EP0274138B1 - Elektrodenanordnung für gasbildende Elektrolyseure mit vertikal angeordneten Plattenelektroden - Google Patents
Elektrodenanordnung für gasbildende Elektrolyseure mit vertikal angeordneten Plattenelektroden Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0274138B1 EP0274138B1 EP87201843A EP87201843A EP0274138B1 EP 0274138 B1 EP0274138 B1 EP 0274138B1 EP 87201843 A EP87201843 A EP 87201843A EP 87201843 A EP87201843 A EP 87201843A EP 0274138 B1 EP0274138 B1 EP 0274138B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- plate
- electrodes
- membrane
- ante
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
- C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
Definitions
- the invention relates to an electrode arrangement for gas-forming, monopolar membrane electrolysers with a vertically arranged plate electrode and counter electrode and an ion-selective membrane between the plate electrode and counter electrode, the plate electrode consisting of individual strip-shaped sheets separated from one another by a gap, which have a surface on their side facing the counter electrode have activating coating.
- Electrode arrangement is known from DE-A-31 23 665.
- the grid-like electrode closest to the membrane is the actually active electrode, behind which there is a perforated support layer.
- Plate electrodes of a bipolar electrolytic cell are described in EP-A-0 076 747, the electrical field mainly consisting of pre-electrodes, each of which is connected to a plate electrode.
- Electrodes with openings for the removal of the reaction gases are used, for example perforated electrodes, wire mesh or expanded metal.
- the disadvantages include in a reduced active surface, lack of mechanical stability and loss of high-quality coating material on the back of the electrode.
- the electrodes are ideally also to be used as conductors of the electrical current. These Application does not cause any problems in bipolar cells, since the current is transported through the electrode in the direction of the electrolysis current, ie there is in any case a sufficient cross section for the current transport. With monopolar cells, however, the current in the electrode must be transported across the electrolysis current. Flat electrodes can be used for this, but wire mesh and expanded metals cannot be used easily. This applies in particular to those electrolysis cells which, in contrast to the diaphragm cells, operate at current densities above 3 kA / m2. In this case, internal current line elements, such as line rods, are normally used, from which the current is distributed to the active surface of the electrodes (DE-OS 28 21 984).
- the ion-selective membrane rests on the flat structures of the anode due to the different densities of the alkali hydroxide in the cathode compartment and the acidic aqueous alkali chloride solution in the anode compartment. Since no or only a very weak electrolysis can take place on this contact surface due to the absence or only very slight presence of electrolyte, expanded metal, perforated plates or similar electrode plates made of titanium are used in technical electrolysis for this purpose, in order to flank the holes or the expanded metal and in some cases also to allow the electrolysis process to take place on the back of the electrode sheets. As a result, however, active electrode area is lost. The consequence of this is that the voltage increases undesirably.
- the invention has for its object to avoid or reduce such voltage losses and to enable high electrolysis currents. At the same time, the current distribution between the plate electrodes be evened out.
- this is done according to the invention in that the plate electrodes on the side facing the membrane are electrically conductively connected to an areal, perforated, electrically conductive pre-electrode running parallel to the plate electrode, the distance between the plate electrode and the pre-electrode 1 to 5 mm is.
- the membrane is securely held at a certain distance from the plate-shaped anode and the filling of the space between the membrane and the plate surface with electrolyte is ensured.
- the pre-electrode carries the ion-selective membrane, while the electrically highly conductive, plate-shaped electrode allows high electrolysis currents and at the same time participates in the electrolysis with its surface facing the pre-electrode.
- the surface of the membrane that is inactive in conventional arrangements due to the necessary perforation of the usual electrodes is also included in the electrolysis process.
- particularly effective degassing is brought about in the electrolyte.
- the vertically arranged plate anode can consist, in a manner known per se, of strip-shaped titanium sheets which are bent in a certain way and have gas discharge lines corresponding to the type described in EP-A-0 102 099.
- the individual strip-shaped sheets are completely separated from one another by a horizontally continuous gap .
