EP0239583B1 - Vorbehandlungsverfahren von pulpe mit stabilisierungsmitteln und peroxid vor der mechanischen raffinierung - Google Patents
Vorbehandlungsverfahren von pulpe mit stabilisierungsmitteln und peroxid vor der mechanischen raffinierung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0239583B1 EP0239583B1 EP19860905113 EP86905113A EP0239583B1 EP 0239583 B1 EP0239583 B1 EP 0239583B1 EP 19860905113 EP19860905113 EP 19860905113 EP 86905113 A EP86905113 A EP 86905113A EP 0239583 B1 EP0239583 B1 EP 0239583B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- chips
- per litre
- impregnation solution
- impregnation
- peroxide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21B—FIBROUS RAW MATERIALS OR THEIR MECHANICAL TREATMENT
- D21B1/00—Fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment
- D21B1/04—Fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment by dividing raw materials into small particles, e.g. fibres
- D21B1/12—Fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment by dividing raw materials into small particles, e.g. fibres by wet methods, by the use of steam
- D21B1/14—Disintegrating in mills
- D21B1/16—Disintegrating in mills in the presence of chemical agents
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21B—FIBROUS RAW MATERIALS OR THEIR MECHANICAL TREATMENT
- D21B1/00—Fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment
- D21B1/02—Pretreatment of the raw materials by chemical or physical means
- D21B1/021—Pretreatment of the raw materials by chemical or physical means by chemical means
Definitions
- Pulping processes can be broadly classified into high yield processes using mechanical fiberizing equipment and low yield processes using chemical reactions to produce individual fibers or pulp from lignocellulosic raw materials, usually wood in chip form.
- high yield category there are many variations which involve varying combinations of chemical, mechanical, and thermal treatments to effect fiber separation, remove some lignin and other chemical components from the original fibers, or increase the brightness and papermaking strength of the resulting fibers.
- This invention is directed to the art of high yield pulping in which mechanical treatment either with or without heat is the primary means of fiber separation and mild chemical treatment is used to facilitate fiber separation and to increase the papermaking strength and brightness. The application of heat may be utilized in combination with mechanical and chemical treatments to further assist in fiber separation and to accelerate chemical reactions.
- the primary goal of this invention is to economically produce pulp in the highest possible yield of the original lignocellulosic raw material by retaining and chemically modifying the lignin in the fibers to obtain the desired papermaking properties.
- alkaline peroxide pretreatment of chips softens the lignocellulosic raw material resulting in easier fiber separation (less energy consumption) and less fines generations (fiber fragmentation) during refining.
- refiner bleaching with alkaline peroxide can potentially eliminate the need for separate post-refiner bleaching equipment, due to the facts that refiners are excellent mixers of pulp and bleaching agents, and the temperature within the refiner (about 100°C) causes bleaching to occur extremely fast relative to typical post-refiner alkaline peroxide bleaching steps (approximately 50 to 80°C).
- wood chips have been pretreated by impregnation and/or refining with chelants (U.S. Patent Nos. 3,023,140-Textor, 4,311,553-Akerlund et al., Japanese Patent Application No. 80-72091, and Federal Republic of Germany Patent No. 2818-320) or with sodium silicate (U.S. Patent Nos. 3,069,309-Fennell, 4,311,553-Akerlund et al.), or with magnesium salts (U.S. Patent Nos. 3,023,140-Textor, 3,069,309-Fennell, 4,311,553-Akerlund et al.
- Chips are usually in the size range of less than 3 centimeters average diameter but can vary.
- Suitable hardwoods include Aspen, Gmelina, Eucalyptus, Birch, Beech, Oak and Ash.
- Suitable softwoods include Pine, Spruce, Fir and Hemlock.
- Impregnation steps can be accomplished by squeezing the chips to expel excess liquids and air followed by allowing the chips to expand into the impregnation solution.
- impregnation solutions of steps B and C can be combined into a single impregnation solution and impregnation step.
- the alkaline peroxide impregnated chips are then refined in one or more stage(s) under atmospheric pressure or superatmospheric pressure.
- the refining pressure is usually associated with steam added to or generated within the refining device.
