EP0348786B1 - Soupape électromagnétique d'injection de combustible - Google Patents

Soupape électromagnétique d'injection de combustible Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0348786B1
EP0348786B1 EP89111120A EP89111120A EP0348786B1 EP 0348786 B1 EP0348786 B1 EP 0348786B1 EP 89111120 A EP89111120 A EP 89111120A EP 89111120 A EP89111120 A EP 89111120A EP 0348786 B1 EP0348786 B1 EP 0348786B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
injection valve
fuel injection
nozzle openings
valve according
fuel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89111120A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0348786A2 (fr
EP0348786A3 (en
Inventor
Mauro Forapianti
Alberto Manetti
Riccardo Toncelli
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of EP0348786A2 publication Critical patent/EP0348786A2/fr
Publication of EP0348786A3 publication Critical patent/EP0348786A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0348786B1 publication Critical patent/EP0348786B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
    • F02M61/16—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M61/02 - F02M61/14
    • F02M61/18—Injection nozzles, e.g. having valve seats; Details of valve member seated ends, not otherwise provided for
    • F02M61/1853—Orifice plates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M51/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by being operated electrically
    • F02M51/06—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle
    • F02M51/061—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means
    • F02M51/0625—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures
    • F02M51/0664—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a cylindrically or partly cylindrically shaped armature, e.g. entering the winding; having a plate-shaped or undulated armature entering the winding
    • F02M51/0667—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a cylindrically or partly cylindrically shaped armature, e.g. entering the winding; having a plate-shaped or undulated armature entering the winding the armature acting as a valve or having a short valve body attached thereto
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M51/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by being operated electrically
    • F02M51/06—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle
    • F02M51/08—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle specially for low-pressure fuel-injection
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
    • F02M61/16—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M61/02 - F02M61/14
    • F02M61/18—Injection nozzles, e.g. having valve seats; Details of valve member seated ends, not otherwise provided for
    • F02M61/1806—Injection nozzles, e.g. having valve seats; Details of valve member seated ends, not otherwise provided for characterised by the arrangement of discharge orifices, e.g. orientation or size