- the plate electrodes can also be constructed from vertical strips and from vertical strips on the one hand and horizontal strips on the other.
- Membrane electrolysis cells of such an electrode structure in which the electrodes of one polarity are divided into several horizontal strips and the electrodes of the opposite polarity consist of vertical strips are known from EP-A-0 097 991.
- the pre-electrode is usually connected to cams or bumps of the plate electrode by spot welding.
- the distances or number of hump or spot welds are adapted to the requirements with regard to the current load. Of course, all other common connection techniques can also be used.
- the perforated, electrically conductive metallic pre-electrode which is generally resilient and flexible and has a thickness of about 0.5 to 2 mm, can for example be a perforated plate (screen plate), expanded metal or wire mesh, e.g. a wire mesh or wire mesh.
- the pre-electrode can also be formed by a system of individual wires, which are aligned in a plane essentially parallel to the plate electrode and are conductively connected to the plate electrode by spot welding. The individual wires can be arranged in parallel or at an angle to one another, so that square or diamond-like structures arise.
- the construction material for the electrode arrangement according to the invention for monopolar electrolyzers depends in a manner known per se on the use of the electrode arrangement as an anode or cathode. If the electrode arrangement consisting of plate electrodes and pre-electrodes connected to them as anodes is used in the electrolysis of aqueous alkali chloride solutions, the plate and pre-electrodes consist, for example, of titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum or their alloys. When used as cathodes, the material is pre and Plate electrode, for example stainless steel, nickel or steel plated with these metals.
- the electrode arrangement of the invention is firmly installed in a manner known per se in a frame which has connection elements for the supply of the electric current.
- the plate electrode is only provided with an activating coating on its surface facing the membrane, in a known manner from e.g. Metal oxides and metals from the platinum, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium group.
- the electrode arrangement according to the invention is used in monopolar electrolysers with ion-selective membranes, it being e.g. can be perfluorinated cation exchange membranes.
- ion-selective membranes it being e.g. can be perfluorinated cation exchange membranes.
- Such membranes allow the separation of cathodic and anodic products of an electrolysis from one another or from the reactants supplied to the counterelectrode.
- the electrode arrangement according to the invention has a number of advantages.
- the ion-selective membrane is kept at the desired constant distance from the plate electrode in a simple and safe manner. Due to the fact that both the perforated pre-electrode works on the flanks of the openings and the plate electrode works on the projected areas of the openings, the current in the membrane is distributed more evenly than when using only perforated electrodes. In the space between the pre-electrode and the plate electrode, a better degassing of the electrolyte and a better electrolyte exchange are achieved due to the geometrical arrangement. Due to the arrangement of the invention, it is also possible to reduce the voltage drop.
- the K number can be reduced by values of up to 0.05 V.m2 / kA, which corresponds to a voltage gain of 200 mV at a current of 4 kA / m2.
- a frame (1) carries the plate electrode, which consists of continuously horizontally separated, plate-shaped strips (2), the upper edges (3) of which are angled and thus conduct the evolving gases behind the active electrode surface, cf. 1, 2 and 4.
- the electrolyte is introduced via a perforated tube, cf. 1 and 4, the tube end (9) is squeezed.
- the electrolyte enters the cell from the frame (1) via openings (11), cf. Fig. 3.
- FIG. 10 denotes the outlet opening for the electrolyte, which can be seen in FIG. 1.
- the frame (1) is extended laterally by the rail (4), which has holes (5) for lines for connection to electrical energy sources.
- the grid-like, only partially shown pre-electrode (6) is electrically conductively connected to the strips (2) of the plate electrode via a series of welded stitchings (7), cf. in particular Fig. 4.
- a test cell with an ion-selective membrane (Nafion R 90209 from E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Inc.)
- comparative measurements were carried out with conventional perforated anode structures and with an electrode arrangement according to the invention.
- the openwork conventional electrode consisted of expanded metal (titanium, activated with RuO2) with a free area of 20%.
