EP0323828B1 - Explosif pour ogives et propergols solides de fusée - Google Patents
Explosif pour ogives et propergols solides de fusée Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0323828B1 EP0323828B1 EP89100034A EP89100034A EP0323828B1 EP 0323828 B1 EP0323828 B1 EP 0323828B1 EP 89100034 A EP89100034 A EP 89100034A EP 89100034 A EP89100034 A EP 89100034A EP 0323828 B1 EP0323828 B1 EP 0323828B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- explosive
- perchlorate
- perchlorates
- metals
- metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 title claims description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000003975 dentin desensitizing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910001484 inorganic perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N1CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)C1 XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000028 HMX Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- UZGLIIJVICEWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N octogen Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N1CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)C1 UZGLIIJVICEWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- WHQOKFZWSDOTQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydroxypropyl 4-aminobenzoate Chemical compound NC1=CC=C(C(=O)OCC(O)CO)C=C1 WHQOKFZWSDOTQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium perchlorate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001488 sodium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- ZQAOXERLHGRFIC-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium perchlorate Chemical class [Ca+2].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O ZQAOXERLHGRFIC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052845 zircon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(Br)C=C GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- AXZAYXJCENRGIM-UHFFFAOYSA-J dipotassium;tetrabromoplatinum(2-) Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[Br-].[Br-].[Br-].[Br-].[Pt+2] AXZAYXJCENRGIM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001487 potassium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SPSSULHKWOKEEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene Chemical compound CC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O SPSSULHKWOKEEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OCC(CO[N+]([O-])=O)(CO[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+]([O-])=O TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007884 disintegrant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003541 multi-stage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phencyclidine Chemical compound C1CCCCN1C1(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCCC1 JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003223 protective agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002760 rocket fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 zircon Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B33/00—Compositions containing particulate metal, alloy, boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium with at least one oxygen supplying material which is either a metal oxide or a salt, organic or inorganic, capable of yielding a metal oxide
- C06B33/08—Compositions containing particulate metal, alloy, boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium with at least one oxygen supplying material which is either a metal oxide or a salt, organic or inorganic, capable of yielding a metal oxide with a nitrated organic compound
Definitions
- the invention relates to an explosive for warheads and a rocket solid propellant, consisting of a high-energy secondary explosive with inorganic perchlorate and metal content with a high affinity for oxygen, as well as a desensitizing and binding agent.
- a similar explosive is known from US-A 4 042 430, which relates to a high-temperature resistant explosive. What is common to both known explosives is that the oxidizing agent is present in a stoichiometric excess. As a result, the excess perchlorate is decomposed with energy consumption during the detonation. Only then can the released oxygen react with the metal. There is therefore a multi-stage reaction, which means that the energy conversion is relatively slow.
- US-A-2,992,086 relates to a high energy disintegrant containing metal powder.
- the composition according to the table in column 2, example 1:54 Al, 36 ammonium perchlorate, 4 TNT, 6 RDX, 3 binder is preferably set such that the amount of oxidizing agent is just sufficient for metal combustion and the amount of explosives is calculated so that the oxygen as possible is released completely and the temperature required for the metal-oxygen reaction is reached. There is no further teaching regarding the stoichiometry between the secondary explosive and the oxidant.
- the invention has for its object to provide an explosive with a high energy content per unit volume.
- the energy conversion should take place very quickly and be complete.
- the invention solves this problem in that, in the case of a secondary explosive, the oxygen balance is balanced by the perchlorate component, for example, for a complete reaction to carbon dioxide and water.
- the metal Due to the higher affinity of the metal for oxygen compared to carbon and hydrogen, the metal reacts violently with carbon dioxide and water. These are reduced and a considerable amount of energy is released. As a result, the explosive gas mixture is additionally heated, which significantly increases the performance of the explosive. Particularly favorable values are obtained if the stoichiometry of the metal portion causes the explosive gases to be reduced to hydrogen and carbon monoxide. If a particularly large heat release is desired with a reduced explosive gas volume, the explosive gases are reduced to elemental carbon and hydrogen by further increasing the metal content.
- the perchlorates of the alkali and alkaline earth metals are provided as perchlorates.
- Such perchlorates are inexpensive, easily accessible and can be prepared.
