EP0229359A1 - Protective container for explosive charges - Google Patents

Protective container for explosive charges Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0229359A1
EP0229359A1 EP86117729A EP86117729A EP0229359A1 EP 0229359 A1 EP0229359 A1 EP 0229359A1 EP 86117729 A EP86117729 A EP 86117729A EP 86117729 A EP86117729 A EP 86117729A EP 0229359 A1 EP0229359 A1 EP 0229359A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
shock wave
layer
wave impedance
layers
explosive charge
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EP86117729A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0229359B1 (en
Inventor
Hans Spies
Ulrich Weigel
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Individual
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/76—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the casing
    • F42B12/80—Coatings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B3/00—Blasting cartridges, i.e. case and explosive
    • F42B3/28—Cartridge cases characterised by the material used, e.g. coatings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a housing for protecting explosive charges against fire and fire, consisting of several layers surrounding the explosive charge of different compositions.
  • a protective housing for ammunition which consists of several layers surrounding the ammunition body of different compositions.
  • An aluminum foil follows the ammunition body, then an insulator layer with a heat-reflecting layer and finally a foamed glass fiber layer in order to protect the ammunition body against the effects of fire.
  • a container for storing dangerous material is known, the wall of which a laminate is the f an inner layer of relatively rigid fiber-reinforced plastic material and an outer layer of an elastomeric material has to protect against penetrating projectiles.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a GehKuse for protecting explosive charges against the effects of fire and fire, which has a particularly high thermal line constant and also particularly effectively dampens penetrating particles from projectiles.
  • the explosive charge is surrounded by several layers with successively different shock wave imadances and different melting points, and that the outer layer is followed by a shell with openings, the staggering of the melting points so is designed so that the temperature rise at the Spxngladung is lowest when heated.
  • the outermost layer adjacent to the shell has a high shock wave impedance
  • the layer following this layer has a low shock wave impedance
  • the subsequent layer again has a high shock wave impedance
  • the layer closest to the explosive charge again has a low shock wave impedance
  • the layers of low shock wave impedance can be made thinner than the layers of high shock wave impedance
  • the contact surfaces between the layers of different shock wave vaccines danz have a sawtooth-shaped cross section, which cross sections can be offset from one another.
  • the sawtooth-shaped cross sections are offset from one another by a quarter of a period of the sawtooth shape.
  • the advantage is achieved that explosive charges are particularly effectively protected both against the penetration of projectiles or their fractions, and against the effect of fire, since the housing has a particularly high thermal time constant, so that it can also be used for sensitive parts of an ignition chain.
  • shock waves penetrating into the housing are reflected at the respective layers. Furthermore, the effect of penetrating articles is greatly weakened.
  • the advantage is achieved that when the temperature of the shell is rare, the layers first melt in succession in accordance with the staggered temperature and then evaporate, the corresponding vapor pressure escaping through the holes provided in the shell. This removal of the melting and evaporating
  • the explosive charge which is to be protected against the action of fire or projectiles, is schematically indicated by 1.
  • the explosive charge 1 is surrounded by a first layer 2, which consists of a material of low shock wave impedance.
  • This layer is followed by a second layer 3 with a high shock wave impedance, followed by a layer 4 with a low shock wave impedance and a fourth layer 5 with a high shock wave impedance.
  • the outermost layer 5 is followed by an envelope 6, which is provided with a multiplicity of bores 7 which are filled with the material of the outermost layer 5.
  • the material of the layers is selected so that the outermost layer 5 has the lowest melting point and the melting point rises to the innermost layer 2. This means that when a temperature is exerted from the casing 11, the outermost layer 5 first melts and evaporates, the steam passing through the Hole 7 can escape. Only then does the material of layer 4 or layers 3 and 2 melt and evaporate. This successive melting or evaporation of the individual layers leads to a very strong increase in the thermal time constant.
  • the two layers are lower.
  • Shock wave impedance 2 and 4 are designed in a sawtooth shape, so that the surfaces of the individual flanks of the saw teeth form a defined angle with respect to the casing 6.
  • the contact surfaces of the layers 5, 3 and a further layer 8 are adapted to this sawtooth shape.
  • a further layer 9 of low shock wave impedance can be present between the additional layer 8 of high shock wave impedance.
  • the damping of shock waves or of vertically impinging articles is also improved by reflection at the impedance impact points in that the two sawtooth-shaped layers 2 and 4 are offset from one another, specifically over a quarter of the total period of the sawtooth shape.
  • the housing according to the invention can be cylindrical or rectangular, depending on the shape of the explosive charge to be protected. It can surround the explosive charge on all sides, one of the sides of the rectangular housing or one of the end faces of a cylindrical housing being removable.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

