EP0205212A1 - Modular microwave antenna units and antenna composed of such units - Google Patents
Modular microwave antenna units and antenna composed of such units Download PDFInfo
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- EP0205212A1 EP0205212A1 EP86200958A EP86200958A EP0205212A1 EP 0205212 A1 EP0205212 A1 EP 0205212A1 EP 86200958 A EP86200958 A EP 86200958A EP 86200958 A EP86200958 A EP 86200958A EP 0205212 A1 EP0205212 A1 EP 0205212A1
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- plane
- horns
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
- H01Q21/064—Two dimensional planar arrays using horn or slot aerials
Definitions
- the invention relates to a unitary microwave antenna module for receiving or transmitting a rectilinearly polarized wave, comprising radiating elements in the form of horns and a supply network composed of waveguides of rectangular section connected to on the one hand to the horns and on the other hand between them so that for each horn the total length of the feeding path is there.
- the invention also relates to a microwave antenna comprising such unit modules.
- the invention finds its application, for example, in the production of flat antennas for the reception of television broadcasts retransmitted by artificial satellites.
- An antenna comprising radiating elements in the form of horns supplied by waveguides is known from patent DE 2641711.
- This document describes a linear antenna module, consisting of a row of horns machined from a fiberglass block, the surfaces are metallized.
- This row of horns is supplied on the one hand by a main line and on the other hand by individual lines connected to the main line.
- the main line is of rectangular section, machined in aluminum and can be filled with a dielectric material. It is produced so as to form in the plane of the electric field e a stepped power divider making it possible to supply at equal power the waveguides which ensure the individual connection of the horns with the main line.
- Each of these waveguides is formed by a laminated structure comprising a dielectric material interposed between two layers of copper, the edges of this structure being metallized.
- the length of the individual feed guides, as well as their connection point to the main line, are chosen so that for each horn, the length of the feed path composed of the main line and the individual feed line, is the same.
- Such a structure is provided to allow phase differences in the feeding of the horns to be corrected by shortening some of the individual feeding lines.
- the antenna module described in the cited document is of linear form, with series supply, which makes it very difficult to feed the horns exactly in phase and therefore it is essential to carry out a adjustment of the length of the individual supply lines to improve this result.
- the solution proposed by the cited document to solve this problem leads to a complex antenna shape, as well as assembly and adjustment that are too delicate to be carried out for example during mass production.
- this unitary module is characterized in that each internal mouthpiece of the horn is of section equal to that of the waveguides and is individually connected to a network waveguide by an elbow whose angle is in a plane parallel to a plane Q, this plane Q being defined as perpendicular to the reference plane P and parallel to one of the sides of the square opening of the horn as well as to the large dimension a of the internal mouth of the latter, characterized in that each individual feeding guide is linear and connected to one of the symmetrical linear branches of a first T-shaped power divider by an elbow whose angle is located in the plane of the network, the main branch of this power divider being curved, and characterized in that each group of two horns thus formed is connected to one of the symmetrical curved branches of a second T-shaped power divider, the branch of which main is also t curved, so that the two groups of two horns thus formed are fed symmetrically with respect to a plane Q ', this plane being defined as perpendicular both to the reference plane
- the present invention also proposes a microwave antenna characterized in that it comprises a multiple number of four of such unit modules supplied to each other by a planar arborized network of the same type as the network distributed inside each module and in the same plan that the latter, so that all the horns of the antenna are supplied in phase.
- this antenna is characterized in that it consists of two patches, the surfaces of which are electrically conductive, the horns being formed in the thickness of the first plate, the openings of the horns opening onto the first face of this plate and the mouths on the second face, the guide supply network being formed by grooves made on the first face of the second plate, these grooves constituting three of the four faces of the guides and the application of the second face of the first plate on the first face of the second plate forming the fourth face of the guides and the connections with the horns.
- this antenna is characterized in that it consists of two plates, the surfaces of which are electrically conductive, the horns being formed in the thickness of the first plate, the openings of the horns opening onto the first face of this plate and the mouths on the second face, the guide supply network being formed by hollow grooves made on this second face and constituting three of the four faces of the guides, the second plate having a first planar face, and the application of the second face of the first plate on the first face of the second plate forming the fourth face of the guides and the connections with the horns.
