Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
  • C07K14/72—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for hormones
  • C07K14/721—Steroid/thyroid hormone superfamily, e.g. GR, EcR, androgen receptor, oestrogen receptor

Definitions

• the invention relates to production of desired proteins using recombinant technology, Specifically, it concerns production of steroid receptor proteins employing eucaryotic hosts and expression systems compatible with these hosts.
• Steroid hormone receptors are well known to regulate gene expression in eucaryotic cells.
• the action of steroid hormones in vertebrates involves interaction of the specific intracellular steroid receptor protein (SR) with the genome, and in addition, steroid hormones and SR proteins are involved in the regulation of tumor growth in many instances (Lippmann. M .E., Breast Cancer: Trends in Research and Treatment (Raven, NY 1975); Lippmann, M.E., et al, Nature (1975) 256 : 592). It is believed that binding of the steroid converts the SR protein to a form which binds strongly to nuclear DNA, although the nature of this interaction and the location of the binding is not understood.
• SR steroid receptor protein
• steroid receptor protein specifically estrogen receptor (ER) is distributed in a tissue-specific manner and the expression of this protein is developmentally regulated.
• ER from several sources has been purified and shown to have a molecular weight of 65-70 kd (Redeuilh, C, et al Eur J Biocherm (1980) 106:481; Lubahn, D.B., et al, J Biol Chem (1985) 260:2215; Katzenellenbogon, B.S., et al, J Biol Chem (1983) 258:3487; Sakai, D., et al, Endocrinol (1984) 115:2379, van Oosboree, T R., et al, Anal Bio chem (1984) 136:321).
• GR human gluto corto coid receptor
• hER human estrogen receptor
• cDNA clones isolated by oligonucleotide hybridization was a 2.1 kb cDNA clone designated OR8 which cross-hybridized with all other cDNAs and which contained the expected sequences for the two ER peptides.
• the OR8 cDNA insert was long enough to contain the entire coding sequence for the 65 kd protein.
• the OR8 cDNA clone was successfully incorporated into an expression system compatible with mammalian host cells, and recombinant hER produced using transformed mammalian cell cultures.
• the availability of expression systems for hER and other steroid receptor proteins provides the ability to produce large amounts of purified steroid receptor proteins, and their production in eucaryotic hosts assures that post-translational processing and folding which is capable of regenerating material closely analogous to the natively produced intracellular protein will be obtained.
• the invention provides the complete DNA sequence encoding human estrogen receptor protein (hER) along with the deduced amino acid sequence.
• hER human estrogen receptor protein
• AEU v-erb-A
• the pertinent coding sequence has been incorporated into an expression system operable in eucaryotic host cells, and specifically mammalian host cells. This permits expression of the sequences under conditions which favor appropriate post-translational processing, and provides quantities of protein useful for design of agonist and antagonist compounds, for study of the mechanism of action of the steroid binding proteins in general, and for use in diagnostic assays for SR proteins themselves or for antibodies raised against them.
• the invention relates to an expression system for a vertebrate steroid receptor protein which contains DNA encoding the receptor protein operably linked to control sequences capable of expressing these sequences in eucaryotic host cells.
• the invention relates to recombinant host eucaryotic cells containing the expression system of the invention, to methods of producing steroid receptor proteins using these cells, and to these steroid receptor proteins so produced.
• Figure. 1 shows the cDNA sequence encoding human estrogen receptor protein and the deduced amino acid sequence.
• Figure 2 shows comparative amino acid sequences for hER, human GR, and a putative AEU oncogene protein.
• Figure 3 shows sedimentation analysis of human estrogen receptor expressed by OR8 cDNA in CHO K-1 cells.
• “Expression system” refers to a collection of components as subsequently designated and may include, as specified, only a coding sequence, operably linked to control sequences, to these sequences further linked to an enhancer, to a vector containing these, and any further DNA sequence relevant to effecting expression.
• “Human metallothionein-II” promoter (hMT-II) refers to control sequences derived From the human MT-II gene or their functional equivalents. The control sequences of this gene are. described in detail by Karin, M., et al. Nature (1982) 299:797-802.
• Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells include the standard cell line ATCC CCL-61, and its relatives isolated from the same source, tissue, as well as derivatives thereof. Derivatives are mutants of the line which may differ genotypically or phenotypically from the. original line, but which are obtained therefrom by intentional or inadvertent mutation.
• DNA or protein sequences refers to similarity in structure and no. necessarily to physical derivation.
