EP0239068A1 - Gas blast switch - Google Patents

Gas blast switch Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0239068A1
EP0239068A1 EP87104299A EP87104299A EP0239068A1 EP 0239068 A1 EP0239068 A1 EP 0239068A1 EP 87104299 A EP87104299 A EP 87104299A EP 87104299 A EP87104299 A EP 87104299A EP 0239068 A1 EP0239068 A1 EP 0239068A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tube
fixed
chamber
contacts
volume
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP87104299A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0239068B1 (en
Inventor
Edmond Thuries
Denis Dufournet
Satoru Yanabu
Michel Perret
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Alstom Holdings SA
Original Assignee
Alstom SA
GEC Alsthom SA
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Application filed by Alstom SA, GEC Alsthom SA filed Critical Alstom SA
Publication of EP0239068A1 publication Critical patent/EP0239068A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/70—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/88—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts
    • H01H33/90—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts this movement being effected by or in conjunction with the contact-operating mechanism
    • H01H33/901—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts this movement being effected by or in conjunction with the contact-operating mechanism making use of the energy of the arc or an auxiliary arc
    • H01H33/903—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts this movement being effected by or in conjunction with the contact-operating mechanism making use of the energy of the arc or an auxiliary arc and assisting the operating mechanism

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a pressurized dielectric gas circuit breaker of the type comprising a compression volume and a thermal volume.
  • compression volume is meant a volume whose gas is pushed by a piston and directed on the arc which forms during the separation of the arcing contacts.
  • the subject of the invention is a pressurized dielectric gas circuit breaker of the type comprising fixed main contacts, fixed arcing contacts, a mobile assembly comprising main contacts and arcing contacts, a blowing device comprising a semi cylinder. -mobile separated by a fixed piston into first and second chambers, the first of which communicates with a blowing nozzle, and a thermal volume opening onto the separation zone of the fixed arcing contacts and the arcing contacts of the mobile assembly, characterized in that a communication is established between the thermal volume and said second chamber to allow the gas heated by the arc in the thermal volume to help the displacement of the cylinder and the compression of the gas of the first bedroom.
  • a fixed assembly comprising a substantially tubular metal assembly 3 connected to a fixed block 4 electrically connected to an outlet not shown.
  • the tube 3 has at its end a thinned part 6 terminated by an insulating part or made of metal resistant to the arc.
  • the tube 3 is also provided at its end with a. metal part 11 constituting the fixed main contact of the circuit breaker, and of an insulating blowing nozzle 12.
  • the blowing volume 15 of the circuit breaker is delimited by a portion 3A of the external surface of the tube 3, by a semi-mobile cylinder 16 and by a ring 3B surrounding the tube 3 and forming a piston.
  • the crown 3B and the tube 3 preferably constitute a single piece coming from machining.
  • the cover 20 and the fingers 21 are fixed to a ring 22B machined from the tube 22.
  • the circuit breaker works as follows:
  • the energy of the arc contributes to forcefully move the semi-mobile equipment to compress the blowing volume.
  • FIG. 5 shows that the semi-mobile assembly can be placed on the mobile assembly.
  • the elements common to this figure and to the preceding figures have been given the same reference numbers with the addition of a premium (') and the references of the fixed and mobile assemblies have been swapped.
  • the spring 25 then comes into abutment on a ring 22 'coming with the tube 22.
  • Figure 6 is an alternative embodiment in which the passages 36 are closed by valves such as 36A, opening only in the direction from volume 9 to volume 35. In this way the energy of thermal origin contained in the gas heated by the arc remains inside the volume 35 and is. entirely used to assist in the compression of the volume 15. In addition, the hot gas does not disturb the blowing by the fresh gas.
  • the breaking chamber comprises an arcing contact 41, tubular and semi-mobile; semi-mobile means that the tube can make a certain displacement compared to the tube 3.
  • the circuit breaker works as follows:
  • a primary arc A ' (see fig 9) is established between the fingers and the tube, and generates a very strong pressure in the volume 9. This pressure is communicated by the passages 36 to the volume 35 and thus promotes the compression of the blowing volume 15 for the extinction of the arc A.
  • the overpressure in the volume 9 is eliminated by the calibrated holes 45.
  • the 3D valve opens making it easier to fill the volume 15.
  • the valve 16C opens on tripping and allows, when cutting small currents, to avoid creating a vacuum in the volume generated for the movement of 16. In the event of a large current the overpressure due to the arc closes this valve.
  • FIGS 10 to 12 illustrate an alternative embodiment of the invention.
  • the tubes 50 and 54 delimit a thermal volume 56. This chamber is closed by an insulating part 57 defining with the nozzle an annular blowing channel 60.
  • a semi-mobile cylinder 61 terminated by a bottom 62 surrounds the tube 50.
  • the tube 61 slides in leaktight fashion on a first crown 50A (coming from molding or forging with tube 50).
  • a spring 63 is disposed between the crown 50A and the bottom 62; the room delimited by the elements 50, 50A, 61 and 62 is designated by 64.
  • a tubular insulating cover 65 extends the cylinder 61. It defines with the bottom 62 the tube 50 and a second ring 50B, a blowing chamber 66.
  • the chamber 64 communicates with the thermal volume 56 by passages 67 made in the tube 50.
  • the blowing chamber 66 communicates with the annular blowing channel through passages 68.
  • the movable assembly comprises a tube 70, the end 70A of which constitutes the movable arcing contact and contact fingers 71 protected by a cover 72.
  • circuit breaker The operation of the circuit breaker is identical to that described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 4.
  • a valve 62A opens, favoring the filling of the chamber 66.
  • the invention applies to high voltage circuit breakers (greater than 45 kV) and to medium voltage.

