EP0342684A2 - Toile à deux couches pour la section de formation d'une machine à papier - Google Patents

Toile à deux couches pour la section de formation d'une machine à papier Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0342684A2
EP0342684A2 EP89109017A EP89109017A EP0342684A2 EP 0342684 A2 EP0342684 A2 EP 0342684A2 EP 89109017 A EP89109017 A EP 89109017A EP 89109017 A EP89109017 A EP 89109017A EP 0342684 A2 EP0342684 A2 EP 0342684A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
threads
transverse
thread
longitudinal
lower layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP89109017A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0342684B1 (fr
EP0342684A3 (fr
Inventor
Georg Borel
Dagmar Arnold
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Novatech GmbH Siebe und Technologie fuer Papier
Original Assignee
Herman Wangner GmbH and Co KG
Novatech GmbH Siebe und Technologie fuer Papier
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Herman Wangner GmbH and Co KG, Novatech GmbH Siebe und Technologie fuer Papier filed Critical Herman Wangner GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP0342684A2 publication Critical patent/EP0342684A2/fr
Publication of EP0342684A3 publication Critical patent/EP0342684A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0342684B1 publication Critical patent/EP0342684B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F1/0027—Screen-cloths
    • D21F1/0036—Multi-layer screen-cloths

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a double-layer covering for the sheet formation area of a paper machine, a so-called sheet forming screen or dewatering screen.
  • a double-layer covering is understood to mean a covering made of a fabric in which the transverse threads are arranged in a lower and an upper layer and generally lie one above the other in pairs.
  • the cross threads are interwoven with a single system of longitudinal threads.
  • the water is withdrawn from the aqueous fiber suspension through the dewatering screen until a nonwoven fabric is formed on the dewatering screen that is sufficiently strong to be able to remove it from the screen and introduce it into the press section.
  • the drainage screen must meet a wide variety of requirements, namely high drainage performance, fine and even surface structure on the paper-carrying side, good fiber retention, high longitudinal and transverse stability and high abrasion resistance.
  • the drainage screen must have good running stability, ie it must not warp and must also run perfectly straight at speeds of 1000 to 1500 m / min and must not drift or run sideways.
  • the problem of the drainage screen drifting off or running to the machine side does not occur with all weaves. It mainly depends on the symmetry of the transverse thread floats on the running side. In the case of double-layer screens in particular, the running side is formed by the transverse thread floatings because this improves the abrasion resistance and increases the running time.
  • a covering for the sheet formation area of a paper machine according to the preamble of claim 1 is known from EP-A-0 245 851, Figure 1.
  • This drainage sieve is double-layered and the cross thread floatations on the running side are asymmetrical, ie the lowest point of the cross thread floatations is shifted from the center to one side.
  • the asymmetrical cross thread floatation leads to an asymmetrical support of the dewatering screen on the paper machine, which at high speeds has the consequence that the dewatering screen drifts to the side. Lateral drifting is strongest when vacuum is applied to the suction cups to pull the remaining water out of the nonwoven.
  • the vacuum increases the force with which the dewatering screen is pressed down against the paper machine, which in turn has a greater impact on the asymmetry of the cross thread floats.
  • the roller of the screen controller is inclined. If this is not enough, additional rollers in the paper machine must be tilted, which creates transverse forces that counteract the lateral drifting of the dewatering screen. If, for operational reasons, the vacuum of the suction cups is reduced or switched off, the dewatering screen shifts in the opposite direction due to the effect of the rollers, which are still inclined, and is thereby
  • the asymmetrical cross thread floating is caused by the fact that several longitudinal threads act together on one point of the transverse thread floating. On the one hand, this creates a large difference in monoplanarity, and on the other hand the transverse thread floating becomes asymmetrical if this point is not in the middle of the transverse thread floating.
  • the invention has for its object to prevent the lateral drifting of the fabric in double-layer fabrics with asymmetrical transverse thread floats on the running side.
  • This object is achieved in that the incorporation of the longitudinal threads into the lower layer of the transverse threads is carried out in such a way that successive transverse threads of the lower layer form pairs, the deepest points of the transverse thread floatations being aligned in the longitudinal direction and the lowest point of the floatation of one within a pair
  • the transverse thread of a pair is offset in the opposite direction from the center of the float, as is the lowest point of the float of the other transverse thread of this pair.
  • the lateral thrust caused by the asymmetry of the transverse thread floatations balances within a pair of transverse threads.
  • the opposite asymmetry of the transverse thread floatations of a pair of transverse threads can be e.g. in that each longitudinal thread is woven twice into the lower layer within a weave repeat, in such a way that the weave diagonal is broken on the running side.
  • Each longitudinal thread is expediently woven into the lower layer in such a way that it comes from above and wraps around a transverse thread on the underside, runs over two transverse threads again a cross thread on the underside and then runs between the two layers or is integrated into the upper layer.
  • each longitudinal thread alternates between the top layer of the cross threads and the bottom layer of the cross threads.
  • he can have a stretch of five transverse threads woven into the upper layer, then a stretch of three transverse threads between the two layers, then a stretch of four transverse threads into the lower layer and finally a stretch of two transverse threads between the two layers , whereupon the course of the longitudinal thread is repeated and the longitudinal thread is woven a distance of five transverse threads into the upper layer, etc.
  • the distance that a longitudinal thread is woven into the upper layer is hereinafter referred to as the upper binding distance
  • the distance that a longitudinal thread is into the lower Layer is woven is called the corresponding lower binding distance.
  • the stretch that a longitudinal thread runs between the two layers is called the intermediate stretch.
  • the upper setting sections on the paper side and the lower setting sections are regularly distributed on the running side.
  • the course of adjacent longitudinal threads can always be offset by six transverse threads in one direction, ie the so-called count number is 6. This is equivalent to a doubled 3/4 atlas.
  • Each setting section generally consists of several setting points. Looking at the individual binding points, however, the weave is generally irregular, ie the binding points do not progress regularly in the longitudinal and transverse directions. The regular arrangement of the tie lines with an irregular arrangement of the The individual binding points apply to both the paper side and the running side.