- the total height of the electrolytic cell was 300 mm, the depth 200 mm.
- the electrode arrangement according to the invention consisted of a pre-electrode of the same expanded metal (titanium, activated with RuO2) and a triple horizontal plate electrode (titanium, activated with RuO2).
- the gap between the front and plate electrodes was kept at a distance of 3 mm by vertical titanium wires, which simultaneously made electrical contact between the front and plate electrodes.
- the counter electrode consisted of non-activated expanded metal made of nickel.
- the electrode gap between the front electrode and counter electrode was 4 mm.
- the membrane was in contact with the pre-electrode.
- the electrolyte temperature was 70 to 80 ° C.
- the catholyte consisted of 32% sodium hydroxide solution.
- the brine contained 310 g NaCl / l; the anolyte contained 200 g NaCl / l.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT87201843T ATE71672T1 (de) | 1986-11-27 | 1987-09-25 | Elektrodenanordnung fuer gasbildende elektrolyseure mit vertikal angeordneten plattenelektroden. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3640584 | 1986-11-27 | ||
DE19863640584 DE3640584A1 (de) | 1986-11-27 | 1986-11-27 | Elektrodenanordnung fuer gasbildende elektrolyseure mit vertikal angeordneten plattenelektroden |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0274138A1 EP0274138A1 (de) | 1988-07-13 |
EP0274138B1 true EP0274138B1 (de) | 1992-01-15 |
Family
ID=6314934
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP87201843A Expired - Lifetime EP0274138B1 (de) | 1986-11-27 | 1987-09-25 | Elektrodenanordnung für gasbildende Elektrolyseure mit vertikal angeordneten Plattenelektroden |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4839013A (es) |
EP (1) | EP0274138B1 (es) |
JP (1) | JPS63140093A (es) |
AT (1) | ATE71672T1 (es) |
AU (1) | AU594214B2 (es) |
BR (1) | BR8706360A (es) |
CA (1) | CA1312844C (es) |
DE (2) | DE3640584A1 (es) |
ES (1) | ES2029683T3 (es) |
FI (1) | FI82488C (es) |
IN (1) | IN165046B (es) |
ZA (1) | ZA878895B (es) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5254233A (en) * | 1990-02-15 | 1993-10-19 | Asahi Glass Company Ltd. | Monopolar ion exchange membrane electrolytic cell assembly |
US5221452A (en) * | 1990-02-15 | 1993-06-22 | Asahi Glass Company Ltd. | Monopolar ion exchange membrane electrolytic cell assembly |
CN1019590B (zh) * | 1990-09-03 | 1992-12-23 | 张学明 | 高效水电解制氢氧装置 |
DE4306889C1 (de) * | 1993-03-05 | 1994-08-18 | Heraeus Elektrochemie | Elektrodenanordnung für gasbildende elektrolytische Prozesse in Membran-Zellen und deren Verwendung |
IT1279069B1 (it) * | 1995-11-22 | 1997-12-04 | Permelec Spa Nora | Migliorato tipo di elettrodo per elettrolizzatori a membrana a scambio ionico |
US20030112916A1 (en) * | 2000-02-25 | 2003-06-19 | Keeney Franklin W. | Cold nuclear fusion under non-equilibrium conditions |
US6924049B2 (en) * | 2000-09-11 | 2005-08-02 | Joe G. Rich, Sr. | Electrolysis fuel cell energy plant |
WO2003095705A1 (en) * | 2002-05-13 | 2003-11-20 | Kirk Donald W | Bifurcated electrode of use in electrolytic cells |
EP2343210B1 (en) * | 2008-10-31 | 2018-04-04 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Power supply system for electric vehicle and control method for the same |
CN114990603B (zh) | 2014-01-15 | 2024-02-06 | 蒂森克虏伯新纪元氯氢有限公司 | 离子交换膜电解槽 |
NL2032717B1 (en) * | 2022-08-10 | 2024-02-16 | Itrec Bv | Electrolyser and method for performing electrolysis |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH288156A (de) * | 1949-11-03 | 1953-01-15 | Montedison Spa | Elektrodensystem für Bipolarelektrolyseure. |
US4236989A (en) * | 1978-07-07 | 1980-12-02 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Electrolytic cell |
DE3123665A1 (de) * | 1981-06-15 | 1982-12-30 | Metallgesellschaft Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Vertikal angeordnete plattenelektrode fuer gasbildende elektrolyseure |
