EP0254941B1 - Dressing tool for grinding wheels - Google Patents
Dressing tool for grinding wheels Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0254941B1 EP0254941B1 EP87110065A EP87110065A EP0254941B1 EP 0254941 B1 EP0254941 B1 EP 0254941B1 EP 87110065 A EP87110065 A EP 87110065A EP 87110065 A EP87110065 A EP 87110065A EP 0254941 B1 EP0254941 B1 EP 0254941B1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- diamond
- dressing tool
- tool according
- layer
- diamond grains
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 121
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 100
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000002347 wear-protection layer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 2
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006061 abrasive grain Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007788 roughening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009897 systematic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B53/00—Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B53/00—Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces
- B24B53/12—Dressing tools; Holders therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D18/00—Manufacture of grinding tools or other grinding devices, e.g. wheels, not otherwise provided for
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S76/00—Metal tools and implements, making
- Y10S76/12—Diamond tools
Definitions
- the invention relates to a dressing tool for grinding wheels, which carries a diamond coating on a base body, in which the diamonds are held in a metallic bond.
- Such dressing tools can be cylindrical or specially profiled dressing rollers, as well as disks or dressing tiles.
- Dressing is understood to mean the mechanical shaping of a rotating grinding wheel, the dressing tool being held or guided against the working surface of the grinding wheel in such a manner and producing a targeted output on the grinding wheel that the working surface of the grinding wheel is given a perfect concentricity.
- a certain profile can be generated in a corresponding manner on the working surface of the grinding wheel.
- the grinding wheel should often produce a certain roughness when grinding a workpiece on its surface.
- the degree of this roughness depends on the way in which the dressing process was carried out on the grinding wheel.
- the kinematic dressing conditions e.g. the feed speed of the dressing tool on the grinding wheel surface in the direction of the grinding wheel axis.
- the size of the diamond grain and the density of the diamond grain arrangement in the dressing tool also have a significant influence on the effective roughness depth of the grinding wheel.
- a simple but versatile form of a dressing tool contains the diamonds in a systematic or random arrangement in a flat plate, the so-called diamond coating.
- the diamond coating is connected to a base body, which enables attachment to the grinding machine or in a device provided for dressing.
- Such an embodiment of a dressing tool is referred to as a dressing tile.
- the edge of the diamond covering is brought into contact with the grinding wheel in a tangential arrangement, the diamond grains lying in the area of the edge and being exposed to the grinding wheel effecting the targeted drive on the grinding wheel.
- the diamond grains are located at certain distances from one another in the plate.
- the diamond grains can lie in one layer in one plane.
- Typical grain sizes of the diamond grains are between 0.5 mm and 1 mm. In cases where smaller diamond grains are used, they can also be stacked on top of each other.
- the abrasive grains of which are normally made of corundum or silicon carbide experience relatively little wear.
- the diamond grains must be held in place by the surrounding metallic bonding material so that they can offer sufficient resistance to the abrasive effect of the grinding wheel.
- the binder metal in which the diamond grains are embedded must therefore also have a very high wear resistance.
- Typical binding metals are alloys based on tungsten carbide and / or tungsten. When using less Wear-resistant binding materials, such as cobalt, nickel or bronze, cause a relatively rapid wear on these metals, so that the diamond grains embedded in them can fall out of the bond too quickly.
- the diamond grains in the dressing tool are also subjected to high thermal stresses due to the intense friction on the grinding wheel. Therefore diamond grits are selected for such dressing tools, which have a high thermal resistance.
- a disadvantage when using a metal bond based on tungsten or tungsten carbide is that relatively high sintering temperatures are required to produce this bond, which are in the range above 900 °, so that the sintered diamond grains more or be less thermally damaged.
- a similar process to the sintering of metal powder is the usual sintering in combination with a liquid metal impregnation.
- a manufacturing method in which the use of high temperatures is not required is the use of electrodepositable metal, e.g. Cobalt, nickel, bronze or copper.
- electrodepositable metal e.g. Cobalt, nickel, bronze or copper.
- these metals do not have a very high abrasion resistance.
- the invention provides that the diamond grains are artificially roughened so that their surface area is at least twice as large as compared to the natural surface, and that the diamond grains are arranged in such a density that the majority of them align with neighboring diamond grains touched.
- Such an artificially created surface topography enables an intimate anchoring of the diamond grains, in particular in an electrodepositable metal, since the metal is able to penetrate into the additional pores on the surface of the grains, which are preferably provided with undercuts. It is preferred for the topography of the surface if it has many relatively narrow depressions into which the metal can penetrate in a root-like manner, so that there is a mechanical connection between the binding metal and the diamond surface with great adhesive strength.
- Such can be achieved in particular in that the diamond grains are provided with a metal with pore-shaped depressions by etching.
- the thickness of the diamond coating influences the precision of a dressing process. Therefore, dressing tiles with a diamond coating thickness that is not greater than about 1 mm are particularly suitable.
- a suitable diamond grit has the grit size of e.g. D 711.
- Another variant of the dressing tools according to the invention is that diamond grain mixtures with different grain sizes are used to increase the density of the diamond grain arrangement, e.g. D 711 with D 501 or with D 181 or with D 46 or mixtures of several of these grain sizes.
- Example B shows the results with a tile which has a high diamond content of 0.8 carat, but without an artificially enlarged surface as in example C with the same diamond content as embodiment B, but with the surface increased according to the invention.
- these are tiles with a covering area of 10 mm x 15 mm and a working edge length of 10 mm as well as a diamond covering with a layer of diamond grains.
- FIG. 1 to 3 show a dressing tool 1 for a grinding wheel 2, which is designed in the manner of a dressing tile.