- the antenna produced according to the present invention offers numerous advantages. First of all, it has losses as low as possible because it is entirely supplied by waveguides excluding any dielectric other than air.
- the antenna can be produced using only two plates, metallic or even only metallized, by a very simple manufacturing process.
- the antenna thus produced has excellent mechanical qualities. It is particularly solid, resistant to weathering and aging.
- this antenna has great technical qualities. It can operate in the microwave domain, for example 12 GHz and over a very wide frequency band. Its directivity and gain performance can even be adapted to the application of reception of television programs relayed by satellites by appropriately calculating the dimensions of the horns and guides.
- This antenna fulfills one of the essential conditions required for this application: it does not have any secondary lobes of the network.
- the radiating element of a unitary antenna module consists of a horn 1 whose opening has a square section on side A.
- the opening of the horn is placed parallel to a reference plane P defined by the direction of propagation of the electric field E and magnetic field H in the environment outside the antenna, and the sides of the square opening of the horn are placed either parallel to the electric field E , either parallel to the magnetic field H of the environment outside the antenna.
- the mouth 4 of the horn 1 is connected to the wave guide 3 by an elbow 2.
- the wave guide 3 and the internal mouth 4 have a rectangular section with sides a and b such that a> b,
- the electric field E propagates parallel to side b. and the magnetic field H propagates parallel to side a.
- the waveguide 3 is placed so that the dimension b of its section is parallel to the reference plane P and the dimension a perpendicular. Under these conditions, the electric field propagates in the guide 3 parallel to the reference plane P, and the magnetic field H propagates perpendicular to the reference plane P.
- the guide 3 is said to be "plane E”.
- the angle of the elbow 2 connecting the mouth 4 to the guide 3 is therefore in a plane parallel to a plane Q, the plane Q being defined as perpendicular to the plane P and parallel to one of the sides of the openings of the horns .
- this plane is parallel to the vector
- the bend 2 can be said to be "plane bend H".
- the plane Q is defined, in operation, by the magnetic field and the perpendicular oz to the plane P, as shown in FIG. 4.
- the antenna module according to the invention consists of four horns, the openings of which form a pattern repeated by simple translation, along two axes parallel to the sides, with the same pitch, in a plane parallel to the reference plane P, as it is shown in Figure 2a, in perspective, seen from above.
- This module is therefore square in shape in this plane.
- planar supply network is therefore called "plan”.
- this network is of the so-called "tree" type.
- the horns are fed by two symmetrically with respect to a plane parallel to the plane Q, to form two groups of two identical radiating elements. Then the two groups thus formed are supplied symmetrically, with respect to a plane parallel to a plane Q ', this plane Q' being defined as perpendicular both to the reference plane P and to the plane Q as shown in FIG. 4
- the plane Q ' is defined by the electric field a and the perpendicular oz to the plane P.
- the supply symmetry of two horns can be obtained by a planar network such as elbows 5 whose angle is located in the plane of the network connect the individual feed guides 3 of these horns to a power divider 6 in the shape of a T in the same plane.
- the plane of symmetry of the system formed by the two horns, the two elbows 2, the two individual guides 3, the two elbows 5 and, the upper bar of the power divider 6, is a plane parallel to Q, the trace of which is the I "in Figure 3.
- the supply symmetry of the two groups of two horns thus formed is obtained by connecting the waveguides 8 from the power dividers 6 by a T-shaped power divider 7 located in the plane of the network.
- the upper bar of this power divider 7, of output 9, and the guide sections 8 admit as plane of symmetry a plane parallel to Q 'whose trace is J'J "in FIG. 3.
- the length of the feeding path is exactly the same and the horns are fed perfectly in phase.
- the waveguide sections 8, the upper bar of the T forming the power divider 7, and the waveguide section 9 output from this divider, are provided curved, as shown in FIGS. 2b and 3 , so that the electric field vector E. remains perpendicular to the walls of the guides during the propagation of the TE o mode,.
- a microwave antenna can be formed from a multiple of four of such unit modules supplied to each other by a planar arborized network of the same type as the network distributed inside each module and in the same plane as the latter. In this way the antenna can include the number of radiating elements necessary to obtain the desired gain for the antenna and all the radiating elements of the antenna are however supplied in phase.
