EP0260176B1 - Steuerungsverfahren für eine reversible, elektrische Generator-Motor-Maschine eines Kraftfahrzeuges und Anwendung eines solchen Verfahrens - Google Patents

Steuerungsverfahren für eine reversible, elektrische Generator-Motor-Maschine eines Kraftfahrzeuges und Anwendung eines solchen Verfahrens Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0260176B1
EP0260176B1 EP87401892A EP87401892A EP0260176B1 EP 0260176 B1 EP0260176 B1 EP 0260176B1 EP 87401892 A EP87401892 A EP 87401892A EP 87401892 A EP87401892 A EP 87401892A EP 0260176 B1 EP0260176 B1 EP 0260176B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
armature
voltage
motor
speed
controlled
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP87401892A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0260176A1 (de
Inventor
Huu Can N'guyen
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Valeo SE
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Valeo SE
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/04—Starting of engines by means of electric motors the motors being associated with current generators

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for controlling a reversible electric machine, that is to say a machine which can operate either as a generator (alternator), connected to a battery and to current consuming elements, or as a motor with a restart of a flywheel, intended for a motor vehicle, this machine comprising an armature and a wound inductor, the inductor being controlled, during operation as an alternator, by a regulator capable of regulating the voltage delivered by the armature to the vehicle's electrical network.
  • a generator alternator
  • this machine comprising an armature and a wound inductor, the inductor being controlled, during operation as an alternator, by a regulator capable of regulating the voltage delivered by the armature to the vehicle's electrical network.
  • the engine operation of such an electric machine corresponds either to the use as a starter of this machine, or in the use as a revival motor of a flywheel, in particular, in the case where the vehicle is equipped an energy recovery system using such a flywheel.
  • FR-A-2 512 406 relates to an on-board electrical installation for vehicles, in particular motor vehicles, comprising an alternator which can operate as a motor (starter) while being supplied with from a battery.
  • the alternator in this installation is of the permanent magnet inductor type. It is therefore not possible to modify the excitation of the inductor, unlike the case of a wound inductor.
  • JP-A-59 185 872 describes a method for controlling a reversible electric machine which can operate either as a generator (alternator), connected to a battery and to current-consuming elements, or as a motor, intended for a motor vehicle, this machine comprising an armature and a wound inductor, the inductor being controlled, during operation as an alternator, by a regulator capable of regulating the voltage delivered by the armature to the electrical network of the vehicle.
  • the object of the invention is, above all, to provide a reversible electric machine, as defined above which, in particular, makes it possible to obtain satisfactory performance and efficiency both during generator operation and during engine operation, with relaunch. of a flywheel.
  • the method for controlling a reversible electric machine that can operate either as a generator (alternator>, connected to a battery and to current-consuming elements, or as a motor with restart of a flywheel, intended to a motor vehicle, this machine comprising a wound armature and an inductor, the inductor being controlled during alternator operation by a regulator capable of regulating the voltage delivered by the armature to the electrical network of the vehicle, is characterized in that, for engine operation, it is established from the voltage of battery, a regulated voltage higher than that of the battery, this regulated voltage being used at least for the supply of the armature and that the excitation of the inductor is controlled so as to cause an increase in the speed of rotation for which the torque of the machine operating as a motor is zero.
  • the inductor is also supplied by this regulated voltage.
  • the excitation is controlled so as to obtain a maximum torque for each speed of rotation.
  • the armature is piloted so as to limit the intensity of the current flowing in this armature to a predetermined value for rotational speeds ranging from zero speed to a limit value.
  • the intensity of the armature current is maintained at a constant value over the entire speed range.
  • the invention also relates to the use of the method defined above for the control of an electric machine, the armature of which comprises several phases and the motor operation of which is ensured by electronic switching.
  • FIG. 1 of these drawings is a characteristic current-speed curve of an alternator, the intensity of the current being plotted on the ordinate, and the speed of rotation of the alternator expressed in revolutions / minute, being plotted on the abscissa.
  • Figure 2 is a high speed characteristic of the electric machine operating as a motor nominal excitation and with stator phase supply (or induced) by electronic switching under nominal voltage, the torque being plotted on the ordinate, and the speed of rotation on the abscissa.
  • Figure 3 is an electrical diagram of a conventional control of a machine operating as an alternator.
  • Figure 4 is a diagram of a conventional control of the electric machine operating as a motor, with electronic switching.
  • Figure 5 is a plot of characteristics of an electric machine operating as a motor, under various conditions, some of which conform to the method of the invention.
  • Figure 6 is a plot of characteristics of an electric machine operating as a motor and whose excitation is controlled --------------------------------------- so as to push the speed corresponding to zero torque towards higher speeds.