- the tool is provided with a holder 3 which carries a diamond plate 4.
- the diamond plate 4 consists of diamond grains 5 of the same grain size, which are arranged such that they touch directly on the diamond grains 5 lying next to them.
- the individual diamond grains 5, of which a diamond grain is shown in approximately 100 times magnification in FIG. 4, are artificially roughened, in particular by etching with a metal under the influence of heat.
- the surfaces of the individual diamond grain designed as a cubo-octahedron are thereby provided with numerous pores 7, which are designed as depressions with undercuts corresponding to FIG. 5.
- This increases the effective surface for holding the diamond grain within the bond by at least twice the natural surface size and the metal can penetrate into the individual pores in the manner of a root when galvanically applied, so that the adhesion is significantly improved.
- FIG. 6 shows the possibility of arranging a large number of diamonds in a layerless structure in which the individual diamonds or diamond grains are located touch with their diamond grains next to and above and below.
- a further increase in the proportion of diamond allows the use of diamond grains of different sizes according to FIG. 7, in which small diamonds lie in the gaps between the larger diamonds.
- the diamonds of the described embodiment are synthetic diamonds whose use is particularly suitable for tools according to the invention. However, this does not preclude the use of natural diamonds.
- a wear protection layer 10 on a diamond layer 4, which is preferably formed in a thickness of 0.1 to 1 mm and consists of diamonds which are bonded in a galvanically deposited metal such as colbalt or nickel preferably the surfaces of these diamonds in the wear protection layer 10 are enlarged by etching.
- the arrangement of protective layers made of hard materials is known in other fields of application.
- the protective layers are manufactured there using powder metallurgy.
- This has the disadvantage that a relatively large protective layer thickness cannot be undershot in order to achieve a uniform layer thickness in the outer protective region, since thicknesses of just 0.8 mm lead to powder metallurgical problems.
- a further disadvantage is that the diamond concentration in the process of powder metallurgy is procedurally strictly limited and that in practice a concentration of more than 60 or 2.6 carats / cubic centimeter has not been possible in practice.
- These disadvantages of the powder metallurgy process can be avoided by using a galvanic deposit such.
- Such precipitation allows the thickness of the side protective layer to be precisely limited so that, for example, layer thicknesses in the size of 0.2 to 1 mm can be used. It is possible, particularly for side protection, to significantly increase the diamond concentration to a concentration of 150 to 200, which is equivalent to 6.6 to 8.8 carats / cubic centimeter. Synthetic diamonds can be used for this, as can natural diamond grains, although there is generally a substantial improvement in the way the diamond grains are held within the electrodeposited layer if the diamonds have an increase in their surface area, preferably by etching, to preferably at least twice their natural size. which would not lead to any recognizable advantages in the case of a bond produced by powder metallurgy alone. It is particularly advantageous that particularly small grain sizes can be used, which are only about half the size of previously used grain sizes. This ensures an extremely tight fit of the previously treated diamonds in a galvanic bond, so that the degree of utilization for the high-quality diamond material improves.
- the wear protection layer 10 is arranged on the front and the back of the diamond layer and additionally on the other two sides, the diamond layer 5, 6 is protected against movements in all directions.
- FIGS. 9 and 10 show a dressing tile which has diamond grains 5 which are arranged in one layer. These diamond grains are artificially roughened and galvanically bonded in a metal 6. To protect the diamond grains 5, two protective layers 10 and 12 are provided, the thickness of which approximately corresponds to the thickness of the diamond layer 4, 5. The grain size of the diamond 5 is about 750 microns. The protective layers 10 and 12 are accordingly correspondingly strong. However, the protective layers consist of diamond grains of substantially smaller size, for example grains in the order of magnitude of 70 ⁇ m.
- the additional protective layers 10 and 12 prevent the binding of the effective diamonds 5 from being washed out laterally. This has the advantage that the individual diamonds 5 of the dressing tool can be used to a greater extent because they are held longer by the protective layers on both sides.
- the protective layers 10 and 12 thus result in an improvement in the mounting of the diamonds arranged in the middle, the mounting of which is in any case improved compared to comparable known arrangements by the artificial roughening of their surfaces and their galvanic bonding in an arrangement in which they touch one another directly .
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
- Grinding-Machine Dressing And Accessory Apparatuses (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
- Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
- Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Abrichtwerkzeug für Schleifscheiben, das auf einem Grundkörper einen Diamantbelag trägt, in dem die Diamanten in einer metallischen Bindung gehalten sind. (Siehe z.B. DE-A-2848603.) Bei derartigen Abrichtwerkzeugen kann es sich um zylinderförmige oder besonders profilierte Abrichtrollen handeln, wie auch um Scheiben oder Abrichtfliesen.The invention relates to a dressing tool for grinding wheels, which carries a diamond coating on a base body, in which the diamonds are held in a metallic bond. (See e.g. DE-A-2848603.) Such dressing tools can be cylindrical or specially profiled dressing rollers, as well as disks or dressing tiles.
Unter Abrichten versteht man die mechanische Formgebung einer rotierenden Schleifscheibe, wobei das Abrichtwerkzeug in solcher Weise gegen die Arbeitsfläche der Schleifscheibe gehalten oder geführt wird und dort einen gezielten Abtrieb an der Schleifscheibe erzeugt, daß die Arbeitsfläche der Schleifscheibe einen einwandfreien Rundlauf erhält. Außerdem läßt sich in entsprechender Weise an der Arbeitsfläche der Schleifscheibe ein bestimmtes Profil erzeugen.Dressing is understood to mean the mechanical shaping of a rotating grinding wheel, the dressing tool being held or guided against the working surface of the grinding wheel in such a manner and producing a targeted output on the grinding wheel that the working surface of the grinding wheel is given a perfect concentricity. In addition, a certain profile can be generated in a corresponding manner on the working surface of the grinding wheel.
