beispielsweise zur Beheizung von Backöfen etc.2 and 3 show the finished radiant heater in its position of use with the direction of radiation upwards, in FIG. 2 a glass
Aus Fig. 3 ist zu erkennen, daß der Heizkörper auch von anders hergestellten Heizkörpern klar zu unterscheiden ist, weil normalerweise im Bereich des im Heizwendelinneren gelegenen Abschnitts 37 dessen Oberfläche 26 eine andere Struktur hat als die vom Werkzeug 13 geformte Fläche 35. Normalerweise beginnt diese strukturierte Oberfläche 26 schon etwas außerhalb der Heizwendel 16 und bildet dort eine kleine Kante 27. Je nach dem Grad der Schüttung des Füllmaterials 17 liegt die Oberfläche 26 etwas höher oder ggf. auch tiefer als die Fläche 35. Wenn die Nuten 14 gerade gefüllt sind, bevor die Verpressung beginnt, liegt die Oberfläche 26 etwas höher, weil sich das Füllmaterial bei der Verpressung etwas setzt.From Fig. 3 it can be seen that the radiator can also be clearly distinguished from radiators produced differently, because normally in the region of the
Es sind auch andere Methoden zur gänzlichen oder nur die Oberfläche betreffenden Härtung möglich. Eine thermische Aushärtung kann auch erst während des Betriebes erfolgen. Durch entsprechende Ausbildung des Werkzeugs kann die Fläche 26 und ggf. auch die Fläche 35 in einfacher Weise beliebig gestaltet werden. So ist es beispielsweise möglich, die Anbringung der Heizwendel im Bereich einer parallel zu dieser verlaufenden oder auch diese kreuzenden Rippe oder eines längs verlaufenden Vorsprunges vorzunehmen. Dies kann durch entsprechende Ausbildung der Oberfläche des Werkzeugs 13 und der Nuten sowie durch spezielle Form der Schüttung erreicht werden. So könnte beispielsweise die Schüttung durch längs der Nuten verlaufende Schüttkanäle oder -düsen erfolgen, die ein bestimmtes Muster des Füllmaterials im Inneren der Heizwendel hervorrufen. So kann beispielsweise, wenn mit einem "Haufen" geschüttet wird, eine der Krümmung der Windungen der Heizwendel angepaßte konkave Form des Abschnitts 17 erreicht werden. Vorteilhaft könnte auch bei einer Schüttung durch die angelegte Heizwendel hindurch jeweils der Bereich unter einer Heizwendel durch Abdeckung etwas weniger hoch geschüttet werden, so daß an dieser Stelle das Isoliermaterial etwas höher zu liegen kommt und daher einer Umschließung insbesondere der Heizwendel ermöglicht. In diesem Falle hätte die Oberfläche 26 in Fig. 2 eine gewellte, jeweils zwischen den Heizwendeln sich absenkende Gestalt.Other methods for complete hardening or surface hardening are also possible. Thermal curing can also only take place during operation. By appropriately designing the tool, the
Wie aus den Fig. 2 und 3 zu erkennen ist, umfaßt vorzugsweise der Isolierkörperabschnitt 37 vorzugsweise nur den unteren Teil, beispielsweise ein Drittel bis zur Hälfte des Umfangs der Windungen der Heizwendel 16. Dies reicht für eine gute Festlegung aus. Es ist wichtig, daß beträchtliche Anteile der Heizwendel und dementsprechend ein vorzugsweise mehr als die Hälfte des Heizwendelquerschnitts einnehmenden Abschnitt 36 vom Isolierkörper frei sind, um frei abstrahlen zu können. Die eingebetteten und freibleibenden Anteile ändern sich jedoch je nach der Beschaffenheit des Isoliermaterials und den Festigkeits- und Gebrauchsanforderungen an den Strahlheizkörper. Besonders günstig ist die Verwendung von hochkant angeordneten Ovalheizwendeln.As can be seen from FIGS. 2 and 3, the insulating
Claims (9)
- Method for producing radiant heaters (24) having an insulator (21) made from insulating material and heating coils (16) partly embedded therein, characterized in that the interior of the heating coil (16), over a portion (36) of its cross-sectional surface, is filled with a filling material (17) which can be introduced into the interior of the heating coil (16) and then the insulating material is applied in such a way that it fills the space (20) in the interior of the heating coil which is free from filling material (17) and then the filling material (17) is removed.