  • a 7-strand weave is selected for the drainage sieve according to the invention, it generally also applies that the longitudinal threads run asymmetrically, ie successive intermediate sections, as previously defined, are of different lengths. For the course of a longitudinal thread it is therefore not possible to find a straight line perpendicular to the drainage screen, to which the course of the longitudinal thread is symmetrical.
  • Monoplane drainage screens are generally woven flat. This is followed by a heat setting in which a high tension is exerted on the longitudinal threads, which leads to a change in offset, that is to say the longitudinal threads, which were initially strongly bent and protrude on the paper side, take a less bent course, while the transverse threads currently lying in the fabric are on the tying points are bent from the longitudinal threads. Monoplanarity is achieved when the highest points of the longitudinal threads and the transverse threads lie in one plane.
  • a very high tension must be exerted on the longitudinal threads so that the longitudinal threads on the running side are drawn into the interior of the fabric to such an extent that they are not exposed to abrasion.
  • the longitudinal threads on the paper side are also displaced into the interior of the fabric, the longitudinal threads on the paper side have floats which extend over two transverse threads.
  • the paper side In the case of drainage screens for the production of tissue paper, the paper side should not be monoplane, but should have a pronounced transverse structure. This is achieved in that the longitudinal threads on the paper side have short floats of only a single transverse thread. In the manufacture of tissue paper, the pronounced transverse structure of the paper side improves sheet removal.
  • the asymmetrical transverse thread floatings can generally only be achieved with dewatering sieves that have a density of the longitudinal threads of over 90%. This is generally the case with double-layer drainage screens. Only with such a high density of the longitudinal threads is it possible for several longitudinal threads to act on one point of a transverse thread float and to press the transverse thread downwards on the running side at this point.
  • the longitudinal and transverse threads are suitably made of plastic monofilaments.
  • the transverse threads of the lower layer have the same or a lower density than the transverse threads of the upper layer.
  • transverse threads with a larger diameter are generally used in the lower layer than in the upper layer.
  • all or part of the transverse threads of the lower layer can also be made of polyamide, while the other threads are generally polyester monofilaments.
  • the dewatering screen of FIGS. 1 to 5 consists of an upper layer 1 and a lower layer 2 of transverse threads 3 or 4 and 8, which are interwoven with a single system of longitudinal threads 5.
  • the binding is repeated in the transverse direction after seven longitudinal threads 5 and in the longitudinal direction after fourteen transverse threads 3 of the upper layer 1.
  • Each transverse thread 3 of the upper layer 1 lies above a transverse thread 4, 8 of the lower layer 2, so that the transverse thread density in the upper layer 1 and in the lower layer 2 is the same.
  • Each longitudinal thread 5 is woven twice per repeat into the upper layer 1 in such a way that it runs over two transverse threads 3, under one transverse thread 3 and then again over two transverse threads 3 and is then guided to the lower layer 2.
  • the binding of the top layer 1 and thus the structure of the paper side is carried out in accordance with DE-A-36 15 304.
  • the upper layer 1 there is therefore a heterogeneous support for the transverse threads 3, a transverse thread 3 always being supported by a single longitudinal thread 5 as in a saddle and therefore running exactly in the transverse direction.
  • the adjacent transverse threads 3 are supported in scissors-like fashion by two successive longitudinal threads 5, one longitudinal thread 5 descending to the lower layer 2 after completion of the floatation and the other longitudinal thread 5 rising straight from the lower layer 2 in order to form the floats on the paper side. Both types of support for the transverse threads 3 alternate on the paper side. Successive transverse threads 3 therefore do not form parallel floats on the paper side, but the floats lie at an angle to one another, as a result of which the marking properties of this drainage screen are improved. After heat setting, all floats of the longitudinal threads 5 and the transverse threads 3 lie in one plane on the paper side.
  • the longitudinal thread 5 runs an intermediate section of 3 transverse threads between the layers 1, 2 and is then also interwoven twice with the transverse threads 4, 8 of the lower layer, the longitudinal thread 5 between these two binding points inside the Fabric runs over two transverse threads 4, 8.
  • the longitudinal thread 5 thus wraps around a transverse thread 8 on the underside, lies over two transverse threads 4, 8 and in turn wraps around a transverse thread 4 on the underside. This is followed by an intermediate stretch of 2 cross threads until the next integration in the top layer 1.
  • the course of the longitudinal threads 5 is asymmetrical.
  • the longitudinal threads 5 have a diameter of 0.15 mm and consist of low-stretch polyester (Type 940 from Hoechst). Their density was 63 / cm. After fixation, the longitudinal thread density increased to 72 / cm.
  • transverse threads 3 with a diameter of also 0.15 mm were woven in from soft polyester (Type 900 from Hoechst) with a density of 34 / cm.
  • Cross threads 4, 8 with a diameter of 0.18 mm are woven into the lower layer 2.
  • the transverse threads 4 are made of soft polyester (Type 900 from Hoechst), and the transverse threads 8 are made of polyamide PA 6. By fixing, the density of the transverse threads in the upper layer 1 and in the lower layer 2 was reduced to 32 / cm.
  • the uppermost points of all threads lie on one level on the paper side of the drainage screen.
  • the height difference between the transverse threads 4, 8 and the longitudinal threads 5 is 9.5 / 100 mm, so that when using the drainage screen, the transverse threads 4, 8 must be completely looped through before the longitudinal threads 5 loop through.
  • the longitudinal thread 5 runs in the upper layer 1 over three transverse threads 3.
  • the transverse threads 3 alternately have a diameter of 0.18 and 0.12 mm, in such a way that the central transverse thread 3 has the smaller diameter within a longitudinal thread float on the paper side.
  • the differently thick transverse threads 3 also have a different course, namely the finer transverse threads 3 lie entirely on the paper side of the dewatering screen, that is, they are never looped around from above by the longitudinal wire 5 or, in other words, the warp threads 5 never run over a fine one Cross thread 3 and then between this cross thread 3 and the subsequent thicker cross thread 3 (EP-A-0 085 363).
  • the longitudinal thread 5 binds the transverse threads 4, 8 in the same way as in the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 5.
  • the transverse threads 4, 8 have a diameter of 0.20 mm and are also alternately made of polyester and polyamide as in the exemplary embodiment in FIGS. 1 to 5.