- potassium or calcium perchlorate are used as perchlorate. Because of its low hygroscopicity, potassium perchlorate offers special processing advantages. Calcium perchlorate, on the other hand, increases performance due to its higher density and higher specific oxygen content.
- heavy metals with a high affinity for oxygen such as zircon, can also be used.
- An energy-rich, relatively dense and inexpensive rocket fuel is according to claim 9.
- the explosives are mixed with rocket-solid fuel-specific phlegmatizing and binding agents as well as light metals.
- the invention can also be used for rocket propellants without significant change, by using the lightest possible metals and special desensitizing and binding agents.
- the plate was punched through, the hole diameter being 7mm.
- the metal is said to explode. To do this, it is necessary to evaporate the metal first. As is known, this requires a high level of energy, since the heat of vaporization of aluminum, calcium, silicon is very high. When metals are added to normal explosives, their relatively low heat of explosion is usually insufficient to evaporate the metal quickly and completely. It also consumes a lot of the heat of the explosion and thus the temperature before the metal is burned, which results in a delay in the reaction. The energy of the explosives used must therefore first be increased.
- this is achieved in that a safe explosive such as TNT, hexogen, octogen or nitropenta is poured, melted, mixed or combined with a solvent in such a large amount that a complete combustion with a balanced oxygen balance occurs , e.g. 16 mol TNT + 21 mol Ca (CBOa) 2 or 8 mol hexogen + 3 mol Ca (C20 4 ) 2 .
- a safe explosive such as TNT, hexogen, octogen or nitropenta
- This basic mixture is intimately mixed with the metal dust and fused or glued.
- the proportion of the metal is at least so high that the water is reduced to hydrogen and the carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide. With further reduction, the energy increases, but the explosive gas volume decreases because the carbon monoxide is reduced to carbon. The resulting amounts of energy are very high without afterburning with the atmospheric oxygen.
- the above mixture of TNT / Ca (Cl0 4 ) 2 can be a mixture of 37.6% Ai, 62.4% Ca (Ce0 4 ) 2 with one specific weight of 2.67 g / cm3 can be added.
- the energy is 31.4 MJ / dm3.
- High-energy rocket fuels are created by desensitizing mixtures containing ammonium perchlorate.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Air Bags (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
- Shovels (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Oxygen, Ozone, And Oxides In General (AREA)
- Toys (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
Claims (9)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT0001388A AT390787B (de) | 1988-01-05 | 1988-01-05 | Verfahren zur herstellung eines sprengund/oder festtreibstoffes |
AT13/88 | 1988-01-05 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0323828A1 EP0323828A1 (fr) | 1989-07-12 |
EP0323828B1 true EP0323828B1 (fr) | 1990-10-24 |
Family
ID=3479224
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP89100034A Expired - Lifetime EP0323828B1 (fr) | 1988-01-05 | 1989-01-03 | Explosif pour ogives et propergols solides de fusée |
Country Status (14)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4874441A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0323828B1 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR960016613B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1034196A (fr) |
AT (2) | AT390787B (fr) |
BR (1) | BR8806970A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA1322656C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE58900019D1 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2019138B3 (fr) |
GR (1) | GR3001358T3 (fr) |
IL (1) | IL88805A0 (fr) |
NO (1) | NO171844C (fr) |
SG (1) | SG76991G (fr) |
ZA (1) | ZA8978B (fr) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6523477B1 (en) | 1999-03-30 | 2003-02-25 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Enhanced performance insensitive penetrator warhead |