Abstract

Elle a pour objet un disjoncteur à gaz diélectrique sous pression du type comprenant des contacts principaux fixes (11), des contacts d'arc fixes (8A), un ensemble mobile comportant des contacts principaux (21) et des contacts d'arc (22A), un dispositif de soufflage comprenant un cylindre se- mi-mobile (16) séparé par un piston fixe (3B) en deux chambres (15, 35) dont l'une (15) communique avec une buse de soufflage (12), et un volume thermique (9) s'ouvrant sur la zone de séparation des contacts d'arc fixes (8A) et des contacts d'arc (22A) de l'ensemble mobile, caractérisé en ce qu'une communication est établie entre le volume thermique (9) et ladite seconde chambre (35) pour permettre au gaz échauffé par l'arc dans le volume thermique de monter en pression et d'aider au déplacement du cylindre (16) et à la compression du gaz de la première chambre (15).It relates to a pressurized dielectric gas circuit breaker of the type comprising fixed main contacts (11), fixed arcing contacts (8A), a mobile assembly comprising main contacts (21) and arcing contacts (22A ), a blowing device comprising a semi-mobile cylinder (16) separated by a fixed piston (3B) into two chambers (15, 35) one of which (15) communicates with a blowing nozzle (12), and a thermal volume (9) opening onto the separation zone of the fixed arcing contacts (8A) and the arcing contacts (22A) of the mobile assembly, characterized in that communication is established between the thermal volume (9) and said second chamber (35) to allow the gas heated by the arc in the thermal volume to increase in pressure and to assist in the displacement of the cylinder (16) and in the compression of the gas of the first chamber (15).

Application aux disjoncteurs à haute tension.

Figure imgaf001
Application to high voltage circuit breakers.
Figure imgaf001

Description

La présente invention est relative à un disjoncteur à gaz diélectrique sous pression du type comprenant un volume de compression et un volume thermique.The present invention relates to a pressurized dielectric gas circuit breaker of the type comprising a compression volume and a thermal volume.

Par volume de compression, on désigne un volume dont le gaz est poussé par un piston et dirigé sur l'arc qui se forme lors de la séparation des contacts d'arc.By compression volume is meant a volume whose gas is pushed by a piston and directed on the arc which forms during the separation of the arcing contacts.

Par volume thermique, on désigne un volume dont le gaz s'échauffe sous l'action de l'arc de coupure et dont la pression augmente par voie de conséquence.The term “thermal volume” denotes a volume whose gas heats up under the action of the cutting arc and whose pressure consequently increases.

L'énergie thermique ainsi obtenue est utilisée à la compression du volume de soufflage, permettant ainsi une réduction de l'énergie nécessaire à la manoeuvre du disjoncteur.The thermal energy thus obtained is used to compress the blowing volume, thereby allowing a reduction in the energy required to operate the circuit breaker.

Un disjoncteur de ce type a été décrit dans le brevet américain n° 4486632. Mais, dans ce disjoncteur, les gaz chauds du volume thermique se mélangent aux gaz frais du volume de soufflage, et réduisent alors leur pouvoir d'extinction.A circuit breaker of this type has been described in American patent n ° 4486632. But, in this circuit breaker, the hot gases of the thermal volume mix with the fresh gases of the blowing volume, and then reduce their extinguishing power.

Un but de la présente invention est de réaliser un disjoncteur ne présentant pas cet inconvénient.An object of the present invention is to provide a circuit breaker which does not have this drawback.

L'invention a pour objet un disjoncteur à gaz diélectrique sous pression du type comprenant des contacts principaux fixes, des contacts d'arc fixes, un ensemble mobile comportant des contacts principaux et des contacts d'arc, un dispositif de soufflage comprenant un cylindre semi-mobile séparé par un piston fixe en une première et une seconde chambres dont la première communique avec une buse de soufflage, et un volume thermique s'ouvrant sur la zone de séparation des contacts d'arc fixes et des contacts d'arc de l'ensemble mobile, caractérisé en ce qu'une communication est établie entre le volume thermique et ladite seconde chambre pour permettre au gaz échauffé par l'arc dans le volume thermique d'aider au déplacement du cylindre et à la compression du gaz de la première chambre.The subject of the invention is a pressurized dielectric gas circuit breaker of the type comprising fixed main contacts, fixed arcing contacts, a mobile assembly comprising main contacts and arcing contacts, a blowing device comprising a semi cylinder. -mobile separated by a fixed piston into first and second chambers, the first of which communicates with a blowing nozzle, and a thermal volume opening onto the separation zone of the fixed arcing contacts and the arcing contacts of the mobile assembly, characterized in that a communication is established between the thermal volume and said second chamber to allow the gas heated by the arc in the thermal volume to help the displacement of the cylinder and the compression of the gas of the first bedroom.

L'invention est précisée par la description ci-après d'un mode de réalisation de l'invention, en référence au dessin annexé dans lequel :

  • - La figure 1 est une vue partielle en demi-coupe axiale de la chambre de coupure d'un disjoncteur réalisé conformément à la présente invention, et représenté en position fermée.
  • - La figure 2 est une vue en coupe selon la ligne II-II de la figure 1.
  • - La figure 3 est une vue de la-même chambre au cours d'une manoeuvre d'ouverture.
  • - La figure 4 est une vue de la même chambre en fin d'ouverture.
  • - La figure 5 est une vue partielle en demi-coupe axiale de la chambre de coupure d'un disjoncteur réalisé selon une variante.
  • - La figure 6 est une vue agrandie d'une variante de réalisation du volume thermique.
  • - La figure 7 est une vue partielle en demi-coupe axiale de la chambre de coupure d'un disjoncteur selon une autre variante de réalisation, représentée en position fermée.
  • - La figure 8 est une vue en coupe selon la ligne VIII-VIII de la figure 7.
  • - La figure. 9 est une vue de la même chambre au cours d'une manoeuvre d'ouverture.
  • - La figure 10 est une vue partielle en demi-coupe axiale de la chambre de coupure d'un disjoncteur selon une autre variante de réalisation, représenté en position fermée.
  • - La figure 11 est une vue en coupe selon la ligne XI-XI de la figure 10.
  • - La figure 12 est une vue de la même chambre au cours d'une manoeuvre d'ouverture.
The invention is clarified by the following description of an embodiment of the invention, with reference to the appended drawing in which:
  • - Figure 1 is a partial view in axial half-section of the chamber breaking of a circuit breaker made in accordance with the present invention, and shown in the closed position.
  • - Figure 2 is a sectional view along line II-II of Figure 1.
  • - Figure 3 is a view of the same chamber during an opening operation.
  • - Figure 4 is a view of the same chamber at the end of opening.
  • - Figure 5 is a partial view in axial half-section of the breaking chamber of a circuit breaker produced according to a variant.
  • - Figure 6 is an enlarged view of an alternative embodiment of the thermal volume.
  • - Figure 7 is a partial view in axial half-section of the breaking chamber of a circuit breaker according to another alternative embodiment, shown in the closed position.
  • - Figure 8 is a sectional view along line VIII-VIII of Figure 7.
  • - The figure. 9 is a view of the same chamber during an opening operation.
  • - Figure 10 is a partial view in axial half-section of the breaking chamber of a circuit breaker according to another alternative embodiment, shown in the closed position.
  • - Figure 11 is a sectional view along line XI-XI of Figure 10.
  • - Figure 12 is a view of the same chamber during an opening operation.