Das Gehäuse zum Schutz von Sprengladungen besteht aus mehreren die Sprengladung (1) umgebenden Schichten (2 bis 5) unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzungen. Die Schichten weisen alternierend eine hohe und eine niedrige Stoßwellenimpedanz auf, wobei ferner die äußerste Schicht (5) den niedrigsten Schmelzpunkt aufweist und der Schmelzpunkt bis hin zur innersten Schicht (2) ansteigt.The housing for protecting explosive charges consists of several layers (2 to 5) of different compositions surrounding the explosive charge (1). The layers alternately have a high and a low shock wave impedance, the outermost layer (5) also having the lowest melting point and the melting point rising up to the innermost layer (2).

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Gehäuse zum Schutz von Sprengladungen gegen Beschuß und Feuer, bestehend aus mehreren die Sprengladung umgebenden Schichten unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzungen.The present invention relates to a housing for protecting explosive charges against fire and fire, consisting of several layers surrounding the explosive charge of different compositions.

Um Sprengladungen vor Beschuß bzw. Einwirkung von Feuer zu schützen, ist es bereits bekannt, Sprengstoffe niedriger Empfindlichkeit zu verwenden, wobei diese Sprengstoffe jedoch den Nachteil aufweisen, daß sie in Zündketten nicht anwendbar sind; auch bei anderen Verwendungsarten entstehen erhebliche Initiierungsprobleme.In order to protect explosive charges against fire or exposure to fire, it is already known to use explosives of low sensitivity, but these explosives have the disadvantage that they cannot be used in ignition chains; considerable initiation problems also arise with other types of use.

Auch das Vorsehen einer einzigen mcohanicchen Dämpfungsschicht zwischen Hülle und Sprengladung ist nur wenig wirksam, insbesondere beim Auftreffen von Wuchtgeschossen.The provision of a single mechanical cushioning layer between the shell and the explosive charge is also not very effective, particularly when impact bullets strike.

Aus der US-PS 4 010 690 ist ein Schutzgehäuse für Munition bekannt, das aus mehreren den Munitionskörper umgebenden Schichten unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzungen besteht. Dabei folgt auf den Munitionskörper zuerst eine Aluminiumfolie, danach eine Isolatorschicht mit einer wärmereflek- tierenden Schicht und schließlich eine ausgeschäumte Glasfaserschicht, um so den Munitionskörper gegen die Einwirkung von Feuer zu schützen.From US-PS 4 010 690 a protective housing for ammunition is known, which consists of several layers surrounding the ammunition body of different compositions. An aluminum foil follows the ammunition body, then an insulator layer with a heat-reflecting layer and finally a foamed glass fiber layer in order to protect the ammunition body against the effects of fire.