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electromagnetic fuel injection valve for an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • a fuel injection valve with a single nozzle opening in a nozzle body is known.
  • the nozzle body also has an inner and an outer chamber.
  • the volume of the inner chamber is kept so small that the available pressure is not reduced too much.
  • the outer chamber is so long that the nozzle opening is kept free of deposits due to the gas mixture flowing back from the intake manifold of the internal combustion engine.
  • a disadvantage of this solution is the lack of means which facilitate the installation of the fuel injection valve in a bore in the intake manifold of the internal combustion engine and seal the fuel injection valve in the intake manifold.
  • the fuel jet can be directed onto only one of the intake valves without avoiding any wetting of partition walls and the surroundings of the intake valve.
  • a solution to this problem is described in GB 2 148 388.
  • a fuel injection valve with two nozzle openings at the lower end of an expansion chamber downstream of the valve seat is used. The cross-section and the alignment of these two nozzle openings inject the correct amount of fuel onto the inlet valves.
  • a disadvantage of this solution is the "dead volume" of the expansion chamber, which reduces the pressure available at the nozzle openings.
  • fuel can remain in this volume of the expansion chamber, and fuel can thus incorrectly get into the intake manifold even when the fuel injection valve is closed.
  • Another problem with this solution is that the two nozzle openings are located at the lower end of the fuel injection valve and are exposed there unprotected to the gases in the intake manifold. This quickly leads to deposits at the nozzle openings, which impair the function of the fuel injector.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to design such a fuel injection valve in such a way that the disadvantages described above are avoided.
  • the solution according to the invention consists in that a movable armature with a plastic insert attached to its underside takes over the valve function together with a nozzle body.
  • the plastic insert has a flat sealing ring surface and the nozzle body has an annular valve seat that fit exactly together.
  • At least two nozzle openings extend from the bottom of this inner chamber and are directed in such a way that the fuel jet emerging from them hits the respective inlet valve of the associated cylinder.
  • the nozzle openings open into an outer chamber, which is symmetrical to the inner chamber but much larger than this.
  • This outer chamber is open at the bottom, so that it does not impair the fuel flow from the nozzle openings, but shields the nozzle openings from the gases in the intake manifold and thus no deposits form on the nozzle openings.
  • the length of the outer chamber is selected so that precipitation of fuel from the nozzle openings on its wall is avoided, but is large enough to provide a sealing element between the injection valve and its receiving part in the intake manifold of the internal combustion engine on the outer surface of the outer chamber.
  • Such a fuel injection valve avoids additional costs for a structurally complex large expansion chamber and does not limit the installation options of the valve on the engine. It also has a very small “dead volume" downstream of the valve seat, thus ensuring maximum pressure at the nozzle openings.
  • FIG. 1 shows an electromagnetic fuel injection valve with a longitudinal axis L and a housing 1 made of magnetizable material.
  • an electrical coil 2 is wound on a coil carrier 3, which surrounds a cylindrical magnetic core 4 made of magnetizable material.
  • a sleeve 5 made of non-magnetizable material is attached, which serves as a longitudinal guide for a cup-shaped movable anchor 6 is used.
  • This armature 6 forms, together with the housing 1 and the magnetic core 4, a magnetic circuit.
  • the movable armature 6 carries a plastic insert 7 which interacts with the top of a nozzle body 8. This forms a locking system for the fuel, which flows through an axial bore 9 and transverse holes 10 in the magnetic core 4. In the closed state, the locking system is kept closed via the force of a spring 11 on the armature 6, which is located in the magnetic core 4 and is supported in a receiving sleeve 12.
  • connection conductors 13 which are partially embedded in a plastic connector 14.