Dans la figure 1, la référence 1 désigne l'axe du disjoncteur. Ce dernier comprend une enveloppe isolante étanche 2 remplie d'un gaz diélectrique tel que l'hexafluorure de soufre, sous une pression de quelques bars.In Figure 1, reference 1 designates the axis of the circuit breaker. The latter comprises a sealed insulating envelope 2 filled with a dielectric gas such as sulfur hexafluoride, under a pressure of a few bars.

A l'intérieur de l'enveloppe est disposé un ensemble fixe comprenant un ensemble métallique sensiblement tubulaire 3 relié à un bloc fixe 4 connecté électriquement à une prise de courant non représentée. Le tube 3 présente à son extrémité une partie amincie 6 terminée par une partie 7 isolante ou en métal résistant à l'arc. Un tube 8, auquel sont fixés des doigts de contact d'arc 8A, définit avec le tube 6 et la partie isolante ou métallique 7, un volume thermique 9.Inside the envelope is disposed a fixed assembly comprising a substantially tubular metal assembly 3 connected to a fixed block 4 electrically connected to an outlet not shown. The tube 3 has at its end a thinned part 6 terminated by an insulating part or made of metal resistant to the arc. A tube 8, to which arcing contact fingers 8A are fixed, defines with the tube 6 and the insulating or metallic part 7, a volume thermal 9.

Le tube 3 est également muni à son extrémité d'une. partie métallique 11 constituant le contact principal fixe du disjoncteur, et d'une buse de soufflage isolante 12.The tube 3 is also provided at its end with a. metal part 11 constituting the fixed main contact of the circuit breaker, and of an insulating blowing nozzle 12.

Le volume de soufflage 15 du disjoncteur est délimité par une portion 3A de la surface extérieure du tube 3, par un cylindre semi-mobile 16 et par une couronne 3B entourant le tube 3 et formant piston. La couronne 3B et le tube 3 constituent de préférence une seule pièce venue d'usinage.The blowing volume 15 of the circuit breaker is delimited by a portion 3A of the external surface of the tube 3, by a semi-mobile cylinder 16 and by a ring 3B surrounding the tube 3 and forming a piston. The crown 3B and the tube 3 preferably constitute a single piece coming from machining.

Des joints 17 et 18 assurent l'étanchéité du volume 15 et le guidage du cylindre 16.Seals 17 and 18 seal the volume 15 and guide the cylinder 16.

Le piston 3B divise donc le cylindre 16 en deux chambres l'une 15 constituant le volume de soufflage, l'autre référence 35. La chambre 35 est délimitée par le cylindre 16, le piston 3B, la pièce 3 et le fond de cylindre 16A. Le cylindre 16 est prolongé par une partie cylindrique isolante 16B venant, lorsque le disjoncteur est fermé, en butée avec un capot 20 faisant partie de l'ensemble mobile. Ce dernier comprend en outre des doigts de contact principaux 21 et un tube 22 dont l'extrémité 22A constitue le contact d'arc mobile du disjoncteur.The piston 3B therefore divides the cylinder 16 into two chambers, one 15 constituting the blowing volume, the other reference 35. The chamber 35 is delimited by the cylinder 16, the piston 3B, the part 3 and the bottom of the cylinder 16A . The cylinder 16 is extended by an insulating cylindrical part 16B coming, when the circuit breaker is closed, in abutment with a cover 20 forming part of the movable assembly. The latter further comprises main contact fingers 21 and a tube 22 whose end 22A constitutes the movable arcing contact of the circuit breaker.

Le capot 20 et les doigts 21 sont fixés à une couronne 22B venue d'usinage avec le tube 22.The cover 20 and the fingers 21 are fixed to a ring 22B machined from the tube 22.

Ce dernier est relié à des moyens de déplacement non représentés. En position fermée du disjoncteur, le capot 20 pousse le cylindre 16 en comprimant un ressort 25.The latter is connected to displacement means not shown. In the closed position of the circuit breaker, the cover 20 pushes the cylinder 16 by compressing a spring 25.

Le volume de soufflage 15 communique avec la zone d'arc par des canaux tels que 30 pratiqués dans l'épaisseur du tube 3 et débouchant, d'un côté, dans l'espace annulaire 31 compris entre les portions isolantes 7 et 12 et, de l'autre côté, dans le volume 15 par des ouvertures 32 pratiquées dans le piston 3B.The blowing volume 15 communicates with the arc zone by channels such as 30 formed in the thickness of the tube 3 and opening, on one side, into the annular space 31 comprised between the insulating portions 7 and 12 and, on the other side, in the volume 15 by openings 32 made in the piston 3B.

Le volume 35 communique, par des passages 36 pratiqués dans l'épaisseur du tube 3 avec le volume thermique 9. On note que les canaux 30 et les passages 36 n'ont aucune communication entre eux, de sorte que le gaz chaud du volume thermique 9 et le gaz frais du volume de soufflage 15 ne peuvent se mélanger.The volume 35 communicates, through passages 36 made in the thickness of the tube 3 with the thermal volume 9. It is noted that the channels 30 and the passages 36 have no communication with each other, so that the hot gas of the thermal volume 9 and the fresh gas from the blowing volume 15 cannot mix.