Aus der DE-OS 28 55 694 ist ein Behälter zur Aufbewahrung von gefährlichem Material bekannt, dessen Wand aus einem einem Laminat bestehtf das eine Innenschicht aus verhältnismäßig starrem faserverstärkten Kunststoffmaterial und eine Außenschicht aus einem elastomeren Material aufweist zum Schutz gegen eindringende Geschosse.From DE-OS 28 55 694 a container for storing dangerous material is known, the wall of which a laminate is the f an inner layer of relatively rigid fiber-reinforced plastic material and an outer layer of an elastomeric material has to protect against penetrating projectiles.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, ein GehKuse zum Schutz von Sprengladungen sowohl gegen die Einwirkung von Beschuß als auch von Feuer zu schaffen, das eine besonders, hohe thermische Zeilkonstante aufweist und auch eindringende Partikel von Geschossen besonders wirksam dämpft.The object of the present invention is to provide a GehKuse for protecting explosive charges against the effects of fire and fire, which has a particularly high thermal line constant and also particularly effectively dampens penetrating particles from projectiles.

Ausgehend von einem Gehäuse der eingangs näher genannten Art wird zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe vorgeschlagen, daß die Sprengladung von mehreren Schichten mit aufeinanderfolgend unterschiedlichen stoßwellenimzadanzen und unterschiedlichen Schmelzpunkten umgeben ist, und daß auf die äußerste Schicht eine Hülle mit öffnungen folgt,wobei die Staffelung der Schmelzpunkte so gestaltet ist, daß bei Erwärmung der Temperaturanstieg an der Spxngladung am geringsten ist.Starting from a housing of the type mentioned in the introduction, it is proposed to solve this problem that the explosive charge is surrounded by several layers with successively different shock wave imadances and different melting points, and that the outer layer is followed by a shell with openings, the staggering of the melting points so is designed so that the temperature rise at the Spxngladung is lowest when heated.

Vorteilhafterweise weist die an der HUlle anliegende äußerste Sehieht eine hohe Stoßwellenimpedanz auf, während die dieser Schicht folgende Schicht eine niedrige Stoßwellenimpedanz, die sich daran anschließende Schicht wieder eine hohe Stoßwetlenimpedanz und die der Sprengladung nächstliegende Schicht wieder eine niedrige StoBwellenimpedanz aufweisen; dabei können die Schichten niedriger Stoßwellenimpedanz dünner ausgebildet sein als die Schichten hoher Stoßwellenimpedanz.Advantageously, the outermost layer adjacent to the shell has a high shock wave impedance, while the layer following this layer has a low shock wave impedance, the subsequent layer again has a high shock wave impedance and the layer closest to the explosive charge again has a low shock wave impedance; the layers of low shock wave impedance can be made thinner than the layers of high shock wave impedance.

Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn die Berührungsflächen zwischen den Schichten unterschiedlicher Stoßwellenimpedanz einen sägezahnförmigen Querschnitt aufweisen, wobei diese Querschnitte zueinander versetzt sein können. Bei einem besonders vorteilhaften Ausführungsbeispiel sind die sägezahnförmigen Querschnitte um ein Viertel einer Periode der Sägezahnform zueinander versetzt.It is particularly advantageous if the contact surfaces between the layers of different shock wave vaccines danz have a sawtooth-shaped cross section, which cross sections can be offset from one another. In a particularly advantageous exemplary embodiment, the sawtooth-shaped cross sections are offset from one another by a quarter of a period of the sawtooth shape.

Mit dem erfindungsgemäß ausgestalteten Gehäuse wird also der Vorteil erzielt, daß Sprengladungen besonders wirksam sowohl gegen das Eindringen von Geschossen bzw. deren Bruchteilen geschützt werden, als auch gegen die Einwirkung von Feuer, da das Gehäuse eine besonders hohe, thermische Zeitkonstante aufweist, so daß es auch für empfindliche Teile einer Zündkette anwendbar ist.With the housing designed according to the invention, the advantage is achieved that explosive charges are particularly effectively protected both against the penetration of projectiles or their fractions, and against the effect of fire, since the housing has a particularly high thermal time constant, so that it can also be used for sensitive parts of an ignition chain.