Ein weiterer Anlaß für ein Abrichten ist die Erzeugung einer bestimmten Wirkraubtiefe. Die Schleifscheibe soll beim Schleifen eines Werkstückes auf dessen Oberfläche häufig eine bestimmte Rauhigkeit erzeugen. Der Grad dieser Rauhigkeit ist abhängig von der Art, wie der Abrichtvorgang an der Schleifscheibe durchgeführt wurde. Einfluß auf die Wirkrauhtiefe haben einerseits die kinematischen Abrichtbedingungen, z.B. die Vorschubgeschwindigkeit des Abrichtwerkzeuges an der Schleifscheibenoberfläche in Richtung der Schleifscheibenachse. Andererseits übt auch die Größe der Diamantkörnung und die Dichte der Diamantkornanordnung in dem Abrichtwerkzeug einen deutlichen Einfluß auf die Wirkrauhtiefe der Schleifscheibe aus.Another reason for dressing is the generation of a certain effective depth of cut. The grinding wheel should often produce a certain roughness when grinding a workpiece on its surface. The degree of this roughness depends on the way in which the dressing process was carried out on the grinding wheel. The kinematic dressing conditions, e.g. the feed speed of the dressing tool on the grinding wheel surface in the direction of the grinding wheel axis. On the other hand, the size of the diamond grain and the density of the diamond grain arrangement in the dressing tool also have a significant influence on the effective roughness depth of the grinding wheel.
Eine in ihrem Aufbau einfache, aber vielseitig verwendbare Form eines Abrichtwerkzeuges enthält die Diamanten in systematischer oder regelloser Anordnung in einer ebenen Platte, dem sog. Diamantbelag. Der Diamantbelag ist mit einem Grundkörper verbunden, der die Befestigung an der Schleifmaschine bzw. in einer für das Abrichten vorgesehenen Vorrichtung ermöglicht. Eine solche Ausführungsform eines Abwerkzeuges wird als Abrichtfliese bezeichnet.A simple but versatile form of a dressing tool contains the diamonds in a systematic or random arrangement in a flat plate, the so-called diamond coating. The diamond coating is connected to a base body, which enables attachment to the grinding machine or in a device provided for dressing. Such an embodiment of a dressing tool is referred to as a dressing tile.
Der Diamantbelag wird mit seiner Kante in tangentialer Anordnung an die Schleifscheibe herangeführt, wobei die im Bereich der Kante liegenden, nach außen zur Schleifscheibe exponierten Diamantkörner den gezielten Antrieb an der Schleifscheibe bewirken.The edge of the diamond covering is brought into contact with the grinding wheel in a tangential arrangement, the diamond grains lying in the area of the edge and being exposed to the grinding wheel effecting the targeted drive on the grinding wheel.
Bei bekannten Abrichtfliesen befinden sich die Diamantkörner in der Platte in gewissen Abständen zueinander. Dabei können die Diamantkörner einschichtig in einer Ebene liegen. Typische Korngrößen der Diamantkörner liegen zwischen 0,5 mm und 1 mm. In Fällen, wo kleinere Diamantkörner verwendet werden, können sie auch mehrschichtig übereinander geordnet sein.In known dressing tiles, the diamond grains are located at certain distances from one another in the plate. The diamond grains can lie in one layer in one plane. Typical grain sizes of the diamond grains are between 0.5 mm and 1 mm. In cases where smaller diamond grains are used, they can also be stacked on top of each other.
Beim Abrichten einer Schleifscheibe, deren Schleifkörner normalerweise aus Korund- oder Siliciumcarbid bestehen, tritt an den Diamantkörnern des Abrichtwerkzeuges ein relativ geringer Verschleiß auf. Die Diamantkörner müssen aber von dem umgebenden metallischen Bindungsmaterial festgehalten werden, damit sie der abrasiven Wirkung der Schleifscheibe ausreichend Widerstand leisten können. Das Bindemetall, in welches die Diamantkörner eingebettet sind, muß daher auch einen recht hohen Verschleißwiderstand aufweisen. Typische Bindungsmetalle sind Legierungen auf der Basis von Wolframcarbid und /oder Wolfram. Bei Verwendung weniger verschleißfester Bindungsmaterialien, wie z.B. Cobalt, Nickel oder Bronze, entsteht an diesen Metallen ein relativ schneller Verschleiß, so daß die darin eingebetteten Diamantkörner zu schnell aus der Bindung herausfallen können. Bei einem zu schnell verschleißenden Abrichtwerkzeug ist es aber problematisch, bei dem Abrichtvorgang genaue Maße einhalten zu können, da während des Abrichtvorganges mit vorgegebenen Zustellwerten sich das Maß des Abrichtwerkzeugs schon verändern kann. Außerdem wäre das wirtschaftliche Resultat des Abrichtens unbefriedigend, weil sich das Abrichtwerkzeug zu schnell abnutzen würde und ein zu häufiges Auswechseln gegen ein neues Werkzeug erforderlich wäre.When dressing a grinding wheel, the abrasive grains of which are normally made of corundum or silicon carbide, the diamond grains of the dressing tool experience relatively little wear. However, the diamond grains must be held in place by the surrounding metallic bonding material so that they can offer sufficient resistance to the abrasive effect of the grinding wheel. The binder metal in which the diamond grains are embedded must therefore also have a very high wear resistance. Typical binding metals are alloys based on tungsten carbide and / or tungsten. When using less Wear-resistant binding materials, such as cobalt, nickel or bronze, cause a relatively rapid wear on these metals, so that the diamond grains embedded in them can fall out of the bond too quickly. In the case of a dressing tool that wears too quickly, however, it is problematic to be able to maintain exact dimensions during the dressing process, since the size of the dressing tool can change during the dressing process with predetermined delivery values. In addition, the economic result of dressing would be unsatisfactory because the dressing tool would wear out too quickly and would require frequent replacement with a new tool.