On note enfin que le piston 3B est muni d'un clapet 3D n'autorisant le passage de gaz que de l'extérieur vers l'intérieur du volume 15.Finally, we note that the piston 3B is fitted with a 3D valve that does not auto risking the passage of gas only from the outside to the inside of the volume 15.

Le fonctionnement du disjoncteur est le suivant :The circuit breaker works as follows:

En position enclenchée (figure 1) le courant passe par le bloc 4, le tube 3, les contacts 11 et 21 et le tube 22.In the engaged position (Figure 1) the current flows through the block 4, the tube 3, the contacts 11 and 21 and the tube 22.

A l'ouverture du disjoncteur, l'ensemble mobile est déplacé vers la droite de la figure. Les contacts principaux 11 et 21 se séparent les premiers et le courant passe alors par les contacts d'arc 8A et 22A. Lorsque ces derniers se séparent (figure 3) un arc A jaillit entre eux. Le capot 20 cesse d'être en butée avec le tube 16A et l'équipage semi-mobile (notamment le cylindre 16) se déplace vers la droite de la figure, sous l'action du ressort 25.When the circuit breaker opens, the mobile assembly is moved to the right in the figure. The main contacts 11 and 21 separate first and the current then passes through the arcing contacts 8A and 22A. When the latter separate (Figure 3) an arc A emerges between them. The cover 20 ceases to be in abutment with the tube 16A and the semi-mobile assembly (in particular the cylinder 16) moves to the right of the figure, under the action of the spring 25.

Le volume 15 est comprimé et du gaz frais est envoyé par les canaux 30 et le volume 31 sur l'arc A.Volume 15 is compressed and fresh gas is sent through channels 30 and volume 31 on arc A.

Simultanément l'arc A échauffe le gaz du volume 9. La pression de ce gaz augmente et par les passages 36 et le volume 35 vient pousser sur le fond de cylindre 16A, favorisant la montée en pression du volume de soufflage 15.Simultaneously the arc A heats the gas in volume 9. The pressure of this gas increases and through the passages 36 and the volume 35 pushes against the bottom of the cylinder 16A, promoting the rise in pressure of the blowing volume 15.

En fin de manoeuvre (figure 4) le volume 15 est devenu nul. Les gaz s'échappent par les trous 3C et 22C. Lors de la refermeture du disjoncteur le clapet 3D s'ouvre, facilitant le remplissage du volume de soufflage 15.At the end of the maneuver (FIG. 4) the volume 15 has become zero. The gases escape through holes 3C and 22C. When the circuit breaker is closed, the 3D valve opens, making it easier to fill the blowing volume 15.

Les dispositions qui viennent d'être décrites confèrent au disjoncteur de grands avantages:

  • a) Le gaz de soufflage de l'arc reste frais et sa tenue diélectrique n'est pas diminuée par le mélange avec du gaz chaud.
  • b) Si l'arc est faible, (coupure de courant nominal) l'énergie du ressort est suffisante pour comprimer le volume de soufflage.
The arrangements which have just been described confer great advantages on the circuit breaker:
  • a) The arc blowing gas remains fresh and its dielectric strength is not reduced by mixing with hot gas.
  • b) If the arc is weak (nominal current cut) the spring energy is sufficient to compress the blowing volume.

Si l'arc est important (coupure de courant de court-circuit) l'énergie de l'arc vient contribuer à déplacer avec force l'équipage semi-mobile pour comprimer le volume de soufflage. Plus l'intensité du courant à couper est importante, plus l'énergie thermique est élevée et plus la pression de soufflage est élevée.If the arc is large (short-circuit current cut) the energy of the arc contributes to forcefully move the semi-mobile equipment to compress the blowing volume. The greater the intensity of the current to be cut, the higher the thermal energy and the higher the blowing pressure.

c) L'énergie nécessaire à la manoeuvre de l'ensemble mobile reste indépendante de la valeur de l'intensité du courant à couper.c) The energy required to operate the mobile assembly remains independent of the value of the intensity of the current to be cut.

La figure 5 montre que l'équipage semi-mobile peut être disposé sur l'ensemble mobile. Les éléments communs à cette figure et aux figures précédentes ont reçu les mêmes numéros de référence avec adjonction d'un prime (') et on a permuté les références des ensembles fixes et mobiles.FIG. 5 shows that the semi-mobile assembly can be placed on the mobile assembly. The elements common to this figure and to the preceding figures have been given the same reference numbers with the addition of a premium (') and the references of the fixed and mobile assemblies have been swapped.

On adjoint au tube 3' un tube fixe 41 servant de butée à l'équipage semi-mobile.To the tube 3 ′ is added a fixed tube 41 serving as a stop for the semi-mobile equipment.

Le ressort 25 vient alors en butée sur une couronne 22' venue avec le tube 22.The spring 25 then comes into abutment on a ring 22 'coming with the tube 22.

Des trous 3E, 41A et 3C servent à la dissipation des gaz après manoeuvre d'ouverture du disjoncteur.Holes 3E, 41A and 3C are used to dissipate the gases after opening the circuit breaker.

La figure 6 est une variante de réalisation dans laquelle les passages 36 sont fermés par des clapets tels que 36A, ne s'ouvrant que dans le sens allant du volume 9 au volume 35. De la sorte l'énergie d'origine thermique contenue dans le gaz échauffé par l'arc reste à l'intérieur du volume 35 et est. toute entière utilisé à aider à la compression du volume 15. En outre le gaz chaud ne vient par perturber le soufflage par le gaz frais.Figure 6 is an alternative embodiment in which the passages 36 are closed by valves such as 36A, opening only in the direction from volume 9 to volume 35. In this way the energy of thermal origin contained in the gas heated by the arc remains inside the volume 35 and is. entirely used to assist in the compression of the volume 15. In addition, the hot gas does not disturb the blowing by the fresh gas.