  • the armature 6 is pulled towards the magnetic core 4 by a magnetic force and thereby overcomes the counterforce through the spring 11. It thus moves away from the nozzle body 8 and thus allows fuel flow through nozzle openings 21 in the nozzle body 8.
  • the fuel injector also includes a series of seals and a spacer 16, the thickness of which determines the stroke of the armature 6. Furthermore, an inlet filter 17 is provided on the upper side of the fuel injection valve.
  • FIG 2 the part of the fuel injector essential to the invention is shown enlarged.
  • the plastic insert 7 at the lower end of the cup-shaped anchor 6 is held by the slipped edge of the armature 6.
  • the plastic insert 7 On the side facing downward, the plastic insert 7 has a flat sealing ring surface 18, which cooperates with an opposite valve seat 19 on the side of the nozzle body 8 facing upward.
  • the nozzle body 8 is cup-shaped, with a transverse wall 80 upwards.
  • the sealing ring surfaces 18 and the valve seat 19 form the locking system, which releases or blocks the fuel flow to the nozzle openings 21.
  • the inner diameter of the valve seat 19 defines an inner chamber 20, the depth of which is not more than a quarter of this diameter. This dimensioning offers an optimum for the fuel flow to the nozzle openings 21.
  • the nozzle openings 21 at the bottom of the inner chamber 20 are directed in a straight line such that they each enclose an angle ⁇ with the longitudinal axis L of the fuel injection valve, but point in different directions.
  • the number of nozzle openings 21 and the respective angle ⁇ is chosen so that each inlet valve of the cylinder supplied by the fuel injection valve is supplied with the correct amount of fuel without wetting the intake manifold walls.
  • the nozzle openings 21 all have the same cross section. If, on the other hand, a stratified air-fuel ratio is required in the combustion chamber and thus different amounts of fuel have to be supplied to the individual intake valves, the nozzle openings 21 have different cross sections.
  • the nozzle openings 21 can be designed completely independently of one another or (as shown in FIG. 2) have a common inlet space at the bottom of the inner chamber 20.
  • a conical bulge 22 can be provided on the underside of the plastic insert 7 within the sealing ring surface 18, which bulge partially fills the volume of the inner chamber 20.
  • Such a conical bulge 22 also acts as a guide surface for the precise guidance of the fuel flow to the nozzle openings 21. This guide surface function can be further improved by the fact that the bottom of the inner chamber 20 also has a conical shape.
  • the nozzle openings 21 open into an outer chamber 24 in the outer side 23.
  • This outer chamber 24 is substantially larger than the inner chamber 20.
  • a cylindrical wall 25 of the outer chamber 24 has the necessary length to keep the nozzle openings 21 free of deposits which are released from the gas mixture by flowing back Intake pipe could arise.
  • this length is so limited that a free flow of fuel to the inlet valves is ensured without wetting an inner wall surface 26 of the cylindrical wall 25 of the outer chamber 24.
  • the fuel not only maintains the desired flow direction but also the original spray pattern.
  • a sealing element 27 in the form of an elastic O-ring, which seals the fuel injection valve with respect to its receiving part in the intake manifold of the internal combustion engine.
  • FIG. 3 shows a further solution for the locking function, in which a sealing ring surface 18 'of a plastic insert 7' and a surface of an inner chamber 20 'are flat.
  • Two nozzle openings 21 ' have different angles ⁇ ' and ⁇ ⁇ with respect to the longitudinal axis L of the fuel injector.
  • FIG. 4 shows a further solution for a nozzle body 8 ⁇ shown.
  • An outer side 23 ⁇ of a second chamber 24 ⁇ encloses a 90 ° angle with the axes of nozzle openings 21 ⁇ .
  • the outer surface of a cylindrical wall 25 ⁇ carries in addition to the O-ring a cap 29 which is intended to facilitate the insertion of the fuel injection valve when it is installed in its receiving part in the intake manifold of the internal combustion engine.
  • the cap 29 is not drawn in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 in order to be able to better illustrate details of the design of the nozzle body 8 and 8 '.
  • the nozzle openings 21 ⁇ also have curves at the transition to the inner chamber 20 ⁇ , which improve the fuel flow and make it more uniform. These curves can also be replaced by conical transitions.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)