- the waveguide supply network is designed in a plane parallel to the plane of the cone openings, it is possible to make the entire antenna in the form of a planar antenna using only two plates . These plates can be metallic and machined, or even molded plastic whose surfaces are metallized.
- the antenna consists of two plates 100 and 110, the main faces 101 and 102 for the plate 100, and the main faces 103 and 104 for the plate 110 are parallel to the reference plane.
- the plate 100 comprises a multiple number of four of unit modules of four horns placed in an adjacent manner, so that all the horns are deduced from each other by a translation of the same pitch in the two directions parallel to the sides of the square openings .
- the horns are shaped in the thickness of the plate 100 so that the openings are flush with the face 101 and so that the mouths 4 are flush with the face 102, the thickness of the plate 100 being provided equal to the height h of the cones (see Figures 5a and 5b).
- the plate 110 comprises the elbows 2 and the planar feed network of the antenna formed by grooves made in the hollow on the face 103 of this plate.
- the grooves have a width b and a depth a and constitute three of the faces of the network waveguides.
- the application of the face 103 of the plate 110 on the face 102 of the plate 100 forms the fourth face of the rectangular section waveguides of the supply network and connects the horns to the network thus formed.
- the plate 110 must have a thickness slightly greater than the magnitude a, which gives for the total thickness of the planar antenna thus formed a value slightly greater than the magnitude of a + h.
- the antenna consists of two plates 200 and 210, the main faces 201 and 202 for the plate 200, and the main faces 203 and 204 for the plate 210 are parallel to the reference plane P.
- the plate 200 comprises the unit modules placed adjacent to each other, as in the embodiment described above.
- the horns are shaped in the thickness of the plate 200 so that the openings are flush with the face 201 and so that the mouths are in the thickness of the material forming the plate 200.
- the latter is provided with a thickness equal to the height h of the horns increased by the value of the dimension has guides.
- the antenna feed network is formed on the face 202 of the plate 200 in the form of hollow grooves of width b and depth a, and of elbows 2 making it possible to connect the mouths of the horns to the grooves.
- the plate 210 is a simple blade with parallel faces. The application of the face 203 of the plate 210 on the face 202 of the plate 200 forms the fourth face of the waveguides of the supply network.
- the antenna used according to one of the embodiments described above is therefore particularly simple and inexpensive to manufacture. It can be made in large series. It has great mechanical strength and does not require adjustment during assembly.
- the plates can also be held opposite one another by screws.
- this antenna does not include a dielectric, the losses are as low as possible, and on the other hand it is extremely resistant to aging.
- this antenna is of low volume and low weight. It is therefore particularly easy to set up and its support is then inexpensive.
- Such an antenna is therefore extremely well suited to general public use for the reception of television broadcasts transmitted by satellites. Indeed in such a reception system the antenna is an important element for two reasons: firstly the quality of reception depends directly on the characteristics of the antenna and secondly, the cost of the antenna and its support as well as the cost of installation and pointing to the satellite largely define the final cost of the reception system.
- the antenna according to the invention can also have technical characteristics suitable for the reception of television broadcasts relayed by artificial satellite.
- an antenna intended for the reception of television programs relayed by satellite must be able to receive a circular polarization, right or left according to the transmitting satellite.
- the wave is circularly polarized if the end of the electric field vector T describes a circle in the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
- the polarization is right circular when É rotates clockwise for an observer looking in the direction of propagation.
- the polarization is left circular in the other case.
- a circularly polarized wave can be broken down into two linearly polarized waves, perpendicular to each other and phase shifted by ⁇ ⁇ / 2.
- the antenna intended for the envisaged application can therefore be produced according to the following principle: the two perpendicular components, due to the emission by the satellite of a circularly polarized wave, are picked up and then composed with the appropriate phase shift ( ⁇ ⁇ / 2 depending on whether we are dealing with a circular polarization doirte or left).
- This principle supposes the use in front of the antenna of a depolarizing radome.
- This radome is designed in such a way that it delays one of the components of the circularly polarized wave, thus causing the necessary phase shift.
- the two linear polarization waves are thus in phase and their vector composition gives a linearly polarized wave which can be received by an antenna with a single linear polarization such as the antenna according to the present invention.