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  • Paper (AREA)
  • Woven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Making Paper Articles (AREA)
EP89109017A 1988-05-19 1989-05-19 Toile à deux couches pour la section de formation d'une machine à papier Expired - Lifetime EP0342684B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3817144A DE3817144A1 (de) 1988-05-19 1988-05-19 Doppellagige bespannung fuer den blattbildungsbereich einer papiermaschine
DE3817144 1988-05-19

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0342684A2 true EP0342684A2 (fr) 1989-11-23
EP0342684A3 EP0342684A3 (fr) 1991-08-07
EP0342684B1 EP0342684B1 (fr) 1994-08-24

Family

ID=6354739

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89109017A Expired - Lifetime EP0342684B1 (fr) 1988-05-19 1989-05-19 Toile à deux couches pour la section de formation d'une machine à papier

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US5016678A (fr)
EP (1) EP0342684B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH0219587A (fr)
AT (1) ATE110428T1 (fr)
BR (1) BR8902329A (fr)
CA (1) CA1316077C (fr)
DE (2) DE3817144A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2063072T3 (fr)
FI (1) FI91174C (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999006631A1 (fr) * 1997-07-31 1999-02-11 Asten, Inc. Tissu tisse en double couche a haute stabilite d'armure
WO2007096218A1 (fr) 2006-02-25 2007-08-30 Voith Patent Gmbh Bande de tissu pour machine de fabrication de matériau en bande, en particulier de papier ou de carton
CN101426977B (zh) * 2006-02-25 2012-02-01 沃依特专利有限责任公司 用于生产纤维网材料的机器的成型织物及生产方法