- This invention is useful in producing fibrous pulps from lignocellulosic raw materials such as softwoods, hardwoods, bagasse, straw and other similar fibrous materials which have been chopped or cut into appropriate sized pieces known in the art as chips for pulping into individual fiber form.
- lignocellulosic raw materials such as softwoods, hardwoods, bagasse, straw and other similar fibrous materials which have been chopped or cut into appropriate sized pieces known in the art as chips for pulping into individual fiber form.
- the resulting high yield (yield of 80% or higher of the original lignocellulosic raw material) non-sulfonated pulp has properties equal to or superior to sulfonated pulps prepared in similar yields from the same lignocellulosic raw materials. These properties are high brightness and papermaking strength, and low fines content.
- the process has the advantages of lower capital and operating costs to produce pulps of equal or better quality than comparable sulfonated pulps because of lower equipment costs for the pulping and waste treatment processes, and lower operating costs due to less chemical usage, lower refining energy, and easier treatment of process effluents.
- all parts are by weight unless otherwise specified, and all parts based upon the weight of chips are based upon the oven-dried weight of the chips.
- the chips Prior to the first impregnation step, the chips are preferably saturated with water and/or steam to expel any entrapped air in accordance with conventional procedures. Before and as a part of each impregnation step, the chips are preferably squeezed to expel liquid and any remaining air, and then allowed to expand into the impregnation solution so as to absorb the impregnation solution.
- the quantity of solution absorbed is influenced by the impregnation device and the particular material being impregnated.
- the level of chemical addition into the chips is primarily controlled by the concentration of the particular chemical in the impregnation solution, the degree of chip compression in the impregnation device, and the density of the chips being treated.
- the first impregnation solution is an aqueous solution consisting of stabilizers for peroxide and optionally chelating agents and has a pH, temperature, and concentration so as to avoid precipitation of the solutes in the impregnation solution. If a chelating agent is used in the first impregnation solution to effectively chelate deleterious metal ions like manganese, iron, and copper, the pH, temperature and concentration should also be selected to impede the chelant from combining with or inactivating the stabilizers.
- magnesium sulfate As the stabilizer but other stabilizers can be used such as water soluble magnesium salts (e.g., magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, magnesium carbonate, and combinations thereof).
- chelating agents or complexing agents in the first impregnation solution such as diethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEEDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and phosphonic acid derivatives or other similar compounds known in the art for such functionality.
- DTPA diethylene triaminepentaacetic acid
- EDTA ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid
- HEEDTA hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid
- NTA nitrilotriacetic acid
- STPP sodium tripolyphosphate
- the concentration of magnesium salt in the impregnation solution is preferably between 0.01 and 2.0 grams per liter calculated based upon the weight of magnesium in the salt so as to result in a magnesium content of the chips equivalent to preferably from 0.001% to 0.2% of the weight of chips.
- the chelating agent concentration in the impregnation solution should be preferably from 0.01 gram per liter to 20 grams per liter (expressed as 100% chelating agent in the solution) to give preferably 0.001% to 2.0% chelant based on the dry weight of chips but chelant concentration and addition level may extend beyond such ranges depending upon the specific chelating agent and the quantity and species of metal contaminants contained in the chips.
- the temperature of the second impregnation step is preferably between 15°C and 100°C (60°C and 212°F), and the pH is higher than the pH of the first impregnation solution and preferably greater than 9 with from 9 to 12 being particularly preferred and between 10 and 11 being most preferred. Adjustment to the solution pH can be made in the same manner as described for the first impregnation solution.
- the second impregnation of the chips results in between 0.1 % and 10% silicates, calculated as Si0 2 based upon the dry weight of the chips.
- the third impregnating solution is an aqueous alkaline peroxide solution which may also contain a combination of the stabilizers employed in the first and second impregnation solutions primarily for stabilizing the peroxide outside the chips.
- the third impregnation solution contains magnesium and silicate stabilizers, and optionally chelating agents of the types and in concentrations and addition levels described for the first and second impregnation solutions.
- the third impregnation solution contains preferably hydrogen peroxide or any other peroxygen compound suitable for bleaching, in the concentration range of preferably between 10 and 100 grams per liter (calculated and expressed as hydrogen peroxide) to give addition levels of preferably between 0.5% and 10% of the weight of chips expressed as hydrogen peroxide.