• Purified or pure refers to material which is free from substances which normally accompany it as found in its native state.
• pure SR for example, refers to SR which does not contain materials normally associated with its in situ environment in human cells. Of course, “pure” SR may include materials in specific association with it, such as its glycoside residues.
• Operaably linked refers to a juxtaposition wherein the components are configured so as to perform their usual function. Thus, control sequences or promoters operably linked to a coding sequence are capable of effecting the expression of the coding sequence.
• Control sequence refers to a DNA sequence, or sequences which are capable, when properly ligated to a desired coding sequence, of effecting its expression in hosts compatible with such sequences. Such control sequences include, promoters and termination signals. Additional factors necessary or helpful in effecting expression such as enhancers may also be identified. As used herein, "control sequences" simply refers to whatever DNA sequence may be required to effect expression in the particular host used.
• Cells or “cell cultures” or “recombinant host cells” or “host cells” are often used interchangeably as will be clear from the context. These terms include the immediate subject cell, and, of course, the progeny thereof. It is understood that not all progeny are exactly identical to the parental cell, due to chance mutations or differences in environment. However, such altered progeny are included in these terms, so long as the progeny retain the characteristics relevant to those conferred on the originally transformed cell.
• the invention herein represents the first expression of a steroid receptor protein under environmental conditions which are conducive to mimicing the native product.
• the cDNA, genomic DNA or other DNA encoding the desired vertebrate steroid receptor protein is placed under control of control sequences operable in eucaryotic cells for expression.
• the invention is illustrated below with respect to human estrogen receptor; however, it is recognized that using expression systems of the invention, including that specifically illustrated, other steroid receptors may be successfully produced.
• eucaryotic hosts include yeast and mammalian cells.
• a particular expression system for mammalian cells is illustrated below; however, alternate expression systems are also available and could be employed with suitable. modifications to obtain expression of appropriate steroid receptor encoding sequences.
• Eucaryotic microbes though less, desirable than mammalian cultures may be. used as hosts.
• Laboratory strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Baker's yeast, are most used although a number of other yeast strains are commonly available.
• Vectors employing, for example, the 2 ⁇ origin of replication of Broach, J. R., Meth Enz (1983) 101:307, or other yeast compatible origins of replications may be used.
• Control sequences for yeast vectors include promoters for the synthesis of glycoxytic enzymes (Hess, et al, J Adv Enzyme Reg (1968) 7:149; Holland, et al, Biochemistry (1978) 17:4900). Additional promoters known in the art include the promoter for 3- ⁇ hosphoglycerate kinase (Hitzernan, et al. J Biol Chem (1980) 255:2073), and those for other glycolytic enzymes.
• promoters which have the additional advantage of transcription controlled by growth conditions are the promoter regions for alcohol dehydrogenase 2, isocytochrome C, acid phosphatase, degradative enzymes associated with nitrogen metabolism, and enzymes responsible for maltose and galactose utilization. It is also believed terminator sequences are desirable at the 3' end of the coding sequences. Such terminators are found in the 3' untranslated region following the. coding sequences in yeast-derived genes. Transformations into yeast may be carried out according to the method of Uan Solingen, P., et al, J. Bact (1977) 110:946 or of Hsiao, C.
• Mammalian host cell expression is, however preferred, and general techniques for such expression are known. See, for example, Axel, et al, 4,399,216. These systems have the. additional advantage of the ability to splice out introns and thus can be used directly to express genomic fragments.
• Useful host cell lines include VERO and HeLa cells, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells.
• Expression vectors for such cells ordinarily include promoters and control sequences compatible with mammalian cells such as, for example, the commonly used early and late promoters from Simian Virus 40 (SV 40) (Fiers, et al, Nature (1978) 273:113), or other viral promoters such as those derived from polyoma, Adenovirus 2, bovine papiloma virus, or avian sarcoma viruses.
• the controllable promoter, hMTII Kerin, M., et al, Nature (1982) 299:797-802
• hMTII Kerin, M., et al, Nature (1982) 299:797-802
• “enhancer” regions are important in optimizing expression; these are, generally, sequences found upstream or downstream of the promoter region in non-coding DNA regions; these are also illustrated below. Origins of replication may be obtained, if needed, from viral sources. However, integration into the chromosome is a common mechanism for DNA replication in eucaryotes. For mammalian cells the calcium phosphate precipitation method of Graham and van der Eb, Virology (1978) 52:546, optionally as modified by Wigler, M., et al, Cell (1979) 16:777-785 may be used.