  • FIG. 7 is a plot of characteristics deduced from that of FIG. 6 for a higher regulated armature voltage, according to the invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a plot of characteristics deduced from that of FIGS. 6 and 7 when the armature and the inductor are both supplied by the regulated voltage greater than that of the battery.
  • Figure 9 is a plot of characteristics of an electric machine operating as a motor ------------------------------------------------------- ------- with control of the armature voltage so as to maintain the armature current at a constant value.
  • FIG. 10 is deduced from FIG. 9 for an armature voltage corresponding to the regulated voltage greater than that of the battery, according to the invention.
  • Figure 11 is deduced from Figures 9 and 10 ⁇ while the armature voltage and the inductor voltage correspond to the regulated voltage higher than that of the battery.
  • FIG. 12 is a simplified electrical diagram of an installation for controlling an electrical machine according to the invention.
  • FIG. 13 is an electrical diagram of a variant of the control installation.
  • FIG 14 is an electrical diagram of another alternative embodiment of the control installation.
  • a reversible electric generator-engine machine for a motor vehicle of the type of the invention, can be installed in two ways:
  • crankshaft or else driven by the crankshaft by means of pulleys and belts and rotating at a speed greater than, and generally equal to approximately twice, that of the crankshaft.
  • FIG. 1 of the drawings illustrates an example of characteristics of the intensity (range on the ordinate) of the current delivered by an alternator, integrated into the flywheel of the heat engine or driven by this engine with unit transmission ratio, at nominal excitation, as a function of the speed of rotation plotted on the abscissa and expressed in number of revolutions / minute.
  • the priming speed Na of the alternator is close to 60 ⁇ 0 ⁇ revolutions / minute.
  • Figure 2 shows the characteristic torque (on the ordinate) and speed (on the abscissa) of the same electric machine as in the case of Figure 1, but operating this time in motor under nominal excitation and with stator phase supply by electronic switching under nominal voltage, as will be explained a little more in detail with reference to the diagrams of FIGS. 3 and 4.
  • the diagram in FIG. 3 corresponds to the operation of the electric machine as an alternator, with a conventional control.
  • the machine comprises a wound inductor winding 1, or excitation winding, controlled by a regulator 2 which controls the excitation current, passing through the inductor 1, so that a desired voltage is delivered at the output of the bridge 3 of rectifier diodes connected to the armature 4 comprising three phases L1, L2, L3 connected in star.
  • the diode bridge 3 comprises, in a conventional manner, six diodes. Two diodes are associated with each phase of the armature 4 which forms the alternator stator. The anode of the diodes D1, D2, D3 is connected to the output end of each phase winding L1, L2, L3, while the cathode of these diodes is connected to the + terminal of a battery 5 as well as to a terminal of the electrical network S of current consuming elements of the vehicle.
  • the cathodes of diodes D4, D5, D6 are connected to the output end of phases L1, L2, L3 while the anodes are connected to ground, to which is also connected the pole - of battery 5 and the other network terminal S.
  • the regulator 2 schematically comprises a comparator circuit 6 which receives, on one input, the voltage at the output of the diode bridge 3 and, on another input, a reference voltage.
  • the output signal of the comparator 6 is sent to an amplifier 7 which controls the intensity of the current flowing in the inductor 1. It does not appear necessary to further detail these conventional circuits.
  • FIG. 4 schematically represents the control of the electronic switching of the electric machine for its operation as a motor. Identical items or playing similar roles to elements already described with reference to FIG. 3 are designated by the same references without their description being repeated.
  • the regulator 2 has not been shown in FIG. 4 and the inductor constituted by the excitation winding 1 is supplied under the constant voltage U of the battery.
  • Electronic switching means 8 are connected in parallel to the diode bridge 3 to ensure a sequential supply of the phases L1, L2, L3 of the armature 4 or stator.
  • the electronic switching means 8 comprise static switches Q1 ... Q6 which may be constituted by transistors or thyristors, connected in parallel to the diodes D1 ... D6.
  • the switches Q1 ... Q6 are controlled from an electronic assembly 9 which receives information on the angular position of the rotor, or inductor 1, by sensors of the angular position of the rotor H1, H2, H3, spaced on a circumference surrounding the rotor.
  • These sensors H1, H2, H3 can be constituted by Hall Effect sensors, or optoelectronic sensors.
  • the operating characteristics of the electric machine as a motor depend on the characteristics of the alternator operation.
  • the electric machine may supply, during its operation as a motor, a starting torque Cd at a speed for example of 20 ⁇ 0 ⁇ revolutions / minute, sufficient in the case where the engine is used as a starter.