Les figures 7 à 9 illustrent une variante de réalisation de l'invention. Les éléments communs à ces figures et aux figures 1 à 4 ont reçu les mêmes numéros de référence.Figures 7 to 9 illustrate an alternative embodiment of the invention. The elements common to these figures and to Figures 1 to 4 have been given the same reference numbers.

La chambre de coupure comprend un contact d'arc 41, tubulaire et semi-mobile ; semi-mobile signifie que le tube peut effectuer un certain déplacement par rapport au tube 3.The breaking chamber comprises an arcing contact 41, tubular and semi-mobile; semi-mobile means that the tube can make a certain displacement compared to the tube 3.

En position fermée du disjoncteur, le contact 41 comprime un ressort 42, car il est repoussé par le contact mobile 22.In the closed position of the circuit breaker, the contact 41 compresses a spring 42, because it is pushed back by the movable contact 22.

Le contact 41 ferme le volume thermique 9. Dans ce volume sont disposés, en couronne, des doigts de contact 43 venant en appui, avec une légère pression, sur le tube 41. Ces doigts sont solidaires mécaniquement et électriquement du tube fixe 3.The contact 41 closes the thermal volume 9. In this volume are arranged, in a crown, contact fingers 43 which come to bear, with a slight pressure, on the tube 41. These fingers are mechanically and electrically secured to the fixed tube 3.

On note enfin que le fond de cylindre 16A est muni d'un clapet 16C dont le rôle sera expliqué plus loin.Finally, note that the bottom of the cylinder 16A is provided with a valve 16C whose role will be explained below.

Le fonctionnement du disjoncteur est le suivant :The circuit breaker works as follows:

a) coupure de courant de faible intensité :a) low current cut:

lors du déplacement de l'ensemble mobile, à l'ouverture du disjoncteur, les doigts 43 restent en contact avec le tube 41 avec une légère pression.when moving the mobile assembly, when the circuit breaker, the fingers 43 remain in contact with the tube 41 with slight pressure.

Il ne se produit pas d'arc entre ces doigts 43 et le tube 41 ; seule l'énergie du ressort 25 assure la pression de soufflage de l'arc qui s'établit entre le tube 41 et le tube 22.There is no arc between these fingers 43 and the tube 41; only the energy of the spring 25 provides the arc blowing pressure which is established between the tube 41 and the tube 22.

b) coupure des courants de forte intensité :b) breaking of high intensity currents:

en raison des efforts électrodynamiques importants qui s'exercent sur les doigts 43, ceux-ci s'écartent légèrement du tube 41. Un arc primaire A' (voir fig 9) s'établit entre les doigts et le tube, et engendre une très forte pression dans le volume 9. Cette pression est communiquée par les passages 36 au volume 35 et favorise ainsi la compression du volume de soufflage 15 pour l'extinction de l'arc A.due to the significant electrodynamic forces exerted on the fingers 43, these deviate slightly from the tube 41. A primary arc A '(see fig 9) is established between the fingers and the tube, and generates a very strong pressure in the volume 9. This pressure is communicated by the passages 36 to the volume 35 and thus promotes the compression of the blowing volume 15 for the extinction of the arc A.

Plus le courant à couper est important, plus l'énergie thermique de l'arc primaire A' est importante et plus la pression active est importante.The greater the current to be cut, the greater the thermal energy of the primary arc A 'and the greater the active pressure.

En fin de manoeuvre, la surpression dans le volume 9 est éliminée par les trous calibrés 45. Lorsque le disjoncteur est réenclenché, le clapet 3D s'ouvre facilitant le remplissage du volume 15. Le clapet 16C s'ouvre lors d'un déclenchement et permet, lors de la coupure des petits courants, d'éviter de faire le vide dans le volume engendré pour le mouvement de 16. En cas de grand courant la surpression due à l'arc ferme ce clapet.At the end of the maneuver, the overpressure in the volume 9 is eliminated by the calibrated holes 45. When the circuit breaker is reset, the 3D valve opens making it easier to fill the volume 15. The valve 16C opens on tripping and allows, when cutting small currents, to avoid creating a vacuum in the volume generated for the movement of 16. In the event of a large current the overpressure due to the arc closes this valve.

Les figures 10 à 12 illustrent une variante de réalisation de l'invention.Figures 10 to 12 illustrate an alternative embodiment of the invention.

La chambre de coupure comprend un tube fixe 50 relié par un bloc 51 à une prise non représentée. Le tube est muni à son extrémité opposée au bloc 51 d'une portion 52 formant contact principal fixe et d'une buse de soufflage 53.The breaking chamber comprises a fixed tube 50 connected by a block 51 to a socket, not shown. The tube is provided at its end opposite the block 51 with a portion 52 forming a fixed main contact and with a blowing nozzle 53.

Un tube 54, terminé par des doigts de contact d'arc 55, est fixé au tube 50.A tube 54, terminated by arcing contact fingers 55, is fixed to the tube 50.

Les tubes 50 et 54 délimitent un volume thermique 56. Cette chambre est fermée par une pièce isolante 57 définissant avec la buse un canal annulaire de soufflage 60.The tubes 50 and 54 delimit a thermal volume 56. This chamber is closed by an insulating part 57 defining with the nozzle an annular blowing channel 60.

Un cylindre semi-mobile 61, terminé par un fond 62 entoure le tube 50. Le tube 61 coulisse de manière étanche sur une première couronne 50A (venue de moulage ou de forgeage avec le tube 50).A semi-mobile cylinder 61, terminated by a bottom 62 surrounds the tube 50. The tube 61 slides in leaktight fashion on a first crown 50A (coming from molding or forging with tube 50).

Un ressort 63 est disposé entre la couronne 50A et le fond 62 ; on désigne par 64 la chambre délimitée par les éléments 50, 50A, 61 et 62.A spring 63 is disposed between the crown 50A and the bottom 62; the room delimited by the elements 50, 50A, 61 and 62 is designated by 64.