Die Diamantkörner in dem Abrichtwerkzeug werden durch die intensive Reibung an der Schleifscheibe auch thermisch hoch beansprucht. Daher werden für solche Abrichtwerkzeuge Diamantkörnungen ausgewählt, die eine hohe thermische Beständigkeit haben. Ein Nachteil bei der Anwendung einer Metallbindung auf der Basis von Wolfram oder Wolframcarbid besteht darin, daß zur Herstellung dieser Bindung relativ hohe Sintertemperaturen erforderlich sind, die im Bereich über 900° liegen, so daß beim Sintern die einzuschließenden Diamantkörner mehr oder weniger thermisch geschädigt werden. Ein ähnliches Verfahren, wie das Sintern von Metallpulver, ist das ebenfalls übliche Sintern in Kombination mit einer Flüssigmetalltränkung.The diamond grains in the dressing tool are also subjected to high thermal stresses due to the intense friction on the grinding wheel. Therefore diamond grits are selected for such dressing tools, which have a high thermal resistance. A disadvantage when using a metal bond based on tungsten or tungsten carbide is that relatively high sintering temperatures are required to produce this bond, which are in the range above 900 °, so that the sintered diamond grains more or be less thermally damaged. A similar process to the sintering of metal powder is the usual sintering in combination with a liquid metal impregnation.
Ein Herstellverfaren, bei dem die Anwendung hoher Temperaturen entfällt, besteht in der Anwendung vn galvanisch abscheidbarem Metall, wie z.B. Cobalt, Nickel, Bronze oder Kupfer. Diese Metalle haben aber keine sehr große Abriebfestigkeit.A manufacturing method in which the use of high temperatures is not required is the use of electrodepositable metal, e.g. Cobalt, nickel, bronze or copper. However, these metals do not have a very high abrasion resistance.
Neue Untersuchungen haben ergeben, daß der Nachteil der geringeren Abriebfestigkeit bei diesen galvanisch abscheidbaren Bindungsmaterialien sich weniger auswirkt, wenn eine dichte Anordnung der Diamantkörner im Diamantbelag getroffen wird. Dabei zeigte sich aber, daß das zwischen den Diamantkörner verbleibende Metallskelett relativ schwache Querschnitte aufweist und daher die Diamantkörner nicht optimal halten kann. Denn wenn bei der metallischen Bindung die Diamantkörner von dem Metall lediglich umschlossen werden, so kommt keine ausreichend haftende Verbindung zwischen dem umschließenden Metall und den Diamantkörnern zustande. Und das gilt sowohl für die vorerwähnten Sintermetallbindungen bzw. Tränkmetallbindungen als auch für die galvanisch abscheidbaren Metalle.New investigations have shown that the disadvantage of the lower abrasion resistance with these electrodepositable bonding materials has less effect if the diamond grains are arranged in a dense arrangement in the diamond coating. However, it was found that the metal skeleton remaining between the diamond grains has relatively weak cross sections and therefore cannot optimally hold the diamond grains. This is because, in the case of the metallic bond, the diamond grains are only enclosed by the metal, so there is no sufficiently adhesive connection between the surrounding metal and the diamond grains. And this applies both to the aforementioned sintered metal bonds or impregnated metal bonds and to the electrodepositable metals.
Um dem abzuhelfen sieht die Erfindung vor, daß die Diamantkörner künstlich soweit aufgerauht sind, daß ihre Oberfläche gegenüber der natürlichen Oberfläche um mindestens das Zweifache vergrößert ist, und daß die Diamantkörner in einer solchen Dichte angeordnet sind, daß sich die Mehrzahl von ihnen mit benachbarten Diamantkörnern berührt. Durch eine derart künstlich erzeugte Oberflächentopographie läßt sich eine innige Verankerung der Diamantkörner, insbesondere in einem galvanisch abscheidbaren Metall ermöglichen, da das Metall in die zusätzlichen Poren der Oberfläche der Körner, die vorzugsweise mit Hinterschneidungen versehen sind, einzudringen vermag. Charakteristisch für die Topographie der Oberfläche ist es vorzugsweise, wenn sie viele relativ enge Vertiefungen aufweist in die das Metall wurzelartig eindringen kann, so daß eine mechanische Verbindung zwischen dem Bindemetall und der Diamantoberfläche mit einer großen Haftfestigkeit vorliegt. Derartiges läßt sich insbesondere dadurch erreichen, daß die Diamantkörner durch Ätzen mit einem Metall mit porenförmigen Vertiefungen versehen werden.To remedy this, the invention provides that the diamond grains are artificially roughened so that their surface area is at least twice as large as compared to the natural surface, and that the diamond grains are arranged in such a density that the majority of them align with neighboring diamond grains touched. Such an artificially created surface topography enables an intimate anchoring of the diamond grains, in particular in an electrodepositable metal, since the metal is able to penetrate into the additional pores on the surface of the grains, which are preferably provided with undercuts. It is preferred for the topography of the surface if it has many relatively narrow depressions into which the metal can penetrate in a root-like manner, so that there is a mechanical connection between the binding metal and the diamond surface with great adhesive strength. Such can be achieved in particular in that the diamond grains are provided with a metal with pore-shaped depressions by etching.