Claims (16)

  1. Soupape électromagnétique d'injection de combustible à axe longitudinal (L) pour un moteur à combustion interne, comportant
    - un corps d'injecteur (8), qui possède une paroi transversale (80) présentant une face intérieure et une face extérieure, que traverse un trajet pour le carburant en direction de l'extérieur,
    - une chambre extérieure (24), qui est disposée sur la face extérieure de la paroi transversale (80) et s'étend entre la paroi transversale (80) et une ouverture de sortie, et est limitée par une paroi cylindrique (25) du corps d'injecteur (8), la paroi cylindrique étant suffisamment longue pour que le trajet du carburant soit maintenu exempt de dépôts, en raison du reflux du mélange gazeux sortant de la tubulure d'aspiration du moteur à combustion interne,
    - un siège annulaire de soupape (19) situé sur la face intérieure de la paroi transversale (80) et qui entoure le trajet du carburant et une chambre intérieure (20), la profondeur de la chambre intérieure étant égale ou inférieure au quart du diamètre intérieur du siège de soupape (19), et
    - une armature (6) déplaçable longitudinalement, qui porte, au niveau de son extrémité tournée vers le siège de soupape (19), un insert en matière plastique (7) possédant une surface annulaire d'étanchéité plane (18) et qui est repoussée par un ressort (11) contre le siège de soupape,
    caractérisée par le fait
    - que dans le fond de la chambre intérieure (20) sont disposées au moins deux ouvertures d'injection (21), dont les axes font un angle d'inclinaison (α) par rapport à l'axe longitudinal (L), les jets de carburant, déterminés de ce fait, ayant une forme divergente,
    - que la chambre extérieure (24) limitée par la paroi cylindrique (25) est suffisamment large pour que les jets de carburant, projetés par les ouvertures (21) de l'injecteur puissent sortir librement par l'ouverture de sortie,
    - qu'un capuchon (29) entoure la paroi cylindrique (25) dans la zone de l'ouverture de sortie, et
    - qu'un élément d'étanchéité (27) est disposé, pour réaliser l'étanchéité de la soupape d'injection, dans un perçage de la tubulure d'aspiration du moteur à combustion interne dans la zone située entre le capuchon (29) de la paroi transversale (80), autour de la surface de la paroi cylindrique (25).
  2. Soupape d'injection de carburant suivant la revendication 1, caractérisée par le fait que les ouvertures (21′,21˝) de l'injecteur sont entièrement séparées l'une de l'autre.
  3. Soupape d'injection de carburant suivant la revendication 1, caractérisée par le fait que les ouvertures (21) de l'injecteur possèdent un espace commun d'admission dans le fond de la chambre intérieure (20).
  4. Soupape d'injection de carburant suivant la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisée par le fait que chacune des ouvertures (21,21˝) de l'injecteur fait le même angle (α) par rapport à l'axe longitudinal (L).
  5. Soupape d'injection de carburant suivant la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisée par le fait que les ouvertures (21′) de l'injecteur font des angles (α) par rapport à l'axe longitudinal (L).
  6. Soupape d'injection de carburant suivant la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisée par le fait que toutes les ouvertures (21,21′,21˝) de l'injecteur possèdent la même section transversale.
  7. Soupape d'injection de carburant suivant la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisée par le fait que les ouvertures (21,21′,21˝) de l'injecteur possèdent des sections transversales différentes.
  8. Soupape d'injection de carburant suivant la revendication 1, caractérisée par le fait que l'insert en matière plastique (7′) raccordé à l'armature (6) possède une surface plane sur la face qui est tournée vers le corps d'injecteur (8′) en forme de pot.
  9. Soupape d'injection de carburant suivant la revendication 1, caractérisée par le fait que l'insert en matière plastique (7) raccordé à l'armature (6) possède, sur la face tournée vers le corps d'injecteur (8), une surface qui possède, à l'intérieur de la surface de la bague d'étanchéité (18), un élargissement conique.
  10. Soupape d'injection de carburant suivant la revendication 8 ou 9, caractérisée par le fait que le fond de la chambre intérieure (20), d'où partent les ouvertures (21) de l'injecteur, possède une forme conique.
  11. Soupape d'injection de carburant suivant la revendication 8 ou 9, caractérisée par le fait que le fond de la chambre intérieure (20′), d'où partent les ouvertures (21′) de l'injecteur, possède une surface plane.
  12. Soupape d'injection de carburant suivant la revendication 10 ou 11, caractérisée par le fait que les ouvertures (21,21′) de l'injecteur établissent une jonction à arête vive avec le fond de la première chambre (20,20′).
  13. Soupape d'injection de carburant suivant la revendication 10 ou 11, caractérisée par le fait que les ouvertures (21,21′,21˝) de l'injecteur possèdent des bords biseautés au niveau de la jonction avec le fond de la première chambre (20,20′,20˝).
  14. Soupape d'injection de carburant suivant la revendication 10 ou 11, caractérisée par le fait que les ouvertures (21˝) de l'injecteur possèdent des coins arrondis au niveau de la jonction avec le fond de la chambre intérieure (20˝).
  15. Soupape d'injection de carburant suivant la revendication 1, caractérisée par le fait que la face extérieure de la paroi transversale (80,80′) est plane.
  16. Soupape d'injection de carburant suivant la revendication 1, caractérisée par le fait que la face extérieure de la paroi transversale (80˝), dans laquelle débouchent les ouvertures (21˝) de l'injecteur, possède une forme conique et fait un angle de 90° par rapport à l'axe des ouvertures (21˝) de l'injecteur.
EP89111120A 1988-06-28 1989-06-19 Soupape électromagnétique d'injection de combustible Expired - Lifetime EP0348786B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3821776 1988-06-28
DE3821776 1988-06-28

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0348786A2 EP0348786A2 (fr) 1990-01-03
EP0348786A3 EP0348786A3 (en) 1990-08-22
EP0348786B1 true EP0348786B1 (fr) 1992-08-26

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89111120A Expired - Lifetime EP0348786B1 (fr) 1988-06-28 1989-06-19 Soupape électromagnétique d'injection de combustible