Un capot isolant tubulaire 65 prolonge le cylindre 61. Il délimite avec le fond 62 le tube 50 et une seconde couronne 50B, une chambre de soufflage 66.A tubular insulating cover 65 extends the cylinder 61. It defines with the bottom 62 the tube 50 and a second ring 50B, a blowing chamber 66.

La chambre 64 communique avec le volume thermique 56 par des passages 67 pratiqués dans le tube 50.The chamber 64 communicates with the thermal volume 56 by passages 67 made in the tube 50.

La chambre de soufflage 66 communique avec le canal annulaire de soufflage par des passages 68.The blowing chamber 66 communicates with the annular blowing channel through passages 68.

L'équipage mobile comprend un tube 70 dont l'extrémité 70A constitue le contact d'arc mobile et des doigts de contact 71 protégés par un capot 72.The movable assembly comprises a tube 70, the end 70A of which constitutes the movable arcing contact and contact fingers 71 protected by a cover 72.

Le capot 72 coopère avec le capot 65 pour assurer, à la fermeture du disjoncteur, la compression du ressort 63.The cover 72 cooperates with the cover 65 to ensure, when the circuit breaker is closed, the compression of the spring 63.

Le fonctionnement du disjoncteur est identique à celui décrit en regard des figures 1 à 4.The operation of the circuit breaker is identical to that described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 4.

Pour la coupure des courants de faible intensité la détente du ressort 63 est suffisante.For breaking low-intensity currents, the relaxation of spring 63 is sufficient.

Pour la coupure des courants de forte intensité (figure 12) l'énergie thermique de l'arc crée, dans le volume thermique 56, une surpression qui est transmise de la chambre 56 à la chambre 64 et qui s'ajoute à celle du ressort pour comprimer le gaz de la chambre de soufflage 66.For breaking high-intensity currents (Figure 12), the thermal energy of the arc creates, in thermal volume 56, an overpressure which is transmitted from chamber 56 to chamber 64 and which is added to that of the spring. to compress the gas from the blowing chamber 66.

Lors de la refermeture du disjoncteur un clapet 62A s'ouvre, favorisant le remplissage de la chambre 66.When the circuit breaker is closed, a valve 62A opens, favoring the filling of the chamber 66.

L'invention s'applique aux disjoncteurs à haute tension (supérieure à 45 kV) et à moyenne tension.The invention applies to high voltage circuit breakers (greater than 45 kV) and to medium voltage.

Claims (6)