Durch die erfindungsgemäße Kombination einer sehr dichten Diamantkornanordnung aus Diamantkörnern mit vergrößerter Oberfläche und spezieller Oberflächentopographie in einem galvanisch abgeschiedenem Metall als verbindendem und einschließendem Medium, erhält man ein Abrichtwerkzeug mit hoher Leistungsfähigkeit.The combination according to the invention of a very dense diamond grain arrangement of diamond grains with an enlarged surface and special surface topography in an electrodeposited metal as the connecting and including the medium, a dressing tool with high performance is obtained.
Die Dicke des Diamantbelages hat einen Einfluß auf die Präzision eines Abrichtvorganges. Daher sind besonders geeignet Abrichtfliesen mit einer Diamantbelagdicke, die nicht größer ist als etwa 1 mm. Eine dafür geeignete Diamantkörnung hat die Körnungsgröße von z.B. D 711.The thickness of the diamond coating influences the precision of a dressing process. Therefore, dressing tiles with a diamond coating thickness that is not greater than about 1 mm are particularly suitable. A suitable diamond grit has the grit size of e.g. D 711.
Bei mehrschichtigen Diamantflächen lassen sich kleinere Diamantkörnungen von z.B. D 501, D 301 oder D 181 verwenden, wobei eine möglichst dichte Kornanordnung eingehalten wird, bei der sich ein hoher Anteil benachbarter Diamantkörner berühren.With multi-layer diamond surfaces, smaller diamond grains of e.g. Use D 501, D 301 or D 181, maintaining the densest possible grain arrangement in which a high proportion of neighboring diamond grains touch.
Eine weitere Variante der Abrichtwerkzeuge entsprechend der Erfindung besteht darin, daß zur Erhöhung der Dichte der Diamantkornanordnung Diamantkornmischungen mit unterschiedlichen Körnungsgrößen verwendet werden, z.B. D 711 mit D 501 oder mit D 181 oder mit D 46 oder Mischungen aus mehreren dieser Körnungsgrößen.Another variant of the dressing tools according to the invention is that diamond grain mixtures with different grain sizes are used to increase the density of the diamond grain arrangement, e.g. D 711 with D 501 or with D 181 or with D 46 or mixtures of several of these grain sizes.
Nachstehend sind drei Beispiele A, B und C für verschiedene Arten von Abrichtfliesen wiedergegeben.Below are three examples A, B and C for different types of dressing tiles.
Von ihnen entspricht die Ausführungsform A der bekannten Beschaffenheit. Das Beispiel B zeigt die Ergebnisse mit einer Fliese, die einen hohen Diamantanteil von 0,8 Karat aufweist, jedoch ohne künstlich vergrößerte Oberfläche wie beim Beispiel C mit gleichem Diamantanteil wie die Ausführng B, jedoch mit der erfindungsgemäß vergrößerten Oberfläche.Of them, the embodiment A corresponds to the known nature. Example B shows the results with a tile which has a high diamond content of 0.8 carat, but without an artificially enlarged surface as in example C with the same diamond content as embodiment B, but with the surface increased according to the invention.
In allen Fällen handelt es sich um Fliesen mit einer Belagfläche von 10 mm x 15 mm und einer Arbeitskantenlänge von 10 mm sowie einem Diamantbelag mit einer Schicht von Diamantkörnern.In all cases, these are tiles with a covering area of 10 mm x 15 mm and a working edge length of 10 mm as well as a diamond covering with a layer of diamond grains.
Die Ergebnisse wurden gewonnen beim Abrichten von Korund-Schleifscheiben mit einem Durchmesser D = 500 mm und einer Breite b von 33 mm, wobei abgerichtet wurde bis auf einen Durchmesser von 300 mm. Die Abrichtversuche wurden soweit durchgeführt, bis 10 mm des 15 mm tiefen Schleifbelages der Abrichtfliesen abgenutzt waren. Die nachstehende Tabelle zeigt die von den Schleifscheiben durch das Abrichten abgetragenen Volumina.
Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung sind nachstehend unter Bezugnahme auf eine Zeichnung erläutert. In der Zeichnung zeigen:
- Fig. 1:
- Eine Abrichtfliese in der Arbeitsstellung an einer Schleifscheibe.
- Fig. 2:
- Die Draufsicht auf die Abrichtfliese in vergrößerter Darstellung;
- Fig. 3:
- die Abrichtfliese in der Seitenansicht in vergrößerter Darstellung;
- Fig. 4:
- ein Diamantkorn in 100-facher Vergrößerung;
- Fig. 5:
- ein Teilausschnitt der Oberfläche eines Diamantkornes in etwa 1000-facher Vergrößerung;
- Fig. 6:
- Diamantkörner in mehrschichtiger Anordnung;
- Fig. 7:
- eine Diamantschicht mit Diamantkörnern unterschiedlicher Körnungsgröße;
- Fig. 8:
- eine Abrichtfliese mit einer Verschleißschutzschicht auf der Diamantschicht und
- Fig. 9:
- eine Abrichtfliese mit mehreren Verschleißschutzschichten.
- Fig.10:
- eine Abrichtfliese nach kurzzeitigem Einsatz.
- Fig. 1:
- A dressing tile in the working position on a grinding wheel.
- Fig. 2:
- The top view of the dressing tile in an enlarged view;
- Fig. 3:
- the dressing tile in side view in an enlarged view;
- Fig. 4:
- a diamond grain in 100x magnification;
- Fig. 5:
- a partial section of the surface of a diamond grain in about 1000 times magnification;
- Fig. 6:
- Multi-layer diamond grains;
- Fig. 7:
- a diamond layer with diamond grains of different grain sizes;
- Fig. 8:
- a dressing tile with a wear protection layer on the diamond layer and
- Fig. 9:
- a dressing tile with several wear protection layers.