- an alkaline substance preferably sodium hydroxide
- the temperature of the third impregnating solution is preferably between 15°C and 100°C (60°F and 212°F).
- Example 1 For Example 1, two impregnation stages were used.
- the third impregnation solution was an aqueous solution containing 5.28 grams/liter of Epsom salt, 0.4 grams/liter of DTPA, 21.1 grams/liter sodium silicate solution, 50 grams/liter of sodium hydroxide, and 60 grams/liter of hydrogen peroxide (added as a stabilized 50% H 2 0 2 solution) and had a PH of 11.7.
- Example A the same impregnating procedures, chemicals and equipment were used as in Examples 1 and 2 except that a single impregnation step was used containing all of the chemicals used in Examples 1 and 2 but the amount of DTPA was reduced because the higher levels of DTPA would be incompatible and react with hydrogen peroxide when combined in a single solution.
- Example 1 After the impregnation step, the chips from Example A were refined, and the resulting pulp was treated after refining as in Example 1. The pulp was then tested for brightness and the amount of hydrogen peroxide consumed was determined. The results are given in Table 1.
- Example A consumed 7.5% hydrogen peroxide based on the dry weight of the wood chips but achieved a brightness of only 60% (Elrepho brightness).
- the two-step impregnation sequence of Example 1 achieved a brightness of 72% Elrepho while only consuming 4.2% hydrogen peroxide based on the dry weight of the wood chips.
- the preferred method of practicing the present invention with the three-step impregnation sequence of Example 2 consumed only 3.7% hydrogen peroxide based on the dry weight of the wood chips and achieved the highest brightness of 75% Elrepho.
- Pulp produced from Southern Pine chips using the preferred three-stage sequence in Example 3 was compared with pulp produced by a high sulfonation CMP process (Example B) and pulp produced by a low sulfonation CTMP process (Example C) and utilizing commercial scale equipment.
- the liquor used in the impregnation stage contained 58 grams/liter S0 2 (achieved with a mixture of sodium sulfite and sodium bisulfite) and had a pH of 7.4. A sufficient amount of solution was retained in the chips after impregnation to result in 6.3% S0 2 applied to the chips in the Impressafiner. After impregnating the chips, the chips were cooked in a digester with a 4:1 liquor to wood ratio at 160°C for 30 minutes and then the chips were drained of cooking liquor. The cooking liquor contained 59 grams/liter S0 2 (achieved with a sodium sulfite and sodium bisulfite mixture) and had a pH of 7.4.
- Example B The pulp of Example B was tested for brightness, both before (initial) and after bleaching (bleached), freeness and breaking length and the results are given in Table 11. The amount of energy consumed during refining is also given in Table 11.
- the preferred three-stage impregnation process of the present invention was compared with CMP pulp subjected to post refining peroxide bleaching and compared with high alkalinity CTMP pulp subjected to post refining peroxide bleaching in order to substantiate the improved process of the present invention and its applicability to a difficult-to-pulp hardwood species (e.g., Eucalyptus Regnans).
- a difficult-to-pulp hardwood species e.g., Eucalyptus Regnans.