Aufgrund der alternierenden Anordnung von Schichten unterschiedlicher Stoßwellenimpedanz wird an den jeweiligen Stoßstellen erreicht, daß in das Gehäuse eindringende Stoßwellen an den jeweiligen Schichten reflektiert werden. Ferner wird die Einwirkung von eindringenden Artikeln dadurch stark geschwächt.Due to the alternating arrangement of layers of different shock wave impedance, it is achieved at the respective shock points that shock waves penetrating into the housing are reflected at the respective layers. Furthermore, the effect of penetrating articles is greatly weakened.

Besonders bei der sägezahnförmigen Ausgestaltung der Berührungsflächen zwischen den einzelnen Schichten wird durch die Reflektion an Impedanzstoßstellen bei senkrecht auftreffenden Partikeln bzw. Stoßstellen eine zusätzliche Dämpfung erreicht.In particular in the case of the sawtooth-shaped configuration of the contact surfaces between the individual layers, additional reflection is achieved by the reflection at impedance joints at vertically impinging particles or joints.

Aufgrund der ansteigenden Schmelzpunkte von außen nach innen wird der Vorteil erzielt, daß bei einer Temperatureinwirkung von der Hüllenselte her die Schichten entsprechend der gestaffelten Temperatur nacheinander zuerst schmelzen und dann verdampfen, wobei der entsprechende Dampfdruck über die in der Hülle vorgesehenen Bohrungen entweicht. Durch diese Abfuhr der Schmelz- und Verdamp-Due to the increasing melting points from the outside inwards, the advantage is achieved that when the temperature of the shell is rare, the layers first melt in succession in accordance with the staggered temperature and then evaporate, the corresponding vapor pressure escaping through the holes provided in the shell. This removal of the melting and evaporating

fungswärme wird eine sehr starke Erhöhung der thermischen Zeitkonstante erreicht, so daß bei Brand z. B. im Munitionsdepot die Zeit zur Einleitung von Maßnahmen wesentlich verlängert wird.heat is a very strong increase in the thermal time constant achieved, so that in case of fire z. B. in the ammunition depot the time to initiate measures is significantly extended.

Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert, in der zwei vorteilhafte AusfUhrungsbeispiele dargestellt sind. Es zeigen:

  • Figur 1 einen Querschnitt durch ein erstes AusfUhrungsbeispiel und
  • Figur 2 einen Querschnitt durch eine zweites AusfUhrungsbeispiel eines erfindungsgemäß ausgestalteten Gehäuses.
The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing, in which two advantageous exemplary embodiments are shown. Show it:
  • 1 shows a cross section through a first exemplary embodiment and
  • Figure 2 shows a cross section through a second exemplary embodiment of a housing designed according to the invention.

Bei dem in Figur 1 dargestellten Ausfßhrungsbeispiel ist schematisch mit 1 die Sprengladung beteichnet, die gegen die Einwirkung von Feuer oder Geschossen geschützt werden soll. Die Sprengladung 1 ist zu diesem Zweck von einer ersten Schicht 2 umgeben, die aus einem Material niedriger StoBwellenimpedanz besteht. Auf diese Schicht folgt eine zweite Schicht 3 mit einer hohen Stoßwellenimpedanz, auf diese eine Schicht 4 mit niedriger Stoßwellenimpedanz und auf diese eine vierte Schicht 5 wiederum mit hoher Stoßwellenimpedanz.In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the explosive charge, which is to be protected against the action of fire or projectiles, is schematically indicated by 1. For this purpose, the explosive charge 1 is surrounded by a first layer 2, which consists of a material of low shock wave impedance. This layer is followed by a second layer 3 with a high shock wave impedance, followed by a layer 4 with a low shock wave impedance and a fourth layer 5 with a high shock wave impedance.