  • a sufficient torque Cd it is possible that the electric machine while having satisfactory characteristics for the alternator operation, does not provide, during engine operation according to the diagram of Figure 4, a sufficient torque Cd.
  • the invention aims, in particular, to provide a solution to these problems, that is to say to make it possible to obtain an electric machine, sufficiently dimensioned to operate as a generator (alternator) on board a motor vehicle, satisfactory characteristics during operation as an electric motor, that is to say as a starter and as a restart motor for a flywheel.
  • the supply voltage of the armature 4 and / or the excitation (inductor 1) is controlled in order to obtain the desired torque characteristics. -speed.
  • the electromagnetic torque C, in mN, for a current I in amperes in the armature supplied at the nominal voltage U, in volts, is:
  • Equations (1) to (4) show that the torque C and the speed ⁇ depend on the inductor currents, i.e. of the current flowing in the excitation winding 1, and induced, that is to say of the current flowing in the windings of the stator 4.
  • the control method according to the invention makes it possible to modify these torque and speed by acting on the currents by controlling the supply voltage of the armature and / or the excitation.
  • Current control can be carried out either from the nominal voltage U (battery voltage 5) or from a regulated voltage yU greater than that of the battery, and established from the voltage U by lifting means Of voltage.
  • Case 1 the inductor 1 and the armature 4 are supplied by the nominal voltage U.
  • Case 2 the inductor 1 is supplied with the rated voltage U, while the armature 4 is supplied by the voltage yU.
  • the torque-speed characteristic is then the line C2 in FIG. 5.
  • the gain in torque and speed is in the ratio y, since the voltage passes from the nominal value U to the value yU, while that the coefficient K1 remains equal to itself.
  • Case No. 3 the inductor 1 and the armature 4 are supplied at yU voltage.
  • the torque-speed characteristic is then represented by the line C3 in FIG. 5, the torque being multiplied by y2, for the same speed of rotation, relative to the operation corresponding to the line C1. Indeed, the tension is multiplied by y, as well as the proportionality ratio which becomes yK1 instead of K1.
  • the lines C1, C2, C3 correspond to the lines i1, i2, i3 of the inductor current (winding 1) parallel to the abscissa axis (constant inductor current) and the lines I1, I2, I3 of the armature current ( winding 4), with a negative slope.
  • the torque-speed characteristics C2, and especially C3 make it possible to obtain a high torque at the relatively low speeds of rotation of the electric machine operating as a motor. These characteristics are suitable for starter operation, since the range of speeds obtained is sufficient.
  • the method of the invention provides, to avoid such a drawback, controlling the excitation of the inductor 1 so as to cause an increase in the speed of rotation for which the engine torque is canceled out.
  • This increase is obtained by varying the supply voltage or the current of the inductor 1 so that the electromagnetic flux ⁇ varies and therefore the coefficient k connecting the counter-electromotive force to the speed of rotation [see equation (1 )].
  • the excitation is controlled so as to obtain a maximum torque for each speed of rotation.
  • the characteristic 13 of the torque C is composed of a rectilinear segment with a negative slope 14 from the zero speed to U / 2K1, for the speeds greater than this latter value, the curve 13 continues with an arc 15 of hyperbola, turning its concavity upwards. A non-zero value of the torque is thus maintained for speeds greater than U / K1.
  • the rectilinear segment in dashes 16 extending the segment 14 corresponds to the operating case illustrated in FIG. 2, in the absence of excitation control. It can be seen that for the speed U / K1 at which the torque is canceled in the case of operation without driving the excitation, the torque obtained is equal to K1U / 4R.
  • the torque obtained with the control of the excitation is equal to K1U / 8R.
  • Curve 17 illustrates the variation of the armature current I as a function of the speed of rotation.
  • This curve 17 comprises a first rectilinear segment 18 with a negative slope between the zero speed and the speed U / 2K1. Beyond this speed, the curve continues with a rectilinear segment 19 parallel to the abscissa axis, corresponding to a constant armature intensity.
  • FIG. 7 is deduced from FIG. 6 by the introduction of the amplification coefficient y on the values involving the voltage U. These values have been plotted on the abscissa and ordinate axis, and it is not necessary to comment in more detail on this figure 7 on which we have designated by the same reference numerals as in FIG. 6, the various parts of the characteristics concerned.
  • the armature 4 is controlled so as to limit the intensity I of the current flowing in this armature to a predetermined value for rotational speeds ranging from zero speed to a limit value .
  • the method of the invention makes it possible to limit the armature current to a single value, namely its minimum value, by controlling the supply voltage of the armature 4.