- the depolarizing radome is not described here as. not strictly speaking part of the invention.
- the supply network of the unitary antenna module allows propagation of the TE 01 mode. So that this mode can propagate it is necessary that the large dimension has waveguides which is perpendicular to the electric field É checks the relation (1): where ⁇ c is the cut-off wavelength of the guide. Indeed if the dimension a is too small then the guided wavelength varies too much as a function of the frequency. And conversely if the dimension a is too large, then the guide propagates several modes at the same time.
- the network factor Fest is a function of the angle ⁇ of radiation, the latter being defined as shown in FIG. 10, by the angle between the normal oz to the plane xoy containing the plane P of the antenna, and the OM direction of radiation.
- the network factor F r checks the relation (3) in which n is the number of radiating elements forming the antenna and where d is the distance between radiating elements and ⁇ the length of the propagated wave.
- the function F r must have only one maximum corresponding to the main lobe, that is to say that the term Sinu takes the value 0 only one time. This condition is fulfilled if: ⁇ / d> 1, i.e. if:
- FIGS. 5a and 5b respectively represent a section of a radiating element parallel to the plane Q therefore to the "plane H", and parallel to the plane Q 'therefore to the "plane E".
- the gain G e of such a radiating element can be calculated using the relationships given in the work published by Nha-BUI-NA in MAS-SON editions, entitled "Microwave antennas".
- the coupling between element can be considered negligible.
- Adaptations may be provided at the elbows or power dividers to improve these results.
- this antenna responds perfectly to. CCIR standards.
- the radiation diagram obtained perfectly meets the conditions of FIG. 9, both for the envelope C and for the envelope C 2 of the cross-polarization diagram.
- the antenna must have a gain of at least 34 dB.
Abstract
Module unitaire d'antenne hyperfréquences pour la réception ou l'émission d'une onde polarisée rectilignement, comportant des éléments rayonnants en forme de cornets et un réseau d'alimentation en guides d'onde caractérisé en ce que les cornets sont au nombre de quatre et que leurs ouvertures carrées forment dans un plan parallèle à un plan de référence P un réseau bidimensionnel, en ce que le réseau d'alimentation est du type "planaire" étant distribué dans un seul plan parallèle à P, et du type "arborisé" du fait que tous les cornets sont alimentés en phase par des diviseurs de puissance en forme de T, et en ce que la section des guides d'onde étant de dimensions a et b définies par a > b et a = λ<sub>c</sub>/2, la dimension b est placée parallèlement à P dans le réseau d'alimenation en sorte que ce dernier est apte à propager le mode TE<sub>01</sub> selon lequel le vecteur champ électrique E se propage parallèlement au plan de ce réseau, lés branches des diviseurs de puissance étant rectilignes ou courbes pour permettre la propagation du vecteur champ électrique E perpendiculairement à leurs parois perpéndiculaires au plan P.Unit microwave antenna module for receiving or transmitting a rectilinearly polarized wave, comprising radiating elements in the form of horns and a waveguide supply network characterized in that the horns are four in number and that their square openings form in a plane parallel to a reference plane P a two-dimensional network, in that the supply network is of the "planar" type being distributed in a single plane parallel to P, and of the "arborized" type due to the fact that all the horns are supplied in phase by T-shaped power dividers, and in that the section of the waveguides being of dimensions a and b defined by a> b and a = λ <sub> c </sub> / 2, the dimension b is placed parallel to P in the power supply network so that the latter is able to propagate the TE <sub> 01 </sub> mode according to which the electric field vector E propagates parallel to the plane of this network, the branches of the power dividers being rectilinear or curved to allow the propagation of the electric field vector E perpendicular to their walls perpendicular to the plane P.
Description
L'invention concerne un module unitaire d'antenne hyperfréquences pour la réception ou l'émission d'une onde polarisée rectilignement, comportant des éléments rayonnants en forme de cornets et un réseau d'alimentation composé de guides d'onde de section rectangulaire connectés d'une part aux cornets et d'autre part entre eux de telle manière que pour chaque cornet la longueur totale du trajet d'alimentation est là même.The invention relates to a unitary microwave antenna module for receiving or transmitting a rectilinearly polarized wave, comprising radiating elements in the form of horns and a supply network composed of waveguides of rectangular section connected to on the one hand to the horns and on the other hand between them so that for each horn the total length of the feeding path is there.