Auf die äußerste Schicht 5 folgt eine HUlle 6, die mit einer Vielzahl von Bohrungen 7 versehen ist, die vom Material der äußersten Schicht 5 ausgefüllt sind. Das Material der Schichten wird so ausgewählt, daß die äußerste Schicht 5 den niedrigsten Schmelzpunkt aufweist und der Schmelzpunkt bis zur innersten Schicht 2 hin ansteigt. Das bedeutet, daß bei einer Temperatureinwirkung von der Hülle 11 her zuerst die äußerste Schicht 5 schmilzt und verdampft, wobei der Dampf durch die Bohrung 7 entweichen kann. Erst danach schmilzt und verdampft das Material der Schicht 4 bzw. der Schichten 3 und 2. Durch dieses nacheinander erfolgende Schmelzen bzw. Verdampfen der einzelnen Schichten wird eine sehr starke Erhöhung der thermischen Zeitkonstante erreicht.The outermost layer 5 is followed by an envelope 6, which is provided with a multiplicity of bores 7 which are filled with the material of the outermost layer 5. The material of the layers is selected so that the outermost layer 5 has the lowest melting point and the melting point rises to the innermost layer 2. This means that when a temperature is exerted from the casing 11, the outermost layer 5 first melts and evaporates, the steam passing through the Hole 7 can escape. Only then does the material of layer 4 or layers 3 and 2 melt and evaporate. This successive melting or evaporation of the individual layers leads to a very strong increase in the thermal time constant.

Bei dem in Figur 2 dargestellten AusfUhrungsbeispiel eines erfindungsgemäßen Gehäuses sind die beiden Schichten niedriger.Stoßwellenimpedanz 2 und 4 sägezahnförmig ausgestaltet, so daß die Oberflächen der einzelnen Flanken der Sägezähne bezüglich der Hülle 6 einen definierten Winkel mlt dieser bilden. Die Berührungsflächen der Schichten 5, 3 sowie einer weiteren Schicht 8 sind dabei an diese Sägezahnform angepaßt. Zwischen der zusätzlichen Schicht 8 hoher Stoßwellenimpedanz kann eine weitere Schicht 9 geringer Stoßwellenimpedanz vorhanden sein.In the exemplary embodiment of a housing according to the invention shown in FIG. 2, the two layers are lower. Shock wave impedance 2 and 4 are designed in a sawtooth shape, so that the surfaces of the individual flanks of the saw teeth form a defined angle with respect to the casing 6. The contact surfaces of the layers 5, 3 and a further layer 8 are adapted to this sawtooth shape. A further layer 9 of low shock wave impedance can be present between the additional layer 8 of high shock wave impedance.

Wie Figur 2 ferner erkennen läßt, wird die Dämpfung von Stoßwellen bzw. von senkrecht auftreffenden Artikeln durch Reflektion an den Impedanzstoßstellen auch dadurch verbessert, daß die beiden sägezahnförmig ausgestalteten Schichten 2 und 4 zueinander versetzt sind und zwar über ein Viertel der Gesamtperiode der Sägezahnform.As can also be seen in FIG. 2, the damping of shock waves or of vertically impinging articles is also improved by reflection at the impedance impact points in that the two sawtooth-shaped layers 2 and 4 are offset from one another, specifically over a quarter of the total period of the sawtooth shape.

Das erfindungsgemäße Gehäuse kann je nach der Form der zu schützenden Sprengladung zylindrisch oder rechteckig ausgebildet sein. Es kann die Sprengladung allseitig umgeben, wobei eine der Seiten des rechteckigen Gehäuses bzw. eine der Stirnseiten eines zylindrischen Gehäuses abnehmbar ist.The housing according to the invention can be cylindrical or rectangular, depending on the shape of the explosive charge to be protected. It can surround the explosive charge on all sides, one of the sides of the rectangular housing or one of the end faces of a cylindrical housing being removable.

