EP0281485B1 - Mischprodukt in einer rohrförmigen Hülle zur Behandlung von geschmolzenen Metallbädern - Google Patents

Mischprodukt in einer rohrförmigen Hülle zur Behandlung von geschmolzenen Metallbädern Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0281485B1
EP0281485B1 EP88420033A EP88420033A EP0281485B1 EP 0281485 B1 EP0281485 B1 EP 0281485B1 EP 88420033 A EP88420033 A EP 88420033A EP 88420033 A EP88420033 A EP 88420033A EP 0281485 B1 EP0281485 B1 EP 0281485B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
formed body
composite formed
casing
pulverulent
metal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88420033A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0281485A1 (de
Inventor
Michel Douchy
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Affival SA
Original Assignee
Affival SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Affival SA filed Critical Affival SA
Priority to AT88420033T priority Critical patent/ATE57541T1/de
Publication of EP0281485A1 publication Critical patent/EP0281485A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0281485B1 publication Critical patent/EP0281485B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
    • C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
    • C21C7/064—Dephosphorising; Desulfurising
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C1/00—Refining of pig-iron; Cast iron
    • C21C1/02—Dephosphorising or desulfurising
    • C21C1/025—Agents used for dephosphorising or desulfurising
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
    • C21C7/0056—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00 using cored wires
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
    • C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
    • C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
    • C21C7/064—Dephosphorising; Desulfurising
    • C21C7/0645—Agents used for dephosphorising or desulfurising
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12049—Nonmetal component
    • Y10T428/12056—Entirely inorganic
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12063—Nonparticulate metal component
    • Y10T428/12069—Plural nonparticulate metal components
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12063—Nonparticulate metal component
    • Y10T428/1209—Plural particulate metal components
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12063—Nonparticulate metal component
    • Y10T428/12097—Nonparticulate component encloses particles