- Fig. 10:
- a dressing tile after brief use.
In den Figuren 1 bis 3 ist ein Abrichtwerkzeug 1 für eine Schleifscheibe 2 wiedergegeben, das in der Art einer Abrichtfliese ausgebildet ist. Das Werkzeug ist mit einer Halterung 3 versehen, die eine Diamantplatte 4 trägt. Die Diamantplatte 4 besteht aus Diamantkörnern 5 von gleicher Körnungsgröße, die derart angeordnet sind, daß sie sich unmittelbar an den neben ihnen liegenden Diamantkörnern 5 berühren. Für ihre Halterung ist eine galvanische Bindung 6 vorgesehen, die aus Nickel oder Cobalt besteht.1 to 3 show a
Die einzelnen Diamantkörner 5, von denen ein Diamantkorn in etwa 100-facher Vergrößerung in der Figur 4 dargestellt ist, sind künstlich aufgerauht, insbesondere durch Ätzen mit einem Metall unter dem Einfluß von Wärme. Die Oberflächen des als Kubooctaeders ausgebildeten einzelnen Diamantkornes sind dadurch mit zahlreichen Poren 7 versehen, die als Vertiefungen mit Hinterschneidungen entsprechend Figur 5 ausgebildet sind. Dadurch vergrößert sich die für eine Halterung des Diamantkornes innerhalb der Bindung wirksame Oberfläche um mindestens das Zweifache gegenüber der natürlichen Oberflächengröße und das Metall vermag bei einer galvanischen Auftragung in die einzelnen Poren wurzelartig einzudringen, so daß die Haftung wesentlich verbessert wird. Dadurch besteht die Möglichkeit,die einzelnen Diamantkörner in hoher Konzentration bei Verwendung galvanischer Bindungsmittel anzuordnen und das Leistungsvermögen des Abrichtwerkzeuges zu erhöhen. Dies gilt nicht nur für fliesenartige Abrichtwerkzeuge, sondern ebenfalls für Abrichtwerkzeuge die in der Art von Rollen oder Scheiben ausgebildet sind.The
Die Erfindung ist nicht beschränkt auf die Anordnung von Diamanten in einer Schicht. Figur 6 zeigt vielmehr die Möglichkeit der Anordnung einer Vielzahl von Diamanten in einer schichtlosen Struktur, bei der sich die einzelnen Diamanten bzw. Diamantkörner berühren mit ihren daneben sowie darüber und darunter liegenden Diamantkörnern.The invention is not restricted to the arrangement of diamonds in a layer. Rather, FIG. 6 shows the possibility of arranging a large number of diamonds in a layerless structure in which the individual diamonds or diamond grains are located touch with their diamond grains next to and above and below.
Eine weitere Erhöhung des Diamantanteiles erlaubt die Verwendung von Diamantkörnungen unterschiedlicher Größenordnungen entsprechend Figur 7, bei denen kleine Diamanten in den Lücken zwischen den größeren Diamanten liegen.A further increase in the proportion of diamond allows the use of diamond grains of different sizes according to FIG. 7, in which small diamonds lie in the gaps between the larger diamonds.
Bei den Diamanten der beschriebenen Ausführungsform handelt es sich um synthetische Diamanten deren Anwendung für Werkzeuge nach der Erfindung besonders geeignet sind. Das schließt jedoch nicht eine Anwendung natürlicher Diamanten aus.The diamonds of the described embodiment are synthetic diamonds whose use is particularly suitable for tools according to the invention. However, this does not preclude the use of natural diamonds.
Nach einer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, auf einer Diamantschicht 4 eine Verschleißschutzschicht 10 anzordnen, die in einer Stärke von 0,1 bis 1 mm vorzugsweise ausgebildet ist und aus Diamanten besteht, die in einem galvanisch niedergeschlagenen Metall wie Colbalt oder Nickel gebunden sind wobei wiederum vorzugsweise die Oberflächen dieser Diamaten in der Verschleißschutzschicht 10 durch Ätzen vergrößert sind.According to an embodiment of the invention, it is provided to arrange a
Die Anordnung von Schutzschichten aus Hartstoffen ist auf anderen Anwendungsgebieten bekannt. Dort sind die Schutzschichten nach pulvermetallurgischen Verfahren hergestellt. Damit ist der Nachteil verbunden, daß zur Erzielung einer gleichmäßigen Schichtstärke im äußeren Schutzbereich eine relativ große Schutzschichtstärke nicht unterschritten werden kann, da bereits Stärken von 0,8 mm zu pulvermetallurgischen Problemen führen. Als Nachteil kommt hinzu, daß bei der pulvermetallurgischen Herstellung die Diamantkonzentration verfahrenstechnisch eng nach oben begrenzt ist und sich in der Praxis bisher eine Konzentration von höher als 60 bzw. 2,6 Karat/Kubikzentimeter nicht ausführen läßt. Diese Nachteile der pulvermetallurgischen Verfahren lassen sich vermeiden durch Anwendung eines galvanischen Niederschlages z. B. unter der Abscheidung von Metallen wie Cobalt und Nickel. Ein derartiger Niederschlag läßt eine genaue Begrenzung der Seitenschutzschicht in ihrer Stärke zu, so daß beispielsweise Schichtstärken in der Größe von 0,2 bis 1 mm genutzt werden können. Dabei besteht die Möglichkeit, insbesondere für den Seitenschutz, die Diamantkonzentration wesentlich zu erhöhen und zwar auf eine Konzentration von 150 bis 200 die gleichbedeutend ist mit 6,6 bis 8,8 Karat/Kubikzentimeter. Dafür können synthetische Diamanten eingesetzt werden wie auch natürliche Diamantkörnungen, wobei sich jedoch allgemein eine wesentliche Verbesserung in der Halterung der Diamantkörner innerhalb der galvanisch abgeschiedenen Schicht ergibt, wenn die Diamanten insbesondere durch Ätzen eine Vergrößerung ihrer Oberfläche auf vorzugsweise mindestens das Doppelte ihrer natürlichen Große aufweisen, was allein bei einer pulvermetallurgisch hergestellten