- Example 5 was repeated using Eucalyptus Regnans chips and with the impregnating solutions given below.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
Claims (39)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US77845785A | 1985-09-20 | 1985-09-20 | |
US778457 | 1985-09-20 |
Publications (4)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0239583A1 EP0239583A1 (de) | 1987-10-07 |
EP0239583A4 EP0239583A4 (de) | 1988-03-22 |
EP0239583B1 true EP0239583B1 (de) | 1991-01-02 |
EP0239583B2 EP0239583B2 (de) | 1994-01-12 |
Family
ID=25113415
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19860905113 Expired - Lifetime EP0239583B2 (de) | 1985-09-20 | 1986-08-13 | Vorbehandlungsverfahren von pulpe mit stabilisierungsmitteln und peroxid vor der mechanischen raffinierung |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0239583B2 (de) |
AR (1) | AR243622A1 (de) |
AU (3) | AU605745B2 (de) |
BR (1) | BR8606875A (de) |
CA (1) | CA1274657A (de) |
DE (1) | DE3676490D1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2002755A6 (de) |
MX (1) | MX174399B (de) |
PT (1) | PT83406B (de) |
WO (1) | WO1987001746A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SE458690B (sv) * | 1986-11-06 | 1989-04-24 | Sunds Defibrator | Saett att framstaella mekanisk massa fraan lignocellulosahaltigt material i styckeform med en laengd i fiberriktningen av minst 200 mm |
CA2057231A1 (en) * | 1991-01-07 | 1992-07-08 | Ulrike Tschirner | Method of pretreating lignocellulosic materials prior to alkaline peroxide high yield pulping |
FR2672315B1 (fr) * | 1991-01-31 | 1996-06-07 | Hoechst France | Nouveau procede de raffinage de la pate a papier. |
NZ568622A (en) * | 2005-12-02 | 2010-10-29 | Akzo Nobel Nv | Process of producing high-yield pulp |
US8268122B2 (en) | 2005-12-02 | 2012-09-18 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Process of producing high-yield pulp |
US9273270B2 (en) | 2014-02-20 | 2016-03-01 | Church & Dwight Co., Inc. | Unit dose cleaning products for delivering a peroxide-containing bleaching agent |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE496197C (de) * | 1928-05-15 | 1930-04-17 | Carl G Schwalbe Dr | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Zellstoff aus verholzten Fasern |
CA895757A (en) * | 1970-04-03 | 1972-03-21 | E. Worster Hans | Single-stage soda-oxygen pulping |
US4187141A (en) * | 1975-02-24 | 1980-02-05 | Alf Societe Anonyme | Method of producing bleached mechanical pulp |
SE436368B (sv) * | 1979-01-12 | 1984-12-03 | Sunds Defibrator | Sett att framstella blekta, mekaniska, kemimekaniska och halvkemiska massor av lignocellulosahaltiga fibermaterial |
JPS63402A (ja) * | 1986-06-18 | 1988-01-05 | Toyota Motor Corp | 焼結鍛造用原料粉末およびその粉末を使用した焼結鍛造法 |
-
1986
- 1986-08-13 BR BR8606875A patent/BR8606875A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-08-13 WO PCT/US1986/001659 patent/WO1987001746A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1986-08-13 AU AU62253/86A patent/AU605745B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1986-08-13 EP EP19860905113 patent/EP0239583B2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-08-13 DE DE8686905113T patent/DE3676490D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-09-18 CA CA000518592A patent/CA1274657A/en not_active Expired
- 1986-09-19 PT PT8340686A patent/PT83406B/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-09-19 AR AR30530786A patent/AR243622A1/es active
- 1986-09-19 MX MX377486A patent/MX174399B/es unknown
- 1986-09-19 ES ES8602010A patent/ES2002755A6/es not_active Expired
-
1990
- 1990-11-14 AU AU66582/90A patent/AU6658290A/en not_active Abandoned
-
1993
- 1993-05-26 AU AU39844/93A patent/AU663781B2/en not_active Ceased
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
PT83406B (pt) | 1989-05-12 |
MX174399B (es) | 1994-05-13 |
ES2002755A6 (es) | 1988-10-01 |
AU605745B2 (en) | 1991-01-24 |
EP0239583A1 (de) | 1987-10-07 |
AR243622A1 (es) | 1993-08-31 |
BR8606875A (pt) | 1987-11-03 |
AU6658290A (en) | 1991-01-31 |
AU6225386A (en) | 1987-04-07 |
WO1987001746A1 (en) | 1987-03-26 |
AU3984493A (en) | 1993-08-19 |
DE3676490D1 (de) | 1991-02-07 |
PT83406A (en) | 1986-10-01 |
CA1274657A (en) | 1990-10-02 |
AU663781B2 (en) | 1995-10-19 |
EP0239583B2 (de) | 1994-01-12 |
EP0239583A4 (de) | 1988-03-22 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US5002635A (en) | Method for producing pulp using pre-treatment with stabilizers and refining | |
US4599138A (en) | Process for pretreating particulate lignocellulosic material to remove heavy metals | |
US6743332B2 (en) | High temperature peroxide bleaching of mechanical pulps | |
US4849053A (en) | Method for producing pulp using pre-treatment with stabilizers and defibration | |
US4486267A (en) | Chemithermomechanical pulping process employing separate alkali and sulfite treatments | |
US6881299B2 (en) | Refiner bleaching with magnesium oxide and hydrogen peroxide | |