• the gene sequences are ligated into suitable control sequences transformed into the compatible host cells and the cell cultures grown under appropriate conditions.
• control sequences include inducible promoters, appropriate induction conditions are supplied.
• the steroid receptor proteins are intracellular, they lack signal sequences and are normally preceded by a methionine start codon. Alternate constructions which delete this codon and include heterologous signal sequences capable of effecting the secretion of this protein from the host are also capable of construction.
• the signal sequences from, for example, normally secreted mammalian proteins such as renin, growth hormone, or insulin are known in the art and could be used. If for expression in yeast, yeast signal sequences such as those associated with ⁇ factor can be employed.
• the availability of significant amounts of purified steroid receptor protein is advantageous in both diagnostic assays and in designing means for regulating steroid mediated metabolism.
• the desirability of obtaining pure recombinant human estrogen receptor and other steroid hormone receptors has several facets. First, milligram amounts of the material are obtainable using this procedure.
• Milligram amounts are capable of crystallization to permit three dimensional studies using X-ray diffraction and computer analysis. This permits deductions concerning the shape of the molecule, thus defining proper shapes for substances useable as agonists and antagonists of the hormone.
• Agonists and antagonists are critically important in regulating those aspects of metabolism mediated by steroids, including reproductive function, inflammatory responses, blood pressure, and secondary sex characteristics.
• the responsiveness of some tumors to steroids is also known, and is reinforced by the disclosure herein of regional homology between human ER, glucocortocoid receptor, and a putative v-erb-A oncogene product.
• ER and other steroid receptors have DNA and steroid binding domains, and agonists or antagonists to steroid activity are substances whose interactions with SR are stabilized by design of the 3-dirnensional structures so as to enhance the ability of the substance, to interact positively and specifically with a particular region of the SR.
• This lock and key spatial arrangement will result from molecules designed, complementary to the surface contours of the crystallized ER or other steroid receptor of the invention.
• surface includes convolutions which may face inward, and specifically includes both normal sites of interaction and internal structure which results in these sites.
• “complementary” is understood to mean that in addition to spatial conformations which "fit", interactions between the receptor and the molecule, which matches its surface contours are. attractive and positive. These interactions may be hydrogen bonding, ionic, or hydrophobic affinity.
• Antagonists and agonists are modified steroids complementary to the. 3-D structure.
• purified receptors of the invention are of significance, as reagents in screening agonists and antagonists in vitro as an ad hoc approach to evaluation.
• Impure receptor preparations currently available yield confusing data due to the impact of the impurities on the test results. For example, contaminants which turn out to be themselves agonists or antagonists for steroids will i nterfere with the evaluation.
• a substantial improvement in current screening techniques for agonists and antagonists would be effected by the availability of the purified human receptor protein.
• the recombinant vectors of the invention provide the starting materials to obtain a series of modified receptors for a spectrum of processing conversions.
• the recombinant receptor of the invention is also useful in providing a specific and sensitive diagnostic assay fur human receptor protein in biological samples. Such assays are important in, for example, diagnosis of tumor sensitivity to steroid metabolism.
• the availability of purified recombinant human receptor will provide this material for standardization and calibration of direct immunoassay.
• Peptide sequences from purified hER are found throughout the open reading frame and the location of the ATG start codon was surmised because, it is the first to appear downstream from the in frame terminator TGA at nucleotides -54 to -52.
• Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with the known sequences of human glucocortocoid receptor (GR) and to the product of the v-erb-A (AEU) oncogene showed strong homology in a region rich in cysteine, lysine and arginine, about 300-350 amino acids from the carboxy terminus of each. Extensi ⁇ e homologies are found in various corresponding regions of these proteins as shown in Figure 2.
• the host expression vector contains the rnetallothionein-II promoter system (hMT-II) which is inducible in the presence of zinc ion, a viral enhancer, and about 600 bp of the 3' untranslated region of human growth hormone.
• the expression ⁇ ector is obtained by replacing the human growth hormone encoding sequence from the vector designated phGHg-SU (10) which is constructed as described below.
• phGHg-SU(9) could also be used.
• the plasmid pHSl contains 840 bp of the hMT-II sequence from p84H (Karin, M., et al. Nature (1982) 299:297-302) which spans from the HindIII site at position -765 of the hMT-II gene to the BamHI cleavage site at base + 70. Plasmid p84H was digested to completion with BamHI, treated with exonuciease Bal-31 to remove terminal nucleotides, and then digested with Hindlll.