Bindung nicht zu erkennbaren Vorteilen führen würde. Von besonderem Vorteil ist dabei, daß besonders kleine Körnungsgrößen Anwendung finden können, die nur etwa halbsogroß sind wie bisher übliche Körnungen. Dabei wird ein extrem fester Sitz der zuvor oberflächenmäßig behandelten Diamanten in einer galvanischen Bindung sichergestellt, so daß sich der Ausnutzungsgrad für das hochwertige Diamantmaterial verbessert.The arrangement of protective layers made of hard materials is known in other fields of application. The protective layers are manufactured there using powder metallurgy. This has the disadvantage that a relatively large protective layer thickness cannot be undershot in order to achieve a uniform layer thickness in the outer protective region, since thicknesses of just 0.8 mm lead to powder metallurgical problems. A further disadvantage is that the diamond concentration in the process of powder metallurgy is procedurally strictly limited and that in practice a concentration of more than 60 or 2.6 carats / cubic centimeter has not been possible in practice. These disadvantages of the powder metallurgy process can be avoided by using a galvanic deposit such. B. under the deposition of Metals such as cobalt and nickel. Such precipitation allows the thickness of the side protective layer to be precisely limited so that, for example, layer thicknesses in the size of 0.2 to 1 mm can be used. It is possible, particularly for side protection, to significantly increase the diamond concentration to a concentration of 150 to 200, which is equivalent to 6.6 to 8.8 carats / cubic centimeter. Synthetic diamonds can be used for this, as can natural diamond grains, although there is generally a substantial improvement in the way the diamond grains are held within the electrodeposited layer if the diamonds have an increase in their surface area, preferably by etching, to preferably at least twice their natural size. which would not lead to any recognizable advantages in the case of a bond produced by powder metallurgy alone. It is particularly advantageous that particularly small grain sizes can be used, which are only about half the size of previously used grain sizes. This ensures an extremely tight fit of the previously treated diamonds in a galvanic bond, so that the degree of utilization for the high-quality diamond material improves.
Wird die Verschleißschutzschicht 10 auf der Vorder- und der Rückseite der Diamantschicht angeordnet und zusätzlich auch auf den beiden anderen Seiten, so ist die Diamantschicht 5, 6 gegen Bewegungen in allen Richtungen geschützt.If the
In den Figuren 9 und 10 ist eine Abrichtfliese wiedergegeben, welche Diamantkörner 5 aufweist, die in einer Schicht angeordnet sind. Diese Diamantkörner sind künstlich aufgerauht und galvanisch gebunden in einem Metall 6. Zum Schutz der Diamantkörner 5 sind zwei Schutzschichten 10 und 12 vorgesehen, deren Stärke in etwa der Stärke der Diamantschicht 4, 5 entspricht. Die Körnungsgröße der Diamanten 5 beträgt etwa 750 µm. Dementsprechend stark sind also auch die Schutzschichten 10 und 12. Jedoch bestehen die Schutzschichten aus Diamantkörner wesentlich geringerer Größe und zwar beispielsweise aus Körnern in der Größenordnung von 70 µm.FIGS. 9 and 10 show a dressing tile which has
Durch die zusätzlichen Schutzschichten 10 und 12 wird ein seitliches "Auswaschen" der Bindung der wirksamen Diamanten 5 verhindert. Daraus ergibt sich der Vorteil, daß die einzelnen Diamanten 5 des Abrichtwerkzeuges stärker auszunutzen sind, weil sie länger festgehalten werden durch die Schutzschichten zu beiden Seiten.The additional
Das ergibt sich insbesondere nach einem Teilverbrauch der Schutzschichten entsprechend der Figur 10, das heißt einem Zustand, in dem die einzelnen Diamanten 5 nach außen in der Zustellrichtung entsprechend dem Pfeil hervorstehen, jedoch gegen ein seitliches Ausbrechen durch die Schutzschichten 10 und 12 geschützt sind.This results in particular after a partial consumption of the protective layers in accordance with FIG. 10, that is to say in a state in which the
Durch die Schutzschichten 10 und 12 ergibt sich somit eine Verbesserung der Halterung der in der Mitte angeordneten Diamanten, deren Halterung ohnehin gegenüber vergleichbaren bekannten Anordnungen Verbessert ist durch die künstliche Aufrauhung ihrer Oberflächen und ihre galvanische Bindung in einer Anordnung, bei der sie sich unmittelbar miteinander berühren.The protective layers 10 and 12 thus result in an improvement in the mounting of the diamonds arranged in the middle, the mounting of which is in any case improved compared to comparable known arrangements by the artificial roughening of their surfaces and their galvanic bonding in an arrangement in which they touch one another directly .
Claims (15)
- Dressing tool (1) for grinding wheels (2) which carries on a basic body a diamond layer in which the diamonds are held in a metallic bond (6), characterized in that the diamond grains (5) are roughened artificially so that their surface is enlarged at least by two relative to the natural surface and that the diamond grains (5) are placed in such a density that the greater part of them directly touch the contiguous diamond grains (5).
- Dressing tool according to claim 1, characterized in that the diamond grains (5) are provided with pore-shaped recesses (7) by etching with a metal.