Definitions

  • the object of the invention relates to a composite product with a tubular casing for the treatment of molten metal baths as well as to a process for the implementation of this product.
  • This composite product for the treatment of molten metal baths which is described in the utility certificate FR.2433.584.
  • This composite product called cored wire in this document, comprises in particular a metal sheath or envelope constituted by a thin strip of great length, the edges of which are curved so as to obtain by approximation or by welding a substantially circular section. Inside this sheath is housed a pulverulent or granular material such as, for example, a powder of Ca Si alloy.
  • a cored wire, 12 mm in diameter, for a sheath thickness of 0.5 mm is introduced, by example in a pocket of liquid steel at a speed of 2m / sec. (FR 2,433,584 page 4).
  • a steel bath in a pocket is treated with a composite product with a steel casing, introduced approximately vertically into the bath, the depth of penetration depends on the thickness of the casing and the speed of introduction but the residence time is very short because as soon as the melting temperature of the envelope is reached it is dissolved almost instantaneously.
  • the content of the cored wire consists of low volatility addition elements, such as Si, Mn, Ti
  • a premature release of these has no significant drawbacks.
  • they are highly volatile elements such as Ca or Mg, a release at a shallow depth causes very significant yield losses.
  • the phenomenon of premature melting of the envelope is observed particularly strikingly when this envelope has a melting temperature much lower than the temperature of the metal bath. This is for example the case of the treatment of liquid steel with a composite product with an aluminum envelope.
  • the composite product which is the subject of the invention makes it possible to treat metal baths in depth.
  • the method which is also the subject of the invention, makes it possible in particular to desulfurize the steel or cast iron baths, with particularly high efficiency, thanks to the release in two successive stages of the content of the composite product during its penetration into such baths.
  • This composite product is composed of a very long tubular metal casing inside which are housed the powdery or granular material or materials for the treatment of molten metal baths, this product being introduced into these metal baths.
  • This composite product comprises, inside the tubular envelope, an axial zone containing at least one first pulverulent or granular material surrounded by an intermediate metallic tubular wall.
  • An annular zone, between the intermediate tubular wall and the tubular envelope, also contains at least one second pulverulent or granular material.
  • the envelope and the intermediate wall are made of metals compatible with the bath to be treated.
  • the envelope will have a substantially circular shape, as will the intermediate wall.
  • the tubular casing and the intermediate wall may be produced, depending on the case, either in the same metal or in different metals, the na ture thereof or thereof being compatible with the bath to be treated and the thickness of the envelope and the wall being determined according to the conditions corresponding to each application.
  • the na ture thereof or thereof being compatible with the bath to be treated
  • the thickness of the envelope and the wall being determined according to the conditions corresponding to each application.
  • at least the axial zone of the composite product contains at least one element chosen from calcium and magnesium alloyed or unalloyed.
  • the second pulverulent or granular material may have all or part of the same composition as the first pulverulent or granular material. However, such a case will generally be quite rare.
  • the invention also relates to a method of treating metal baths using the product according to the invention.
  • the composition of the first and second pulverulent or granular materials is adjusted so that the axial zone contains at least for the most part the material (s) most reactive or most volatile with respect to the bath to be treated.
  • the method applies in particular to the desulfurization treatment of steels and cast irons.
  • these metals are treated by means of the composite product according to the invention, at least the axial zone thereof containing in the alloyed or unalloyed state magnesium and / or calcium.
  • the annular zone of this same composite product contains one or more materials ensuring additional desulphurization such as for example MgO, CaO, Ca COa, Na 2 COa, Ca C 2 in powder or granular form.
  • additional desulfurization material is combined with aluminum in granular form or not.
  • This second material included in the annular zone can also comprise complementary products to compensate for the elements of the metal bath which disappear during a thorough desulfurization of the metal, such as for example silicon.
  • the composite product according to the invention can be produced by any method known to those skilled in the art.
  • edges of the strips forming the intermediate wall and the envelope can be closed by any known means compatible with the pulverulent or granular materials used: edge-to-edge approximation, covering, stapling or the like.
  • edge-to-edge approximation covering, stapling or the like.
  • seamless tubes their filling being however more difficult.
  • the material contained, both in the axial zone and in the annular zone, is preferably compacted by also known means such as compression, stretching or the like.
  • the product according to the invention retains significant rigidity during its penetration into a metal bath.
  • the material which fills the annular zone plays the role of an effective insulator which considerably slows down the rise in temperature of the intermediate wall. It therefore retains a significant fraction of its mechanical characteristics. It therefore cooperates with the content of the axial zone to resist the forces which tend to deform it in bending and also to the hydrostatic thrust which tends to prevent it from sinking into the metal bath. It is only from the moment when this intermediate wall comes into direct contact with the metal bath, following the dissolution or fusion of the envelope, that the temperature of this wall rises very quickly and that its mechanical characteristics collapse.
  • the envelope must preferably be made of a metal whose melting temperature is at least equal to that of the metal from which the intermediate wall is made.
  • the sections of the axial zone and of the annular zone are determined on the basis of the respective volumes of the materials which it is intended to accommodate therein.
  • the metal and the thickness of the envelope must be determined so that the time required for its fusion, or complete dissolution, corresponds, taking into account the speed of penetration of the composite product into the metal bath, at the depth at which wants to release the material contained in the annular zone.
  • the single figure represents a composite product (1), according to the invention, of substantially circular section with axis (0). It has an outer casing (2) of steel 14 mm in external diameter and 0.3 mm thick.
  • the intermediate steel wall (3) is 9 mm outside diameter and 0.4 mm thick.
  • the axial zone (4) contains grains of unalloyed calcium about 0.5 mm in diameter.
  • the intermediate wall closed by simple covering in (5), was slightly tightened on its content by reducing its outside diameter by about 25% by passage through a die.
  • the annular zone (6) is filled with iron powder.
  • the outer envelope which is stapled at (7) is also tightened on its contents.
  • This compost product is treated with 65 tonnes of liquid steel contained in a ladle bag at a temperature of 1580 ° C. to desulfurize the metal.
  • the measurements on composite product extracted from the bath make it possible to estimate the difference in height between the two points of passage in the bath of the outer tubular casing and of the intermediate tubular wall at 50 to 60 cm.
  • the value measured on product removed from the bath very quickly after interruption of the injection is actually lower (38 cm) because the calcium in the axial zone continues to burn in the open air for about one minute.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
  • Coating With Molten Metal (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
  • Chemically Coating (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Metal Extraction Processes (AREA)
  • Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)

Claims (12)