1/ Disjoncteur à gaz diélectrique sous pression du type comprenant des contacts principaux fixes (11), des contacts d'arc fixes (8A), un ensemble mobile comportant des contacts principaux (21) et des contacts d'arc (22A), un dispositif de soufflage comprenant un cylindre semi-mobile (16) séparé par un piston fixe (3B) en une première et une seconde chambres (15, 35) dont la première (15) communique avec une buse de soufflage (12), et un volume thermique (9) s'ouvrant sur la zone de séparation des contacts d'arc fixes (8A) et des contacts d'arc (22A) de l'ensemble mobile, caractérisé en ce qu'une communication (36) est établie entre le volume thermique (9) et ladite seconde chambre (35) pour permettre au gaz échauffé par l'arc dans le volume thermique de monter en pression et d'aider au déplacement du cylindre (16) et à la compression du gaz de la première chambre (15).1 / Pressure dielectric gas circuit breaker of the type comprising fixed main contacts (11), fixed arcing contacts (8A), a mobile assembly comprising main contacts (21) and arcing contacts (22A), a blowing device comprising a semi-mobile cylinder (16) separated by a fixed piston (3B) into first and second chambers (15, 35), the first (15) of which communicates with a blowing nozzle (12), and a thermal volume (9) opening onto the separation zone of the fixed arcing contacts (8A) and the arcing contacts (22A) of the mobile assembly, characterized in that a communication (36) is established between the thermal volume (9) and said second chamber (35) to allow the gas heated by the arc in the thermal volume to increase in pressure and to help the displacement of the cylinder (16) and the compression of the gas of the first room (15). 2/ Disjoncteur selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que ledit cylindre semi-mobile (16) coulisse autour d'un tube fixe (3), coaxialement à ce tube, les contacts fixes étant disposés à une extrémité de ce tube, le piston étant constitué par une couronne (3B) solidaire dudit tube, la première chambre (15) communiquant avec la buse par des canaux (30) pratiqués dans l'épaisseur du tube et disposés parallèlement à l'axe du tube, le volume thermique (9) étant délimité par les contacts d'arc fixes (8A) et la paroi extérieure du tube qui présente une portion d'extrémité (6) amincie, la communication entre le volume thermique et la seconde chambre comprenant des passages radiaux (36) pratiqués dans ledit tube et disposés entre lesdits canaux (30).2 / A circuit breaker according to claim 1 characterized in that said semi-mobile cylinder (16) slides around a fixed tube (3), coaxial with this tube, the fixed contacts being arranged at one end of this tube, the piston being constituted by a crown (3B) integral with said tube, the first chamber (15) communicating with the nozzle by channels (30) formed in the thickness of the tube and arranged parallel to the axis of the tube, the thermal volume (9) being delimited by the fixed arcing contacts (8A) and the external wall of the tube which has a thinned end portion (6), the communication between the thermal volume and the second chamber comprising radial passages (36) formed in said tube and arranged between said channels (30). 3/ Disjoncteur selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que le cylindre coulisse autour d'un tube (3') faisant partie de l'ensemble mobile, ledit tube portant les contacts mobiles (8A', 11') la première chambre (15) communiquant par des canaux (30) pratiqués dans l'épaisseur du tube et disposés parallèlement à l'axe du tube, le volume thermique étant délimité par les contacts d'arc mobile (22A) et la paroi extérieure du tube (3') qui présente une portion d'extrémité amincie, la communication entre le volume thermique (9) et la seconde chambre (35) comprenant des passages radiaux (36) pratiqués dans ledit tube (3').3 / Circuit breaker according to claim 1 characterized in that the cylinder slides around a tube (3 ') forming part of the movable assembly, said tube carrying the movable contacts (8A', 11 ') the first chamber (15) communicating by channels (30) formed in the thickness of the tube and arranged parallel to the axis of the tube, the thermal volume being delimited by the movable arcing contacts (22A) and the external wall of the tube (3 ') which has a thinned end portion, the communication between the thermal volume (9) and the second chamber (35) comprising radial passages (36) formed in said tube (3 '). 4/ Disjoncteur selon l'une des revendications 2 et 3 caractérisé en ce que le passages radiaux (36) sont obturables par un clapet (36A) n'autorisant le passage du gaz que dans le sens allant du volume thermique vers la seconde chambre.4 / Circuit breaker according to one of claims 2 and 3 characterized in that the radial passages (36) are closable by a valve (36A) authorizing the passage of gas only in the direction from the thermal volume to the second chamber. 5/ Disjoncteur selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que ledit cylindre semi-mobile (16) coulisse autour d'un tube fixe (3) coaxialement à ce tube, les contacts principaux fixes (11) étant disposés à une extrémité de Ce tube, le piston étant constitué par une couronne (3B) solidaire dudit tube, la première chambre (15) communiquant avec la buse par des canaux (30) pratiqués dans l'épaisseur du tube et disposés parallèlement à l'axe du tube, le volume thermique (9) étant délimité par un tube semi-mobile (41) constituant un contact d'arc, et par la paroi extérieure du tube, une couronne de doigts de contact (43) solidaires mécaniquement et électriquement du tube fixe (16) étant disposés à l'intérieur du volume thermique, en appui sur le tube semi-mobile (41), la communication entre le volume thermique (9) et la seconde chambre (35) comprenant des passages radiaux (36) pratiqués dans ledit tube et disposés entre lesdits canaux (30).5 / A circuit breaker according to claim 1, characterized in that said semi-mobile cylinder (16) slides around a fixed tube (3) coaxial with this tube, the main fixed contacts (11) being arranged at one end of this tube , the piston being constituted by a crown (3B) integral with said tube, the first chamber (15) communicating with the nozzle by channels (30) formed in the thickness of the tube and arranged parallel to the axis of the tube, the volume thermal (9) being delimited by a semi-mobile tube (41) constituting an arcing contact, and by the external wall of the tube, a ring of contact fingers (43) mechanically and electrically secured to the fixed tube (16) being arranged inside the thermal volume, bearing on the semi-mobile tube (41), the communication between the thermal volume (9) and the second chamber (35) comprising radial passages (36) formed in said tube and arranged between said channels (30). 6/ Disjoncteur à gaz diélectrique sous pression du type comprenant des contacts principaux fixes (52), des contacts d'arc fixe (55), un ensemble mobile comportant des contacts principaux (71) et des contacts d'arc (70A), un dispositif de soufflage comprenant un cylindre semi-mobile (61) solidaire d'un piston séparant deux chambres dont une première chambre (66) communique avec une buse de soufflage, un volume thermique (56) s'ouvrant sur la zone de séparation des contacts d'arc fixes (55) et des contacts d'arc mobiles (70A), caractérisé en ce que des communications (67) sont prévues entre le volume thermique (56) et la seconde chambre (64), pour permettre au gaz échauffé par l'arc dans le volume thermique de monter en pression et d'aider au déplacement du piston (62) et à la compression du gaz de la première chambre (66).6 / Pressure dielectric gas circuit breaker of the type comprising fixed main contacts (52), fixed arcing contacts (55), a movable assembly comprising main contacts (71) and arcing contacts (70A), a blowing device comprising a semi-mobile cylinder (61) integral with a piston separating two chambers, a first chamber (66) of which communicates with a blowing nozzle, a thermal volume (56) opening onto the contact separation zone fixed arcs (55) and movable arcing contacts (70A), characterized in that communications (67) are provided between the thermal volume (56) and the second chamber (64), to allow the gas heated by the arc in the thermal volume to increase in pressure and to assist in the displacement of the piston (62) and in the compression of the gas of the first chamber (66).
EP87104299A 1986-03-26 1987-03-24 Gas blast switch Expired - Lifetime EP0239068B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8604393A FR2596575B1 (en) 1986-03-26 1986-03-26 DIELECTRIC GAS CIRCUIT BREAKER UNDER PRESSURE
FR8604393 1986-03-26

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0239068A1 true EP0239068A1 (en) 1987-09-30
EP0239068B1 EP0239068B1 (en) 1992-05-20

Family

ID=9333594

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87104299A Expired - Lifetime EP0239068B1 (en) 1986-03-26 1987-03-24 Gas blast switch

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US4774388A (en)
EP (1) EP0239068B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2571779B2 (en)
CN (1) CN1005877B (en)
BR (1) BR8701375A (en)
DE (1) DE3779159D1 (en)
DK (1) DK169157B1 (en)
ES (1) ES2031463T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2596575B1 (en)
IE (1) IE59598B1 (en)
PT (1) PT84574B (en)

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EP0308626A2 (en) * 1987-09-24 1989-03-29 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-GmbH Self-blast interrupter
EP0334008A2 (en) * 1988-03-25 1989-09-27 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-GmbH Single-pressure switch with SF6
FR2638564A1 (en) * 1988-11-02 1990-05-04 Alsthom Gec HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH DIELECTRIC GAS UNDER PRESSURE
EP0374384A2 (en) * 1988-12-23 1990-06-27 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-GmbH Single-pressure switch with SF6
EP0744759A1 (en) * 1995-05-24 1996-11-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft H.T. circuit breaker with a fixed heating chamber
FR3008541A1 (en) * 2013-07-15 2015-01-16 Alstom Technology Ltd OPTIMIZED PISTON BLOWING CIRCUIT BREAKER