• the desired 840 bp Hindlll/blunt fragment was ligated into pUC8 (Uieira, J., et al, Gene (1982) 9:259-268) which had been opened with Hindlll and Hindi digestion.
• the ligation mixture was transformed into E. coli HB101 to Amp , and one candidate plasmid, designated pHS1, was isolated and sequenced by dideoxy sequencing.
• pHS1 contains the hMT-II control sequences upstream of a polylinker containing convenient restriction sites.
• Genomic sequences encoding hGH were isolated from p2.6-3 (DeNoto, et al, Nucleic Acids Res (1981) 19:3719)by digestion with BamHI, which cuts at the 5' end of the first exon, and EcoRI, which cuts 3' of the functional gene, followed by polyacrylamide gel purification.
• the isolated fragment was ligated into BamHI/EcoRI digested pHS1 and the ligation mixture transformed into E. coli MC1061 to Amp R .
• Successful transformants were, screened by restriction analysis, and a strain containing the desired plasmid, designated pMT-hGHg was further propagated to prepare quantities of plasmid DNA.
• a pair of host expression vectors containing the SV40 enhancer in operable linkage to the MT-II promoter and the 3' untranslated sequences from hGH was constructed by inserting an 1120 bp SU40 DNA fragment into the Hindlll site preceding the MT-II promoter sequences in pMT-bGHg.
• the SV40 DNA fragment spans the SV40 origin of replication and includes nucleotide 5171 through nucleotide 5243 (at the origin), the duplicated 72 bp repeat from nucleotide 107-250, and continues through nucleotide 1046 on the side of the origin containing the 5' end of late viral mRNAs.
• This Hindlll 1120 bp fragment is obtained from a Hindlll digest of SV40 DNA (Buchman, A.R., et al, DNA Tumor Viruses, 2d ed (J. Tooze, ed.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1981), pp. 799-841), and cloned into pBR322 for amplification.
• the cloning vector was cut with Hindlll, and the 1100 bp SV40 DNA fragment isolated by gel electrophoresis and ligated into Hindlll-digested, CIP-treated, pMT-hGHg.
• the resulting vectors designated phGHg-SV(9) and phGHg-SV (10), contain the fragment in opposite orientations preceding the MT-II promoter.
• the enhancer is about 1600 bp from the 5' mRNA start site; in the opposite orientation it is approximately 980 bp from the 5' mRNA start site. Both orientations are operable, but the. orientation wherein the enhancer sequences are proximal to the start site, provides higher levels of expression. It is believed that deletions which place the enhancer 250-400 bp upstream of the. transcription start are optimal.
• the vector fragment was blunted using Klenow and the 4 dNTPs and ligated with the blunted EcoRI 2.1 kb OR8 fragment described abo ⁇ e containing the estrogen receptor.
• the resulting ⁇ ector, designated phER-SV(10) was cloned in E. coli, and then transformed into CHO-K1 cells and successful transformants isolated.
• Example 3 Production of Recombinant hER
• Successful transformant colonies were grown in monolayer culture to confluency and a zinc-supplemented DMEM/Ham's F-12 medium (Ham, R.G., Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) (1965) 53:288), released with EDTA, and homogenized by Polytron disruption in a buffer containing 10 mM Tris (pH 7.4) and 20 mM sodium molybdate.
• the homogenates were centrifuged at 250,000 x g for 30 min and the supernatant fractions were then labeled with 0.5 nM estradiol (57 Ci/mmol) with or without a 200 fold excess of non-radioactive control estradiol or diethylstilberterol for 60 min at 4°C.
• aliquots (200 ⁇ l) of labeled extract were incubated for 60 min at 4°C either in the presence or absence of rat monoclonal ER antibody (10 ⁇ g of D75P3 ⁇ , D547Sp or H222Sp ⁇ in a final ⁇ olume of 220 ⁇ l).
• Figure 3 shows the results of the sedimentation analyses.
• Panel A shows the profiles in low salt gradients of the extracts from hER transformed cells
• Panel B shows the corresponding profiles as obtained in high salt gradients.
• the estradiol labeled receptor protein from the transformed cells as shown (triangles) now has a sedimentation value, of 4 S. This verifies the production of ER as the formation of an 8-10 S salt sensitive hormone receptor complex in hypotonic extracts of responsive, cells is considered to be a diagnostic characteristic of steroid receptors.

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