FR2513663B1 (fr) * | 1981-09-30 | 1986-02-28 | Creusot Loire | Electrolyseur du type filtre-presse |
DE3228884A1 (de) * | 1982-08-03 | 1984-02-09 | Metallgesellschaft Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Vertikal angeordnete plattenelektrode fuer gasbildende elektrolyseure |
US4588483A (en) * | 1984-07-02 | 1986-05-13 | Olin Corporation | High current density cell |
GB8420873D0 (en) * | 1984-08-16 | 1984-09-19 | Ici Plc | Electrode for electrolytic cell |
-
1986
- 1986-11-27 DE DE19863640584 patent/DE3640584A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1987
- 1987-03-24 IN IN228/CAL/87A patent/IN165046B/en unknown
- 1987-09-25 EP EP87201843A patent/EP0274138B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-09-25 AT AT87201843T patent/ATE71672T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-09-25 DE DE8787201843T patent/DE3776122D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-09-25 ES ES198787201843T patent/ES2029683T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-09-28 CA CA000547986A patent/CA1312844C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-10-06 FI FI874376A patent/FI82488C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-10-09 US US07/107,181 patent/US4839013A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-11-25 BR BR8706360A patent/BR8706360A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-11-26 AU AU81820/87A patent/AU594214B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1987-11-26 ZA ZA878895A patent/ZA878895B/xx unknown
- 1987-11-27 JP JP62299621A patent/JPS63140093A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU594214B2 (en) | 1990-03-01 |
FI874376A0 (fi) | 1987-10-06 |
EP0274138A1 (de) | 1988-07-13 |
DE3776122D1 (de) | 1992-02-27 |
DE3640584A1 (de) | 1988-06-09 |
US4839013A (en) | 1989-06-13 |
ZA878895B (en) | 1989-07-26 |
JPS63140093A (ja) | 1988-06-11 |
ES2029683T3 (es) | 1992-09-01 |
AU8182087A (en) | 1988-06-02 |
ATE71672T1 (de) | 1992-02-15 |
FI874376A (fi) | 1988-05-28 |
BR8706360A (pt) | 1988-07-26 |
FI82488C (fi) | 1991-03-11 |
CA1312844C (en) | 1993-01-19 |
IN165046B (es) | 1989-08-05 |
FI82488B (fi) | 1990-11-30 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DE2847955C2 (de) | Verfahren zum Herstellen von Halogenen durch Elektrolyse wäßriger Alkalimetallhalogenide | |
DE2445579C2 (de) | Elektrolytische Zelle | |
DE2135070C2 (de) | Elektrolysiervorrichtung | |
DE2656650A1 (de) | Bipolare elektrode fuer eine elektrolysezelle | |
DE4306889C1 (de) | Elektrodenanordnung für gasbildende elektrolytische Prozesse in Membran-Zellen und deren Verwendung | |
EP0189535B1 (de) | Elektrolyseapparat | |
DE2656110A1 (de) | Bipolare elektrode fuer filterpressen-elektrolysezellen und verfahren zu deren herstellung | |
EP0274138B1 (de) | Elektrodenanordnung für gasbildende Elektrolyseure mit vertikal angeordneten Plattenelektroden | |
EP0168600B1 (de) | Bipolarer Elektrolyseapparat mit Gasdiffusionskathode | |
DE2545339C2 (de) | Bipolare Elektrolysezelle | |
DE69007205T2 (de) | Rahmen für Elektrolyseur der Filterpressenbauart und monopolarer Elektrolyseur der Filterpressenbauart. | |
EP0102099B1 (de) | Vertikal angeordnete Plattenelektrode für gasbildende Elektrolyseure | |
DE2059868B2 (de) | Vertikal anzuordnende Elektrodenplatte für eine gasbildende Elektrolyse | |
DE69504745T2 (de) | Elektrolyseur für die Herstellung von Natriumhypochlorit und Chlorat, ausgerüstet mit verbesserten Elektroden | |
DE2404167C2 (de) | Zelle zur elektrolytischen Gewinnung von Metallen sowie Metallgewinnungsverfahren | |
EP0097991B1 (de) | Membran-Elektrolysezelle mit vertikal angeordneten Elektroden | |
DE2538000B2 (de) | Bipolare Elektrodenkonstruktion für eine membranlose Elektrolysezelle | |
DE69213362T2 (de) | Elektrolyseur und Herstellung davon | |
DE2125941C3 (de) | Bipolare Einheit und damit aufgebaute elektrolytische Zelle | |