  • the minimum value of the armature intensity I is equal to half of the locked rotor intensity, that is to say equal to: 1/2 x U / R.
  • the armature intensity is usually greater than this minimum value.
  • FIG. 6 The characteristics of FIG. 6 are modified as illustrated in FIG. 9.
  • the characteristic 17a of the armature current in FIG. 9, consists of a rectilinear segment parallel to the axis of the abscissa.
  • the inclined segment 18, with a negative slope, of Figure 6 is deleted.
  • the characteristic 13a of the torque has a segment 14a parallel to the abscissa axis and whose ordinate is equal to K1U / 2R. This ordinate is equal to half of the ordinate at the origin of the characteristic 13 of the torque in FIG. 6. Beyond the speed U / 2K1, the torque characteristic is constituted by a similar hyperbola arc 15a in arc 15 of figure 6.
  • Characteristic 12a of the intensity of the inductor current (current in winding 1) and the coefficient k is similar to characteristic 12 of FIG. 6.
  • Figure 11 provides the characteristics corresponding to the operation according to this Case 3.
  • FIGS. 12 to 14 illustrate exemplary embodiments of an installation for implementing the method of the invention.
  • the usual regulator 2 of the alternator can be used.
  • an assembly of the switching power supply type may be perfectly suitable.
  • FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a reversible machine and of the associated control installation E making it possible to control the voltage of the inductor 1 supplied from the nominal voltage U, and to control the voltage d armature 4 supplied from the high voltage yU.
  • the installation E comprises connection means J1 and J2 in the generator position (operation of the electric machine as an alternator) and in the engine position.
  • These means J1 and J2 are constituted by two-position inverters A (alternator) and M (engine).
  • the inverter J1 in position A provides a connection between an input terminal of the regulator 2a and the output of the comparator 6a, suitable for comparing a reference voltage with the voltage U.
  • the other inverter J2 whose displacement is coupled to J1 is also in position A and ensures, in this position, the connection between the output of the diode bridge 3 and the + terminal of the battery.
  • the alternator operation of the electric machine for this position A of the connection means J1 and J2 is conventional.
  • the regulator 2a acts on the excitation 1 so as to charge the battery at its nominal value, for example 14 volts or 28 volts, and to supply the current to the consumers S of the vehicle.
  • the inverter J1 connects the input terminal of the regulator 2a to a line receiving, from an output of the control electronics 9a, a signal representative U / 2 ⁇ produced by this electronics 9a. This signal corresponds to the control defined by equation (6).
  • the regulator 2a which receives on its input the signal representing U / 2 ⁇ will regulate the excitation current flowing in the winding 1 according to this law, which makes it possible to obtain the desired piloting of the inductor.
  • the electronic module 9a also controls, as explained with reference to FIG. 4, the supply of the phases L1, L2, L3.
  • the other inverter J2 in its position M ensures the connection of the output of the diode bridge 3 with the output of a regulated voltage source 20 ⁇ , this output being under the voltage zyU.
  • the 20 ⁇ source is a switching power supply type assembly.
  • the coefficient zy is also developed by the electronic assembly 9a, one output of which is connected to the input of a comparator circuit 21. This circuit receives, on another input, the voltage supplied to the output of the source 20 ⁇ .
  • the circuit 21 provides, on its output connected to an input of the source 20 ⁇ , a signal representing the difference between the voltage delivered by the source 20 ⁇ and the reference voltage zyU which controls the source 20 so as to provide at its output, a voltage equal to zyU.
  • FIG. 13 schematically shows another possible embodiment of the control installation according to the invention, installation equivalent to that of FIG. 12, but based this time on a piloting of the armature 4 and of the inductor 1 at the level currents, while in the case of Figure 12 the control was carried out at the voltages.
  • FIG. 13 identical or playing roles similar to elements of the installation of FIG. 12 are designated by the same references possibly followed by the letter b.
  • the assembly of FIG. 13 requires current sensors represented by the two resistors 22, 23 placed respectively in series with the inductor winding 1 and the induced winding 4.
  • the comparator 21, the output of which is connected to an input of the regulated voltage source 20 ⁇ receives, on an input, a signal, produced by the control electronics 9b, representing the constant value In which is equal to U / 2R in case No. 1, or yU / 2R to case No. 2.
  • the other input of the comparator 21 receives the voltage signal taken from the terminals of the resistor 23. More precisely, this input is connected to a terminal 25 of the resistor 23, the other terminal of which is connected to ground.
  • FIG. 13 The operation of the installation of FIG. 13 is similar to that described for FIG. 12, the difference consisting essentially in the control of the excitation current i as a function of the speed ⁇ and of the induced current I which is maintained at the value constant In.