Claims (6)

1. Gehäuse zum Schutz von Sprengladungen, bestehend aus mehreren die Sprengladung umgebenden Schichten unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzungen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Sprengladung (1) von mehreren Schichten (2 bis 5) mit aufeinanderfolgend unterschiedlichen Stoßwellenimpedanzen und unterschiedlichen Schmelzpunkten umgeben ist, und daß auf die äußerste Schicht eine Hülle (6) mit Öffnungen (7) folgt, wobei die Staffelung der Schmelzpunkte so gestaltet ist, daß bei Erwärmung der Temperaturanstieg an der Sprengladung am geringsten ist.1. Housing for the protection of explosive charges, consisting of several layers surrounding the explosive charge of different compositions, characterized in that the explosive charge (1) is surrounded by several layers (2 to 5) with successively different shock wave impedances and different melting points, and that on the outermost Layer follows a shell (6) with openings (7), the staggering of the melting points being designed in such a way that the temperature rise at the explosive charge is lowest when heated. 2. Gehäuse nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die an der HUlle (6) anliegende äußerste Schicht (5) eine hohe Stoßwellenimpedanz aufweist, die dieser Schicht folgende Schicht 4 eine niedrige Stoßwellenimpedanz aufweist, die nächstliegende Schicht (3) eine hohe Stoßwellenimpedanz und die an der Sprengladung (1) anliegende Schicht (2) wieder eine niedrige Stoßwellenimpedanz aufweist.2. Housing according to claim 1, characterized in that the outer layer (5) adjacent to the sheath (6) has a high shock wave impedance, the layer 4 following this layer has a low shock wave impedance, the closest layer (3) has a high shock wave impedance and the layer (2) adjacent to the explosive charge (1) again has a low shock wave impedance. 3. Gehäuse nach Ansprüchen 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schichten niedriger Stoßwellenimpedanz (2 und 4) dünner sind als die Schichten hoher Stoßwellenimpedanz (1 und 3).3. Housing according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the layers of low shock wave impedance (2 and 4) are thinner than the layers of high shock wave impedance (1 and 3). 4. Gehäuse nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Berührungsflächen zwischen den Schichten unterschiedlicher Stoßwellenimpedanz einen sägezahnförmigen Querschnitt aufweisen.4. Housing according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the contact surfaces between the layers of different shock wave impedance have a sawtooth-shaped cross section. 5. Gehäuse nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die sägezahnförmigen Querschnitte zueinander versetzt sind.5. Housing according to claim 4, characterized in that the sawtooth-shaped cross sections are offset from one another. 6. Gehäuse nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die sägezahnförmigen Querschnitte um ein Viertel einer Periode der Sägezahnform zueinander versetzt sind.6. Housing according to claim 5, characterized in that the sawtooth-shaped cross sections are offset from one another by a quarter of a period of the sawtooth shape.
EP86117729A 1985-12-19 1986-12-19 Protective container for explosive charges Expired - Lifetime EP0229359B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3544929A DE3544929C1 (en) 1985-12-19 1985-12-19 Housing for the protection of explosive charges
DE3544929 1985-12-19

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Publication Number Publication Date
EP0229359A1 true EP0229359A1 (en) 1987-07-22
EP0229359B1 EP0229359B1 (en) 1990-12-05

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USH1779H (en) * 1996-06-30 1999-02-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Process and material for warhead casings
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US6174587B1 (en) 1998-12-02 2001-01-16 Atlantic Research Corporation Shock attenuation barrier
US6952995B2 (en) * 2002-01-11 2005-10-11 Aerojet-General Corporation Apparatus and method for passive venting of rocket motor or ordnance case
DE102005057006A1 (en) * 2005-11-30 2007-06-06 Atlas Elektronik Gmbh Device for protecting an explosive section of an underwater body
EP3473966B1 (en) * 2013-11-14 2020-08-05 The Regents of The University of Michigan Method for mitigating stress waves resulting from a blast or impact
US10041767B2 (en) 2013-11-14 2018-08-07 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Blast/impact frequency tuning and mitigation
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US4838166A (en) 1989-06-13
EP0229359B1 (en) 1990-12-05
DE3544929C1 (en) 1987-05-07

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