DE3041897A1 (de) | Salzsaeure-elektrolysezelle zur herstellung von chlor und wasserstoff | |
DE2845832A1 (de) | Vorrichtung zur diaphragma-elektrolyse | |
DE10203689A1 (de) | Kathodischer Stromverteiler für Elektrolysezellen | |
DE2828621A1 (de) | Elektrolysezelle und elektrolyseverfahren | |
DE2003885B2 (de) | Elektrolysezelle | |
DE2709093A1 (de) | Elektrode fuer die erzeugung eines gases in einer zelle mit einer membran |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE ES FR GB IT LI NL SE |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19880811 |
|
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 19900126 |
|
GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE ES FR GB IT LI NL SE |
|
REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 71672 Country of ref document: AT Date of ref document: 19920215 Kind code of ref document: T |
|
ET | Fr: translation filed | ||
REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 3776122 Country of ref document: DE Date of ref document: 19920227 |
|
ITF | It: translation for a ep patent filed |
Owner name: STUDIO JAUMANN |
|
GBT | Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977) | ||
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: ES Ref legal event code: FG2A Ref document number: 2029683 Country of ref document: ES Kind code of ref document: T3 |
|
PLBE | No opposition filed within time limit |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT |
|
26N | No opposition filed | ||
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NL Effective date: 19930401 |
|
NLV4 | Nl: lapsed or anulled due to non-payment of the annual fee | ||
EAL | Se: european patent in force in sweden |
Ref document number: 87201843.7 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Payment date: 19950213 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Payment date: 19950609 Year of fee payment: 9 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Payment date: 19950616 Year of fee payment: 9 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: AT Payment date: 19950817 Year of fee payment: 9 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Effective date: 19950901 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Payment date: 19950901 Year of fee payment: 9 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: CH Payment date: 19950920 Year of fee payment: 9 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: BE Payment date: 19950925 Year of fee payment: 9 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: ES Payment date: 19950929 Year of fee payment: 9 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Effective date: 19960925 Ref country code: AT Effective date: 19960925 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Effective date: 19960926 Ref country code: ES Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF THE APPLICANT RENOUNCES Effective date: 19960926 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LI Effective date: 19960930 Ref country code: FR Effective date: 19960930 Ref country code: CH Effective date: 19960930 Ref country code: BE Effective date: 19960930 |
|
BERE | Be: lapsed |
Owner name: METALLGESELLSCHAFT A.G. Effective date: 19960930 |
|
GBPC | Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 19960925 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL |
|
EUG | Se: european patent has lapsed |
Ref document number: 87201843.7 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: ST |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: ST |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: ES Ref legal event code: FD2A Effective date: 19991007 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES;WARNING: LAPSES OF ITALIAN PATENTS WITH EFFECTIVE DATE BEFORE 2007 MAY HAVE OCCURRED AT ANY TIME BEFORE 2007. THE CORRECT EFFECTIVE DATE MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE ONE RECORDED. Effective date: 20050925 |