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EP (1) EP0348786B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE58902133D1 (fr)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2657124A1 (fr) * 1990-01-17 1991-07-19 Weber Srl Soupape de dispositif d'alimentation de moteur a combustion interne.
EP0491404A1 (fr) * 1990-12-19 1992-06-24 Japan Electronic Control Systems Co., Ltd. Soupape d'injection de combustible
US5232166A (en) * 1991-04-26 1993-08-03 Robert Bosch Gmbh Injection valve
US5516424A (en) * 1993-07-31 1996-05-14 Robert Bosch Gmbh Fuel injection valve
US5634597A (en) * 1994-06-18 1997-06-03 Robert Bosch Gmbh Electromagnetically actuated fuel injection valve
US5685493A (en) * 1994-04-09 1997-11-11 Robert Bosch Gmbh Electromagnetically actuable injection valve
EP1260707A2 (fr) 2001-05-21 2002-11-27 Robert Bosch Gmbh Soupape d'injection de combustible
DE19512339B4 (de) * 1995-04-01 2010-06-10 Robert Bosch Gmbh Elektromagnetisch betätigbares Brennstoffeinspritzventil

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2744766B1 (fr) * 1996-02-14 1998-04-30 Peugeot Motocycles Sa Electrovanne notamment d'impact pour un systeme d'injection de carburant par effet de coup de belier dans un moteur thermique de vehicule
DE19739150A1 (de) 1997-09-06 1999-03-11 Bosch Gmbh Robert Brennstoffeinspritzventil
NL1009348C2 (nl) * 1998-06-09 1999-12-10 Helvoet B V Magneetanker.
DE10118163B4 (de) * 2001-04-11 2007-04-19 Robert Bosch Gmbh Brennstoffeinspritzventil
DE10142299A1 (de) * 2001-08-29 2003-04-17 Bosch Gmbh Robert Brennstoffeinspritzsystem
US20240247630A1 (en) * 2023-01-24 2024-07-25 Power Solutions International, Inc. Fluid Injector with Flat Sealing Surface

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB400836A (en) * 1932-03-19 1933-11-02 Schweizerische Lokomotiv Improvements in or relating to fuel nozzles for internal combustion engines
US4139158A (en) * 1975-09-01 1979-02-13 Diesel Kiki Co., Ltd. Fuel discharge nozzle
JPS5546576U (fr) * 1978-09-22 1980-03-26
DE2850879A1 (de) * 1978-11-24 1980-06-19 Maschf Augsburg Nuernberg Ag Mehrloch-einspritzduese fuer luftverdichtende brennkraftmaschinen
IT1122430B (it) * 1979-08-03 1986-04-23 Alfa Romeo Spa Elettroiniettore a transitori rapidi
IT1183213B (it) * 1985-02-07 1987-10-15 Alfa Romeo Spa Inietore elettrimagnetico per un motore a c.i.
US4657189A (en) * 1985-03-13 1987-04-14 Aisan Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Electromagnetic fuel injection valve for an internal combustion engine having a plurality of intake valves
WO1987007334A2 (fr) * 1986-05-31 1987-12-03 Robert Bosch Gmbh Soupape d'injection de carburant
DE8709111U1 (de) * 1987-07-01 1987-09-17 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Einspritzventil

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2657124A1 (fr) * 1990-01-17 1991-07-19 Weber Srl Soupape de dispositif d'alimentation de moteur a combustion interne.
EP0491404A1 (fr) * 1990-12-19 1992-06-24 Japan Electronic Control Systems Co., Ltd. Soupape d'injection de combustible
US5178332A (en) * 1990-12-19 1993-01-12 Japan Electronic Control Systems Co., Ltd. Fuel injection valve
US5232166A (en) * 1991-04-26 1993-08-03 Robert Bosch Gmbh Injection valve
US5516424A (en) * 1993-07-31 1996-05-14 Robert Bosch Gmbh Fuel injection valve
US5685493A (en) * 1994-04-09 1997-11-11 Robert Bosch Gmbh Electromagnetically actuable injection valve
US5634597A (en) * 1994-06-18 1997-06-03 Robert Bosch Gmbh Electromagnetically actuated fuel injection valve
DE19512339B4 (de) * 1995-04-01 2010-06-10 Robert Bosch Gmbh Elektromagnetisch betätigbares Brennstoffeinspritzventil
EP1260707A2 (fr) 2001-05-21 2002-11-27 Robert Bosch Gmbh Soupape d'injection de combustible
US6598804B2 (en) 2001-05-21 2003-07-29 Robert Bosch Gmbh Fuel injector

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE58902133D1 (de) 1992-10-01
EP0348786A2 (fr) 1990-01-03
EP0348786A3 (en) 1990-08-22

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