FI84634B (fi) | Foerfarande foer framstaellning av kemimekanisk eller semikemisk fibermassa i en en-fas impregneringsprocess. | |
US4160693A (en) | Process for the bleaching of cellulose pulp | |
RU2530386C2 (ru) | Способ и химическая композиция для повышения эффективности получения механической волокнистой массы | |
NO300929B1 (no) | Fremgangsmåte for bleking av lignocellulosematerialer | |
FI83794C (fi) | Foerfarande foer framstaellning av kemimekanisk eller semikemisk fibermassa i en tvao-fas impregneringsprocess. | |
EP0501059A1 (de) | Aufschlussverfahren durch Dampfexplosion zur Papierherstellung | |
EP0056263B1 (de) | Verfahren zur Verbesserung des Waschens von Cellulosepulpen, hergestellt aus Lignocellulosematerial | |
EP0494519A1 (de) | Hochausbeute Aufschlussverfahren | |
EP0239583B1 (de) | Vorbehandlungsverfahren von pulpe mit stabilisierungsmitteln und peroxid vor der mechanischen raffinierung | |
CA1173604A (en) | Production of chemimechanical pulp | |
CA2721612C (en) | Processes for preparing mechanical pulps having high brightness | |
CA1078558A (en) | Process for producing bleached mechanical pulp having high strength and brightness and with low discharge of oxygen consuming substances | |
CA1096559A (en) | Process for pretreating particulate lignocellulosic material | |
Bäckström et al. | Effect of primary fines on cooking and TCF-bleaching | |
RU2115780C1 (ru) | Способ отбелки высококонсистентной лигноцеллюлозной массы и беленая высококонсистентная лигноцеллюлозная масса, полученная этим способом | |
JPH0114357B2 (de) | ||
Scott et al. | Biosulfite pulping using Ceriporiopsis subvermispora | |
Mašura | Alkaline degradation of spruce and beech wood | |
JPH05279978A (ja) | リグノセルロース物質の漂白方法 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19870515 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): BE DE FR GB IT SE |
|
A4 | Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched |
Effective date: 19880322 |
|
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 19891016 |
|
GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
ITF | It: translation for a ep patent filed |
Owner name: BARZANO' E ZANARDO ROMA S.P.A. |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): BE DE FR GB IT SE |
|
ET | Fr: translation filed | ||
REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 3676490 Country of ref document: DE Date of ref document: 19910207 |
|
PLBI | Opposition filed |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009260 |
|
26 | Opposition filed |
Opponent name: ANDIRTZ SPROUT BAUER INC. Effective date: 19911002 Opponent name: EKA NOBEL AB Effective date: 19910927 |
|
ITF | It: translation for a ep patent filed |
Owner name: BARZANO' E ZANARDO ROMA S.P.A. |
|
PUAH | Patent maintained in amended form |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009272 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: PATENT MAINTAINED AS AMENDED |
|
27A | Patent maintained in amended form |
Effective date: 19940112 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B2 Designated state(s): BE DE FR GB IT SE |
|
ET3 | Fr: translation filed ** decision concerning opposition | ||
EAL | Se: european patent in force in sweden |
Ref document number: 86905113.6 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: 732E |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: TP |
|
BECA | Be: change of holder's address |
Free format text: 20000126 *KIMBERLY-CLARK WORLDWIDE INC.:401 NORTH LAKE STREET, NEENAH WISCONSIN 54956 |
|
BECH | Be: change of holder |
Free format text: 20000208 *KIMBERLY-CLARK WORLDWIDE INC. |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Payment date: 20010629 Year of fee payment: 16 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Payment date: 20010802 Year of fee payment: 16 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Payment date: 20010831 Year of fee payment: 16 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: BE Payment date: 20010912 Year of fee payment: 16 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: IF02 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Payment date: 20020802 Year of fee payment: 17 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20020813 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: BE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20020831 |
|
BERE | Be: lapsed |
Owner name: *KIMBERLY-CLARK WORLDWIDE INC. Effective date: 20020831 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20030301 |
|
GBPC | Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20020813 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20030430 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: ST |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20030814 |
|
EUG | Se: european patent has lapsed | ||
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20050813 |