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5555917A (en) * 1995-08-11 1996-09-17 Wangner Systems Corporation Sixteen harness multi-layer forming fabric
US6248210B1 (en) 1998-11-13 2001-06-19 Fort James Corporation Method for maximizing water removal in a press nip
US6733626B2 (en) * 2001-12-21 2004-05-11 Georgia Pacific Corporation Apparatus and method for degrading a web in the machine direction while preserving cross-machine direction strength
US7959761B2 (en) * 2002-04-12 2011-06-14 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp Creping adhesive modifier and process for producing paper products
DE60311378T2 (de) * 2002-10-02 2007-11-15 Fort James Corp. Oberflächenbehandelte wärmeverbindbare Faser enthaltende Papierprodukte, und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung
EP1556548B1 (fr) 2002-10-07 2008-11-19 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products LP Procede de crepage de tissu permettant de fabriquer une feuille absorbante
US7662257B2 (en) 2005-04-21 2010-02-16 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Llc Multi-ply paper towel with absorbent core
US7789995B2 (en) 2002-10-07 2010-09-07 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products, LP Fabric crepe/draw process for producing absorbent sheet
US7442278B2 (en) 2002-10-07 2008-10-28 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp Fabric crepe and in fabric drying process for producing absorbent sheet
US7494563B2 (en) 2002-10-07 2009-02-24 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp Fabric creped absorbent sheet with variable local basis weight
US8398820B2 (en) 2002-10-07 2013-03-19 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp Method of making a belt-creped absorbent cellulosic sheet
US6769535B2 (en) * 2002-11-07 2004-08-03 Albany International Corp. High drainage dimensionallally stable brownstock washer belt design
AU2003287516A1 (en) 2002-11-07 2004-06-03 Fort James Corporation Absorbent sheet exhibiting resistance to moisture penetration
US7297226B2 (en) * 2004-02-11 2007-11-20 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp Apparatus and method for degrading a web in the machine direction while preserving cross-machine direction strength
US8293072B2 (en) 2009-01-28 2012-10-23 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp Belt-creped, variable local basis weight absorbent sheet prepared with perforated polymeric belt
EP2492393B1 (fr) 2004-04-14 2016-07-06 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products LP Produit absorbant ayant une extensibilité en sens travers élevée et un rapport de traction faible, réalisé au moyen d'un procédé de crêpage de tissu à teneur élevée en matière solide
US7503998B2 (en) 2004-06-18 2009-03-17 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp High solids fabric crepe process for producing absorbent sheet with in-fabric drying
US8178025B2 (en) * 2004-12-03 2012-05-15 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp Embossing system and product made thereby with both perforate bosses in the cross machine direction and a macro pattern
US8540846B2 (en) 2009-01-28 2013-09-24 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp Belt-creped, variable local basis weight multi-ply sheet with cellulose microfiber prepared with perforated polymeric belt
DE102006016660C5 (de) 2006-04-08 2009-09-03 Andreas Kufferath Gmbh & Co Kg Oberseite, insbesondere Papierseite, sowie Papiermaschinensieb
EP3103920B1 (fr) 2006-05-26 2019-07-10 GPCP IP Holdings LLC Feuille de tissu absorbant crêpé ayant un poids de base local variable
US8409404B2 (en) * 2006-08-30 2013-04-02 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp Multi-ply paper towel with creped plies
DE102007020071A1 (de) * 2007-04-28 2008-10-30 Voith Patent Gmbh Formiersieb
US8361278B2 (en) * 2008-09-16 2013-01-29 Dixie Consumer Products Llc Food wrap base sheet with regenerated cellulose microfiber
EP2230352B1 (fr) * 2009-03-20 2012-10-03 Heimbach GmbH & Co.KG Bande d'étoffe tissée pour la circulation dans une machine
US9267240B2 (en) 2011-07-28 2016-02-23 Georgia-Pacific Products LP High softness, high durability bath tissue incorporating high lignin eucalyptus fiber
US9309627B2 (en) 2011-07-28 2016-04-12 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp High softness, high durability bath tissues with temporary wet strength
CN113085347B (zh) * 2021-03-16 2022-11-18 陕西金叶印务有限公司 一种丝网印刷双层绷网方法