1. Verbundprodukt mit rohrförmiger metallischer Hülle großer Länge, in deren Innerem das oder die pulverförmigen oder körnigen Stoffe untergebracht sind, die für die Behandlung von Metallbädem verwendet werden, in deren Inneres dieses Verbundprodukt eingeführt wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es im Inneren der rohrförmigen Hülle eine wenigstens einen ersten pulverförmigen oder körnigen Stoff enthaltende Axialzone, die von einer rohrförmigen metallischen Zwischenwand umgeben ist, und eine zwischen der rohrförmigen Zwischenwand und der Hülle befindliche Ringzone aufweist, die auch wenigstens einen zweiten pulverförmigen oder körnigen Stoff enthält. ,
2. Verbundprodukt nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Hülle eine Kreisform hat.
3. Verbundprodukt nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Hülle aus einem Metall gefertigt ist, dessen Schmelztemperatur wenigstens gleich der des Metalls ist, aus dem die Zwischenwand besteht.
4. Verbundprodukt nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Hülle und die Zwischenwand aus dem gleichen Metall gefertigt sind.
5. Verbundprodukt nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Hülle und die Zwischenwand aus einem unterschiedlichen Metall gefertigt sind.
6. Verbundprodukt nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß wenigstens die Axialzone wenigstens ein Element enthält, das unter dem Calcium und dem Magnesium, legiert oder nicht legiert, gewählt ist.
7. Verbundprodukt nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der zweite pulverförmige oder körnige Stoff insgesamt oder teilweise die gleiche Zusammensetzung wie der erste pulverförmige oder körnige Stoff hat.
8. Verbundprodukt nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Ringzone einen oder mehrere unter MgO, CaO, CaC3, Na2C03, CaC2 gewählte Stoffe enthält.
9. Verfahren zur Behandlung der Metallbäder durch Einführen eines Verbundprodukts mit rohrförmiger metallischer Hülle großer Länge, in deren Innerem das oder die pulverförmigen oder körnigen Stoffe untergebracht sind, in diese Bäder, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das eingesetzte Verbundprodukt eine Axialzone, die von einer rohrförmigen metallischen Zwischenwand umgeben ist, und eine zwischen dieser Wand und der Hülle befindliche Ringzone aufweist, wobei jede dieser Zonen wenigstens einen pulverförmigen oder körnigen Stoff enthält, und daß die Axialzone, wenigstens zum größeren Teil, den oder die flüchtigeren Stoffe enthält.
10. Verfahren nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß im Fall der Entschwefelungsbehandlung der Stähle und der Gußeisen die Axialzone des eingesetzten Verbundprodukts im legierten oder unlegierten Zustand wenigstens ein Metall der das Magnesium und das Calcium umfassenden Gruppe enthält.
11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Ringzone des eingesetzten Verbundprodukts einen oder mehrere eine Entschwefelungsergänzung sichernden Stoffe, wie z.B. MgO, CaO, CaC03, CaC2, Na2C03, enthält.
12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der oder die die Entschwefelungsergänzung sichernden Stoffe mit Aluminium in körniger oder nichtkörniger Form verbunden ist bzw. sind.
EP88420033A 1987-02-03 1988-02-03 Mischprodukt in einer rohrförmigen Hülle zur Behandlung von geschmolzenen Metallbädern Expired - Lifetime EP0281485B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88420033T ATE57541T1 (de) 1987-02-03 1988-02-03 Mischprodukt in einer rohrfoermigen huelle zur behandlung von geschmolzenen metallbaedern.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8701433A FR2610331A1 (fr) 1987-02-03 1987-02-03 Produit composite a enveloppe tubulaire pour le traitement des bains metalliques fondus
FR8701433 1987-02-03

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0281485A1 EP0281485A1 (de) 1988-09-07
EP0281485B1 true EP0281485B1 (de) 1990-10-17

Family

ID=9347636

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88420033A Expired - Lifetime EP0281485B1 (de) 1987-02-03 1988-02-03 Mischprodukt in einer rohrförmigen Hülle zur Behandlung von geschmolzenen Metallbädern

Country Status (15)

Country Link
US (1) US4863803A (de)
EP (1) EP0281485B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS63227712A (de)
KR (1) KR880010141A (de)
CN (1) CN1010324B (de)
AT (1) ATE57541T1 (de)
AU (1) AU607968B2 (de)
BR (1) BR8800405A (de)
DE (1) DE3860801D1 (de)
DK (1) DK52088A (de)
ES (1) ES2018355B3 (de)
FR (1) FR2610331A1 (de)
GR (1) GR3000950T3 (de)
IN (1) IN169055B (de)
ZA (1) ZA88736B (de)