- Method according to claim 1, characterized in that on application the insulating material is dry and/or prior to the removal of the filling material (17) is compressed and that the insulator (21) is preferably thermally cured after compression.
- Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the filling material (17) is constituted by a flowable material, such as quartz, etc. and that preferably the surface of the radiant heater (24) provided with the heating coil (16), following compression and optionally curing, is freed from particles of the filling material (17) by blowing or suction air.
- Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the insulating material comprises a free-flowing material, particularly an aerogel based on pyrogenic silicic acid or alumina, optionally with a fibre reinforcement, and contains a binder and opacifier.
- Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the filling material (17) is mixed with components of a hardening agent influencing adjacent areas of the insulating material.
- Apparatus for producing radiant heaters (24) with an insulator (21) made from insulating material and heating coils (16) partly embedded therein, characterized by a tool (13), in which the heating coils (16) are partly received in grooves (14) and by a device for the partial filling of a flowable or free-flowing filling material (17) into the grooves (14) and a pressing device (23) for the subsequent, embedding compression of the heating coils (16) with the insulating material.
- Radiant heater with an insulator (21) made from insulating material and at least one heating coil (16) partly embedded therein, characterized in that the interior of the heating coil, over a portion (37) of its internal cross-section, is filled with the insulating material by embedding therein and consequently the heating coil is fixed to the insulator (21), the surface (26) of the portion (37) being an image of a filling material (17) removed from the interior of the heating coil (16).
- Radiant heater according to claim 7, characterized in that the insulating material comprises compressed material which is free-flowing in the uncompressed state, particularly an aerogel based on pyrogenic silicic acid or alumina, optionally with a fibre reinforcement and a binder and opacifier.
- Radiant heater according to one of the claims 7 or 8, characterized in that the insulator (21) is made from an insulating material solidified by curing and/or that the spacing between the individual turns of the heating coil (16) is greater than the wire thickness.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT89113041T ATE86373T1 (en) | 1988-08-19 | 1989-07-15 | RADIANT HEATER AND METHOD AND DEVICE FOR ITS MANUFACTURE. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3828192 | 1988-08-19 | ||
| DE3828192A DE3828192A1 (en) | 1988-08-19 | 1988-08-19 | RADIANT RADIATOR AND METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING IT |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0355388A1 EP0355388A1 (en) | 1990-02-28 |
| EP0355388B1 true EP0355388B1 (en) | 1993-03-03 |
Family
ID=6361194
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP89113041A Expired - Lifetime EP0355388B1 (en) | 1988-08-19 | 1989-07-15 | Radiant heater and method and device for producing same |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US5048176A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0355388B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH0282486A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE86373T1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3828192A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2038806T3 (en) |
| YU (1) | YU159589A (en) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE501098C2 (en) * | 1993-03-02 | 1994-11-14 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance | Sealing device, method of making a sealing jaw and use |
| GB2278261B (en) * | 1993-05-21 | 1996-07-03 | Ceramaspeed Ltd | Method of manufacturing a radiant electric heater |
| DE19506685A1 (en) * | 1995-02-25 | 1996-08-29 | Ego Elektro Blanc & Fischer | Electric radiant heater and process for its manufacture |