DE102005011535B4 (de) * | 2004-03-10 | 2010-05-12 | Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg | Mehrmodaler Sprengstoff |
WO2006094531A1 (fr) * | 2005-03-10 | 2006-09-14 | Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg | Explosif multimodal |
CN103304351B (zh) * | 2013-05-29 | 2015-10-28 | 西安近代化学研究所 | 一种油气深井用耐高温固体推进剂及其制备方法 |
CN106905091B (zh) * | 2017-03-15 | 2019-05-07 | 重庆大学 | 一种基于高氯酸盐的可电控燃烧固体推进剂及其制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1250E (fr) * | 1902-10-31 | 1903-07-01 | Luciani Jacques | Nouvel explosif |
FR346813A (fr) * | 1903-10-06 | 1905-02-11 | Frank Eustace Wilkins Bowen | Explosifs |
FR394833A (fr) * | 1908-10-02 | 1909-02-03 | Walter Harcourt Palmer | Perfectionnements dans les explosifs |
FR465082A (fr) * | 1913-11-20 | 1914-04-07 | Ivan Basil Tarnowski Von Tarno | Perfectionnements dans les explosifs |
FR472371A (fr) * | 1914-05-19 | 1914-12-03 | Frank Reefer Burrows | Composé explosif |
US2992086A (en) * | 1953-10-30 | 1961-07-11 | Samuel J Porter | High blast metal-oxygen reaction explosive |
US3617405A (en) * | 1960-02-03 | 1971-11-02 | Us Army | Incendiary composition containing a metal, metal alloy, oxidizer salt, and nitrated organic compound |
FR1363136A (fr) * | 1960-03-02 | 1964-06-12 | Nitrochemie Gmbh | Procédé de fabrication d'agents propulsifs |
GB1302361A (fr) * | 1960-05-11 | 1973-01-10 | ||
US3299811A (en) * | 1964-10-02 | 1967-01-24 | Robert W Gates | Minimal gas producing low detonation rate explosive and detonation sources |
US3865035A (en) * | 1969-01-16 | 1975-02-11 | Thiokol Chemical Corp | Multi-use munition |
US3756874A (en) * | 1969-07-01 | 1973-09-04 | Us Navy | Temperature resistant propellants containing cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine |
GB1427697A (en) * | 1969-08-12 | 1976-03-10 | Hercules Inc | Process for producing cross-linked propellants |
US3728173A (en) * | 1969-10-17 | 1973-04-17 | Intermountain Res & Eng Co Inc | Dense explosive slurry compositions of high energy containing a gum mixture |
FR2225979A5 (en) * | 1969-12-24 | 1974-11-08 | France Etat | Highly explosive composite contg. crosslinked polyurethane binder - and nitro org cpds., with high explosive content |
CA1084715A (fr) * | 1978-02-07 | 1980-09-02 | Jean-Francois Drolet | Composition explosive ou propulsive haute energie |
-
1988
- 1988-01-05 AT AT0001388A patent/AT390787B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-12-06 NO NO885407A patent/NO171844C/no unknown
- 1988-12-26 IL IL88805A patent/IL88805A0/xx unknown
- 1988-12-28 US US07/291,010 patent/US4874441A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-12-29 BR BR888806970A patent/BR8806970A/pt unknown
- 1988-12-31 KR KR1019880018053A patent/KR960016613B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1989
- 1989-01-03 EP EP89100034A patent/EP0323828B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-01-03 ES ES89100034T patent/ES2019138B3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-01-03 DE DE8989100034T patent/DE58900019D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-01-03 AT AT89100034T patent/ATE57677T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-01-04 CA CA000587451A patent/CA1322656C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-01-05 CN CN89100129A patent/CN1034196A/zh active Pending
- 1989-01-06 ZA ZA8978A patent/ZA8978B/xx unknown
-
1991
- 1991-01-23 GR GR91400064T patent/GR3001358T3/el unknown
- 1991-09-17 SG SG769/91A patent/SG76991G/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE57677T1 (de) | 1990-11-15 |
EP0323828A1 (fr) | 1989-07-12 |
NO885407L (no) | 1989-07-06 |
SG76991G (en) | 1991-11-15 |
US4874441A (en) | 1989-10-17 |
NO171844C (no) | 1993-05-12 |
CA1322656C (fr) | 1993-10-05 |
NO171844B (no) | 1993-02-01 |
CN1034196A (zh) | 1989-07-26 |
AT390787B (de) | 1990-06-25 |
ZA8978B (en) | 1989-09-27 |
IL88805A0 (en) | 1989-07-31 |
ATA1388A (de) | 1989-12-15 |
GR3001358T3 (en) | 1992-09-11 |
BR8806970A (pt) | 1989-09-05 |
DE58900019D1 (de) | 1990-11-29 |
KR960016613B1 (ko) | 1996-12-16 |
KR890011811A (ko) | 1989-08-22 |
NO885407D0 (no) | 1988-12-06 |
ES2019138B3 (es) | 1991-06-01 |
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