  • the excitation or inductor current i is controlled by the regulator 2a in response to the output signal supplied by the comparator 24.
  • the control of the armature current I is ensured by the voltage source 20 ⁇ which supplies a voltage zyU, in response to the output signal from the comparator 21, such that I remains equal to In.
  • a third inverter J3 similar to J1 and J2, is provided on the connecting conductor of the excitation winding 1 at the + terminal of the battery 5.
  • This inverter J3 is connected so that in position A (alternator) the excitation winding 1 is supplied from the battery voltage U.
  • This inverter J3 in position M supplies the excitation winding 1 with the voltage zyU supplied by the source 20 ⁇ .
  • connection means J1, J2 and J3 of this figure 14 are connected so as to move together and to be simultaneously either in position A or in position M.
  • control electronics could advantageously be provided by a microprocessor, which could take care of other useful functions such as current and voltage protection, thermal protection, fault diagnosis.

Claims (7)

  1. Verfahren zur Steuerung einer reversierbaren elektrischen Maschine, die entweder als Generator (Wechselstromgenerator), bestimmt für ein Kraftfahrzeug, der an eine Batterie und an Stromverbraucherelemente angeschlossen ist, oder als Motor mit Wiederanlauf eines Schwungrads arbeiten kann, wobei diese Maschine einen gewickelten Anker und einen gewickelten Induktor enthält und der Induktor bei der Funktion als Wechselstromgenerator durch einen Regler gesteuert wird, der zur Regelung der Spannung geeignet ist, die der Anker an das Stromnetz des Fahrzeugs liefert, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man bei der Funktion als Motor, ausgehend von der Batteriespannung (U), eine geregelte Spannung (yU) festlegt, die höher ist als die Spannung der Batterie, wobei diese geregelte Spannung wenigstens für die Speisung des Ankers (4) verwendet wird, und daß man die Erregung des Induktors (1) so vorsteuert, daß es zu einer Erhöhung der Drehzahl kommt, bei der das Moment der als Motor arbeitenden Maschine aufgehoben wird.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Induktor (1) auch mit der geregelten Spannung (yU) gespeist wird.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Vorsteuerung der Erregung (1) so abläuft, daß für jede Drehzahl ein Maximalmoment erreicht wird.
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man einen Proportionalitätskoeffizienten (k) zwischen der Gegenantriebskraft (e) und der Drehzahl (ω) so vorsteuert, daß zu jedem Zeitpunkt k=U/2ω ist, wobei U der Ankerspeisespannung entspricht.
  5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3 oder 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man die Erregung (1) ausgehend von einer bestimmten Drehzahl (ω 1) vorsteuert.
  6. Verfahren nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet daß man bei der Funktion als Motor den Anker (4) so vorsteuert, daß die Stromstärke (I) des in diesem Anker vorhandenen Stroms auf einen Wert begrenzt wird, der für Drehzahlen vorher festgelegt ist, die von der Nulldrehzahl bis zu einem Grenzwert reichen, wobei diese Stromstärke vorzugsweise über den gesamten Drehzahlbereich auf einem konstanten Wert gehalten wird.
  7. Anwendung des Verfahrens nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche auf die Steuerung einer elektrischen Maschine, deren Anker (4) mehrere Phasen (L1, L2, L3) aufweist und deren Funktion als Motor durch elektronische Umschaltung (8) gewährleistet ist.
EP87401892A 1986-09-11 1987-08-17 Steuerungsverfahren für eine reversible, elektrische Generator-Motor-Maschine eines Kraftfahrzeuges und Anwendung eines solchen Verfahrens Expired - Lifetime EP0260176B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8612697 1986-09-11
FR8612697A FR2604041B1 (fr) 1986-09-11 1986-09-11 Procede de commande d'une machine electrique reversible generateur-moteur, pour vehicule automobile, et installation de commande pour la mise en oeuvre d'un tel procede

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Publication Number Publication Date
EP0260176A1 EP0260176A1 (de) 1988-03-16
EP0260176B1 true EP0260176B1 (de) 1991-04-17

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US (1) US4803376A (de)
EP (1) EP0260176B1 (de)
DE (1) DE3769413D1 (de)
ES (1) ES2022404B3 (de)
FR (1) FR2604041B1 (de)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2604041B1 (fr) 1988-10-28
FR2604041A1 (fr) 1988-03-18
ES2022404B3 (es) 1991-12-01
EP0260176A1 (de) 1988-03-16
DE3769413D1 (de) 1991-05-23
US4803376A (en) 1989-02-07

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