| DE19522798A1 (en) * | 1995-06-23 | 1997-01-02 | Ego Elektro Blanc & Fischer | Process for producing a radiant heater and radiant heater |
| JP3826961B2 (en) * | 1996-03-25 | 2006-09-27 | ローム株式会社 | Heating body and manufacturing method thereof |
| JP3408137B2 (en) * | 1998-02-27 | 2003-05-19 | 三洋電機株式会社 | Cooking device |
| DE20304982U1 (en) * | 2003-03-26 | 2004-08-05 | Krieger, Detlev, Dipl.-Ing. | Electrical heating unit for copying machine, has strips of conductor material held in grooves on a support plate by insulated retaining brackets and adhesive |
| DE20304976U1 (en) * | 2003-03-26 | 2004-07-29 | Krieger, Detlev, Dipl.-Ing. | An electrical resistance heating unit has strips of conductor material held on a support plate by insulated retainers and adhesive |
| GB0811980D0 (en) * | 2008-07-07 | 2008-07-30 | Ceramaspeed Ltd | Radiant electric heater |
| US20210041108A1 (en) * | 2019-08-09 | 2021-02-11 | Eidon, Llc | Apparatuses for radiant heating |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3436816A (en) * | 1965-10-22 | 1969-04-08 | Jerome H Lemelson | Method of making heat transfer panelling |
| US3500444A (en) * | 1968-01-16 | 1970-03-10 | Johns Manville | Electrical heating unit with an insulating refractory support |
| US4091355A (en) * | 1977-01-19 | 1978-05-23 | Btu Engineering Corporation | Anchored coil heater |
| DE2820138A1 (en) * | 1978-05-09 | 1979-11-15 | Karl Fischer | Electric element for glass ceramic cooker plate - is partly embedded in raised portions of insulating base |
| US4207672A (en) * | 1978-12-18 | 1980-06-17 | Aerospex Corporation | Heater element mounting |
| DE3129239A1 (en) * | 1981-07-24 | 1983-02-10 | E.G.O. Elektro-Geräte Blanc u. Fischer, 7519 Oberderdingen | ELECTRIC RADIATOR FOR HEATING A PLATE AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
| DE3206508C2 (en) * | 1982-02-24 | 1986-02-27 | KERFA GmbH Industriebeheizungen, 5820 Gevelsberg | Process for the production of an electrical ceramic fiber surface heating element |
| DE3519350A1 (en) * | 1985-05-30 | 1986-12-04 | E.G.O. Elektro-Geräte Blanc u. Fischer, 7519 Oberderdingen | RADIATION HEATING UNIT |
| DE3527413A1 (en) * | 1985-07-31 | 1987-02-12 | Ego Elektro Blanc & Fischer | ELECTRIC RADIATOR FOR HEATING HEATING AREAS AND METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING THE SAME |
| DE3527533A1 (en) * | 1985-08-01 | 1987-02-12 | Ego Elektro Blanc & Fischer | ELECTRIC COOKING PLATE |
| DE3602541A1 (en) * | 1986-01-29 | 1987-07-30 | Rommelsbacher & Co Elektrowaer | Heating filament support, hot plate provided therewith, and a method for its production |
| EP0234373A3 (en) * | 1986-02-26 | 1988-03-02 | E.G.O. Elektro-Geräte Blanc u. Fischer | Cooking unit with radiant heating element |
| DE3709608A1 (en) * | 1987-03-24 | 1988-10-06 | Rommelsbacher & Co Elektrowaer | Process for producing a heating-spiral carrier and mould for carrying out the process |
| DE8706277U1 (en) * | 1987-05-01 | 1987-06-25 | E.G.O. Elektro-Geraete Blanc U. Fischer, 7519 Oberderdingen, De |
-
1988
- 1988-08-19 DE DE3828192A patent/DE3828192A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1989
- 1989-07-15 EP EP89113041A patent/EP0355388B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-07-15 ES ES198989113041T patent/ES2038806T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-07-15 AT AT89113041T patent/ATE86373T1/en active
- 1989-07-15 DE DE8989113041T patent/DE58903642D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-07-25 US US07/385,008 patent/US5048176A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-08-02 JP JP1199537A patent/JPH0282486A/en active Pending
- 1989-08-14 YU YU159589A patent/YU159589A/en unknown
-
1991
- 1991-04-24 US US07/690,709 patent/US5196678A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE58903642D1 (en) | 1993-04-08 |
| JPH0282486A (en) | 1990-03-23 |
| YU159589A (en) | 1992-07-20 |
| ATE86373T1 (en) | 1993-03-15 |
| DE3828192A1 (en) | 1990-02-22 |
| EP0355388A1 (en) | 1990-02-28 |
| US5048176A (en) | 1991-09-17 |
| US5196678A (en) | 1993-03-23 |
| ES2038806T3 (en) | 1993-08-01 |
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