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JP2519713Y2 (en) * 1988-05-27 1996-12-11 株式会社明電舎 Gas load disconnector
FR2641409B1 (en) * 1989-01-02 1996-04-26 Alsthom Gec HIGH AND MEDIUM VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH SUPPLY GAS
FR2647255B1 (en) * 1989-05-17 1993-04-23 Alsthom Gec HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH BLOWING DIELECTRIC GAS
FR2660792B1 (en) * 1990-04-04 1992-06-12 Alsthom Gec HIGH OR MEDIUM VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH ARC-TO-END CONTACTORS.
DE19547522C1 (en) * 1995-12-08 1997-01-16 Siemens Ag HV line circuit breaker with gas-storage space - has gas-storage space divided by partition into heating space and cold gas space
CN1057814C (en) * 1996-02-14 2000-10-25 胜利石油管理局井下作业公司 Flushing filling anti-sand process technology
FR2764728B1 (en) * 1997-06-12 1999-09-24 Gec Alsthom T & D Sa CLOSING RESISTANCE CIRCUIT BREAKER
WO2007051320A1 (en) * 2005-11-03 2007-05-10 Abb Research Ltd Self-blowing switch with gas precompression
EP1826792B1 (en) * 2006-02-28 2008-09-03 ABB Research Ltd Arcing chamber of a high voltage circuit breaker with a heating volume receiving the arc extinguishing gases generated by the arc
WO2009049669A1 (en) * 2007-10-16 2009-04-23 Abb Research Ltd Gas-insulated high-voltage circuit breaker with a relief duct which is controlled by an overflow valve
DE102008039813A1 (en) * 2008-08-25 2010-03-04 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft High voltage circuit breaker with one switching path
FR2937179A1 (en) * 2008-10-09 2010-04-16 Areva T & D Sa BREAKER CHAMBER FOR HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH IMPROVED ARC BLOW
CN102945768B (en) * 2012-11-07 2015-04-22 中国西电电气股份有限公司 Arc-control device of breaker
WO2015028264A2 (en) * 2013-08-28 2015-03-05 Abb Technology Ag Gas-insulated high-voltage switchgear
US10026571B1 (en) * 2017-03-31 2018-07-17 General Electric Technology Gmbh Switching chamber for a gas-insulated circuit breaker comprising an optimized thermal channel
CN109411288B (en) * 2018-11-20 2024-04-05 许继（厦门）智能电力设备股份有限公司 Auxiliary structure for improving fracture insulation performance of high-voltage circuit breaker
CN111725024B (en) * 2020-06-29 2022-10-18 西安西电开关电气有限公司 High-voltage circuit breaker and arc extinguish chamber thereof
CN111799128B (en) * 2020-07-17 2022-07-29 西安西电开关电气有限公司 Air cylinder system and high-capacity switch equipment thereof
CN112289628B (en) * 2020-10-20 2023-02-24 西安西电开关电气有限公司 Arc extinguish chamber with double pressure expansion chambers

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FR2356258A1 (en) * 1976-06-24 1978-01-20 Sprecher & Schuh Ag Compressed gas circuit breaker - has sprung free piston slidable on separator and facing fixed contact close to nozzle
US4253002A (en) * 1977-03-24 1981-02-24 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Self-extinguishing type circuit interrupter
EP0067460A1 (en) * 1981-06-12 1982-12-22 BBC Brown Boveri AG High-voltage power circuit breaker

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FR2576142B1 (en) * 1985-01-16 1987-12-24 Alsthom Atlantique HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER, COMPRESSED GAS, HANDLING ENERGY ASSISTED BY THE ARC THERMAL EFFECT

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FR2356258A1 (en) * 1976-06-24 1978-01-20 Sprecher & Schuh Ag Compressed gas circuit breaker - has sprung free piston slidable on separator and facing fixed contact close to nozzle
US4253002A (en) * 1977-03-24 1981-02-24 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Self-extinguishing type circuit interrupter
EP0067460A1 (en) * 1981-06-12 1982-12-22 BBC Brown Boveri AG High-voltage power circuit breaker

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0308626A2 (en) * 1987-09-24 1989-03-29 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-GmbH Self-blast interrupter
EP0308626A3 (en) * 1987-09-24 1989-08-09 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh Self-blast interrupter
EP0334008A2 (en) * 1988-03-25 1989-09-27 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-GmbH Single-pressure switch with SF6
EP0334008A3 (en) * 1988-03-25 1991-01-23 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-GmbH Single-pressure switch with sf6
FR2638564A1 (en) * 1988-11-02 1990-05-04 Alsthom Gec HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH DIELECTRIC GAS UNDER PRESSURE
EP0367072A1 (en) * 1988-11-02 1990-05-09 Gec Alsthom Sa Gas-blast circuit interrupter for highpotential
EP0374384A2 (en) * 1988-12-23 1990-06-27 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-GmbH Single-pressure switch with SF6
EP0374384A3 (en) * 1988-12-23 1991-06-19 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-GmbH Single-pressure switch with sf6
EP0744759A1 (en) * 1995-05-24 1996-11-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft H.T. circuit breaker with a fixed heating chamber
FR3008541A1 (en) * 2013-07-15 2015-01-16 Alstom Technology Ltd OPTIMIZED PISTON BLOWING CIRCUIT BREAKER
WO2015007635A1 (en) * 2013-07-15 2015-01-22 Alstom Technology Ltd Optimized piston-effect blast circuit breaker

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DK147987D0 (en) 1987-03-23
IE59598B1 (en) 1994-03-09
FR2596575A1 (en) 1987-10-02
DK147987A (en) 1987-09-27
DK169157B1 (en) 1994-08-29
FR2596575B1 (en) 1988-05-20
BR8701375A (en) 1987-12-22
PT84574B (en) 1989-11-30
US4774388A (en) 1988-09-27
IE870775L (en) 1987-09-26
EP0239068B1 (en) 1992-05-20
DE3779159D1 (en) 1992-06-25
ES2031463T3 (en) 1992-12-16
CN87102963A (en) 1987-10-07
CN1005877B (en) 1989-11-22
PT84574A (en) 1987-04-01
JPS62234825A (en) 1987-10-15
JP2571779B2 (en) 1997-01-16

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