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0030490A1 (fr) * 1979-11-19 1981-06-17 MARTEL, CATALA & CIE Perfectionnements aux toiles de formage double couche pour machines à papier
EP0080686A1 (fr) * 1981-11-23 1983-06-08 Hermann Wangner GmbH & Co. KG Tissu à couche double servant de Fourdrinier pour machines à papier
EP0245851A2 (fr) * 1986-05-13 1987-11-19 Huyck Corporation Tissu à double couche de pas quatorze
WO1988002797A1 (fr) * 1986-10-14 1988-04-21 F. Oberdorfer Gmbh & Co. Kg Industriegewebe-Techni Toile a double couche de machine a papier avec cote de roulement a grandes mailles et a cote papier a fines mailles
EP0264881A1 (fr) * 1986-10-20 1988-04-27 Hermann Wangner GmbH & Co. KG Toile pour la partie humide d'une machine à papier

Family Cites Families (8)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2346489A1 (fr) * 1976-04-02 1977-10-28 Martel Catala Et Cie Sa Ets Perfectionnements aux toiles pour machines a papier et a leurs procedes de fabrication
DE3307144A1 (de) * 1983-03-01 1984-09-13 Hermann Wangner Gmbh & Co Kg, 7410 Reutlingen Papiermaschinenbespannung in einer gewebebindung, die keine in laengsrichtung verlaufenden symmetrieachse aufweist
US4564051A (en) * 1983-07-16 1986-01-14 Andreas Kufferath Gmbh & Co. Kg Multiple ply dewatering screen particularly for a web forming part of a paper making machine
CA1223053A (fr) * 1983-10-17 1987-06-16 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of National Defence Of Her Majesty's Canadian Government Detecteur ferromagnetique d'usure
DE3426264A1 (de) * 1984-07-17 1986-01-30 Franz F. 5160 Düren Kufferath Entwaeserungsband fuer pressen in der nasspartie einer papiermaschine
DE3615304A1 (de) * 1986-05-06 1987-11-12 Wangner Gmbh Co Kg Hermann Bespannung fuer den blattbildungsteil einer papiermaschine
DE3634134A1 (de) * 1986-10-07 1988-04-21 Wangner Gmbh Co Kg Hermann Bespannung fuer den blattbildungsteil einer papiermaschine
DE3634649A1 (de) * 1986-10-10 1988-04-14 Wangner Gmbh Co Kg Hermann Bespannung fuer den blattbildungsteil einer papiermaschine mit zusaetzlichen, flottierenden querfaeden groesserer rapportlaenge

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0030490A1 (fr) * 1979-11-19 1981-06-17 MARTEL, CATALA & CIE Perfectionnements aux toiles de formage double couche pour machines à papier
EP0080686A1 (fr) * 1981-11-23 1983-06-08 Hermann Wangner GmbH & Co. KG Tissu à couche double servant de Fourdrinier pour machines à papier
EP0245851A2 (fr) * 1986-05-13 1987-11-19 Huyck Corporation Tissu à double couche de pas quatorze
WO1988002797A1 (fr) * 1986-10-14 1988-04-21 F. Oberdorfer Gmbh & Co. Kg Industriegewebe-Techni Toile a double couche de machine a papier avec cote de roulement a grandes mailles et a cote papier a fines mailles
EP0264881A1 (fr) * 1986-10-20 1988-04-27 Hermann Wangner GmbH & Co. KG Toile pour la partie humide d'une machine à papier

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999006631A1 (fr) * 1997-07-31 1999-02-11 Asten, Inc. Tissu tisse en double couche a haute stabilite d'armure
AU751899B2 (en) * 1997-07-31 2002-08-29 Astenjohnson, Inc. Double layer fabric having a high stability weave
WO2007096218A1 (fr) 2006-02-25 2007-08-30 Voith Patent Gmbh Bande de tissu pour machine de fabrication de matériau en bande, en particulier de papier ou de carton
CN101426977B (zh) * 2006-02-25 2012-02-01 沃依特专利有限责任公司 用于生产纤维网材料的机器的成型织物及生产方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0342684B1 (fr) 1994-08-24
US5016678A (en) 1991-05-21
FI892335A0 (fi) 1989-05-16
FI91174B (fi) 1994-02-15
ATE110428T1 (de) 1994-09-15
CA1316077C (fr) 1993-04-13
FI91174C (fi) 1994-05-25
JPH0219587A (ja) 1990-01-23
EP0342684A3 (fr) 1991-08-07
BR8902329A (pt) 1990-01-09
ES2063072T3 (es) 1995-01-01
DE58908220D1 (de) 1994-09-29
DE3817144A1 (de) 1989-11-30
FI892335A (fi) 1989-11-20

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