Families Citing this family (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2630131B1 (fr) * 1988-04-14 1990-08-03 Affival Procede de desulfuration des fontes
SE512574C2 (sv) * 1998-08-25 2000-04-03 Partek Nordkalk Ab Långsträckt produkt som är verksam vid nedsänkning i ett bad av smält stål för svavelrening
US6346135B1 (en) * 1998-12-10 2002-02-12 Minerals Technologies Inc. Cored wire for treating molten metal
FR2821626B1 (fr) * 2001-03-05 2004-05-07 Affival Sa Fil fourre pour l'introduction d'additifs dans un bain de metal en fusion
US6770366B2 (en) * 2000-06-28 2004-08-03 Affival S.A. Cored wire for introducing additives into a molten metal bath
FR2871477B1 (fr) 2004-06-10 2006-09-29 Affival Sa Sa Fil fourre
CN1328394C (zh) * 2005-07-16 2007-07-25 包头文鑫实业有限公司 复合粉芯包芯线及其制造方法
CN100381586C (zh) * 2006-01-17 2008-04-16 沈阳东北大学冶金技术研究所 一种钢水脱氧用包芯线
WO2012027866A1 (zh) * 2010-09-03 2012-03-08 安帝铁合金(天津)有限公司 多层包芯线
FR3018524B1 (fr) * 2014-03-11 2017-03-10 Affival Procede de desulfuration d'une fonte liquide et fil fourre pour sa mise en oeuvre
WO2017105280A1 (ru) * 2015-12-14 2017-06-22 Александр Алексеевич НЕРЕТИН Комбинированная инжекционная проволока
RU169359U1 (ru) * 2015-12-14 2017-03-15 Александр Алексеевич Неретин Комбинированная инжекционная проволока
RU2677812C2 (ru) * 2016-04-04 2019-01-21 Акционерное Общество "Чепецкий Механический Завод" (Ао Чмз) Проволока для обработки металлургических расплавов
CN105950827A (zh) * 2016-06-22 2016-09-21 唐山飞迪冶金材料有限公司 一种复合钙铝及其在炼钢生产中的应用
RU184357U9 (ru) * 2017-08-11 2021-10-08 Арам Михайлович Караханянц Инжекционная проволока для обработки металлургических расплавов
RU2693276C1 (ru) * 2018-03-30 2019-07-02 Акционерное общество "Чепецкий механический завод" Проволока для ковшевой обработки стали
RU2723863C1 (ru) * 2019-08-05 2020-06-17 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью Новые перспективные продукты Технология Проволока с наполнителем для внепечной обработки металлургических расплавов

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
LU31206A1 (de) *
US4137446A (en) * 1974-05-22 1979-01-30 Acieries Reunies De Burbach-Eich-Dudelange S.S.Arbed Welding wire constituted by a core of welding powder enclosed by a mantle of metal and a method of producing the welding wire
US3921700A (en) * 1974-07-15 1975-11-25 Caterpillar Tractor Co Composite metal article containing additive agents and method of adding same to molten metal
LU80118A1 (fr) * 1978-08-17 1980-04-21 Arbed Fil fourre metallique
FR2543741B1 (fr) * 1983-03-16 1985-06-14 Comp Generale Electricite Procede de fabrication de supraconducteurs

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US4863803A (en) 1989-09-05
ZA88736B (en) 1988-08-03
KR880010141A (ko) 1988-10-07
BR8800405A (pt) 1988-09-20
AU1118788A (en) 1988-08-04
ES2018355B3 (es) 1991-04-01
IN169055B (de) 1991-08-24
DE3860801D1 (de) 1990-11-22
DK52088A (da) 1988-08-04
GR3000950T3 (en) 1991-12-10
EP0281485A1 (de) 1988-09-07
DK52088D0 (da) 1988-02-02
JPS63227712A (ja) 1988-09-22
CN1010324B (zh) 1990-11-07
FR2610331A1 (fr) 1988-08-05
AU607968B2 (en) 1991-03-21
ATE57541T1 (de) 1990-11-15
CN88100499A (zh) 1988-08-17

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