- Dressing tool according to claim 1, characterized in that the metallic bond (6) is made of an electro-deposited metal.
- Dressing tool according to claim 3, characterized in that the bonding metal (6) is made of cobalt or nickel or of an alloy thereof.
- Dressing tool according to claim 1, characterized in that the diamond grains (5) are placed in a single even layer.
- Dressing tool according to claim 1, characterized in that the diamond grains (5) are placed directly superimposed, the diamond grains of a layer being engaged between the grains of another layer and touching directly the grains placed adjacently as well as below and above them.
- Dressing tool according to claim 1, characterized in that the diamond grains (5) have different grain sizes.
- Dressing tool according to claim 1, characterized in that the diamond grains (5) are synthetic diamonds.
- Dressing tool according to claim 1, characterized in that the tool (1) is formed as dressing tile.
- Dressing tool according to claim 1, characterized in that the diamond layer (4) is provided with a wearing protective layer (10, 11, 12) in a thickness of 0,1 to 1 mm in which the diamond grains are held in an electro-deposited metal such as cobalt or nickel.
- Dressing tool according to claim 10, characterized in that the surfaces of the diamond grains of the wearing protective layer (10, 11) are enlarged by etching.
- Dressing tool according to claim 10, characterized in that the wearing protective layer has a diamond concentration of 5 to 10 carats per cubic centimeter.
- Dressing tool according to claim 10, characterized in that the wearing protective layer (10, 11) is placed at the front or at the back of the diamond layer (4).
- Dressing tool according to claim 10, characterized in that the wearing protective layer (10, 11) is placed on four sides of the diamond layer (4).
- Dressing tool according to claim 10, characterized in that the diamond layer (4) is made of roughened diamond grains of approximately the same size of 500 to 1000 µm which are arranged in a layer and that the protective layers (10, 11) are constituted respectively with approximately the same thickness as the intercalated diamond layer and are made of diamond grains of the size up to 100 µm.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE3625754 | 1986-07-30 | ||
DE3625754 | 1986-07-30 | ||
DE19873706868 DE3706868A1 (en) | 1986-07-30 | 1987-03-04 | DRESSING TOOL FOR GRINDING WHEELS |
DE3706868 | 1987-03-04 |
Publications (3)
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EP0254941A2 EP0254941A2 (en) | 1988-02-03 |
EP0254941A3 EP0254941A3 (en) | 1989-07-05 |
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EP87110065A Expired - Lifetime EP0254941B1 (en) | 1986-07-30 | 1987-07-11 | Dressing tool for grinding wheels |
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US (1) | US4805586A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0254941B1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR940011293B1 (en) |
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AT (1) | ATE72159T1 (en) |
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CA (1) | CA1273801A (en) |
DE (2) | DE3706868A1 (en) |
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PT (1) | PT85459B (en) |
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1987
- 1987-03-04 DE DE19873706868 patent/DE3706868A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1987-07-11 DE DE8787110065T patent/DE3776448D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-07-11 ES ES198787110065T patent/ES2029676T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-07-11 EP EP87110065A patent/EP0254941B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-07-11 AT AT87110065T patent/ATE72159T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-07-21 IN IN518/MAS/87A patent/IN169849B/en unknown
- 1987-07-21 IL IL83266A patent/IL83266A/en unknown
- 1987-07-28 DK DK393987A patent/DK168197B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-07-29 AU AU76228/87A patent/AU604732B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1987-07-29 RO RO129237A patent/RO101606B/en unknown
- 1987-07-29 PL PL1987267065A patent/PL155240B1/en unknown
- 1987-07-29 CA CA000543253A patent/CA1273801A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-07-29 MX MX752587A patent/MX172003B/en unknown
- 1987-07-29 BR BR8703906A patent/BR8703906A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-07-30 KR KR1019870008359A patent/KR940011293B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-07-30 US US07/079,835 patent/US4805586A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-07-30 YU YU143587A patent/YU46063B/en unknown
- 1987-07-30 PT PT85459A patent/PT85459B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-07-30 CN CN87105212A patent/CN1008156B/en not_active Expired
-
1992
- 1992-04-13 GR GR920400694T patent/GR3004334T3/el unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA1273801A (en) | 1990-09-11 |
BR8703906A (en) | 1988-04-05 |
DK393987D0 (en) | 1987-07-28 |
ES2029676T3 (en) | 1992-09-01 |
IN169849B (en) | 1991-12-28 |
IL83266A0 (en) | 1987-12-31 |
GR3004334T3 (en) | 1993-03-31 |
KR880001372A (en) | 1988-04-23 |
US4805586A (en) | 1989-02-21 |
CN1008156B (en) | 1990-05-30 |
DE3706868A1 (en) | 1988-02-11 |
CN87105212A (en) | 1988-03-30 |
DK168197B1 (en) | 1994-02-28 |
PL155240B1 (en) | 1991-10-31 |
DK393987A (en) | 1988-01-31 |
EP0254941A3 (en) | 1989-07-05 |
KR940011293B1 (en) | 1994-12-05 |
ATE72159T1 (en) | 1992-02-15 |
EP0254941A2 (en) | 1988-02-03 |
RO101606B (en) | 1992-01-13 |
PT85459A (en) | 1988-07-29 |
PL267065A1 (en) | 1988-07-07 |
PT85459B (en) | 1993-07-30 |
DE3776448D1 (en) | 1992-03-12 |
AU604732B2 (en) | 1991-01-03 |
MX172003B (en) | 1993-11-29 |
AU7622887A (en) | 1988-02-04 |
IL83266A (en) | 1992-09-06 |
YU46063B (en) | 1992-12-21 |
YU143587A (en) | 1990-04-30 |
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