L'invention concerne également une antenne hyperfréquences comprenant de tels modules unitaires.The invention also relates to a microwave antenna comprising such unit modules.
L'invention trouve son application, par éxemple, dans la réalisation d'antennes planes pour la réception d'émissions de télévision retransmises par satellites artificiels.The invention finds its application, for example, in the production of flat antennas for the reception of television broadcasts retransmitted by artificial satellites.
Une antenne comportant des éléments rayonnants en forme de cornets alimentés par des guides d'onde est connue du brevet DE 2641711. Ce document décrit un module linéaire d'antenne, constitué d'une rangée de cornets usinés dans un bloc en fibre de verre dont les surfaces sont métallisées. Cette rangée de cornets est alimentée d'une part par une ligne principale et d'autre part par des lignes individuelles connectées à la ligne principale. La ligne principale est de section rectangulaire, usinée dans l'aluminium et peut être emplie d'un matériau diélectrique. Elle est réalisée de manière à former dans le plan du champ électrique e un diviseur de puissance étagé permettant d'alimenter à égale puissance les guides d'onde qui assurent la connexion individuelle des cornets avec la ligne principale. Chacun de ces guides d'onde, de section rectangulaire, est formé par une structure stratifiée comprenant un matériau diélectrique interposé entre deux couches de cuivre, les bords de cette structure étant métallisés. La longueur des guides d'alimentation individuelle, ainsi que leur point de connexion à la ligne principale sont choisis de façon que pour chaque cornet, la longueur du trajet d'alimentation composé de la ligne principale et de la ligne d'alimentation individuelle, soit la même. Une telle structure est prévue pour permettre de corriger des différences de phase dans l'alimentation des cornets par le raccourcissement de certaines des lignes d'alimentation individuelle. An antenna comprising radiating elements in the form of horns supplied by waveguides is known from patent DE 2641711. This document describes a linear antenna module, consisting of a row of horns machined from a fiberglass block, the surfaces are metallized. This row of horns is supplied on the one hand by a main line and on the other hand by individual lines connected to the main line. The main line is of rectangular section, machined in aluminum and can be filled with a dielectric material. It is produced so as to form in the plane of the electric field e a stepped power divider making it possible to supply at equal power the waveguides which ensure the individual connection of the horns with the main line. Each of these waveguides, of rectangular section, is formed by a laminated structure comprising a dielectric material interposed between two layers of copper, the edges of this structure being metallized. The length of the individual feed guides, as well as their connection point to the main line, are chosen so that for each horn, the length of the feed path composed of the main line and the individual feed line, is the same. Such a structure is provided to allow phase differences in the feeding of the horns to be corrected by shortening some of the individual feeding lines.
Mais une telle antenne présente de nombreux inconvénients. Tout d'abord, elle présente obligatoirement des pertes très élevées car la propagation des ondes dans un milieu diélectrique tel que celui qui constitue la structure stratifiée des lignes d'alimentation individuelles des cornets est toujours sujette à des pertes élevées même si le diélectrique est de très bonne qualité. L'introduction d'un matériau diélectrique identique dans la ligne principale augmente encore les pertes. A cela s'ajoute le fait que le prix d'un matériau diélectrique de bonne qualité est' toujours très élevé et augmente considérablement le coût de l'antenne.However, such an antenna has many drawbacks. First of all, it necessarily has very high losses because the propagation of the waves in a dielectric medium such as that which constitutes the layered structure of the individual supply lines of the horns is always subject to high losses even if the dielectric is very good quality. The introduction of an identical dielectric material in the main line further increases the losses. Added to this is the fact that the price of a good quality dielectric material is always very high and considerably increases the cost of the antenna.
Ensuite, le module d'antenne décrit dans le document cité est de forme linéaire, à alimentation en série, ce qui fait qu'il est effectivement très difficile d'alimenter les cornets exactement en phase et qu'il est donc indispensable de réaliser un ajustage de la longueur des lignes d'alimentation individuelles pour améliorer ce résultat. Il reste cependant difficile d'alimenter tous les cornets exactement en phase si une large bande de fréquence de fonctionnement est requise. De plus, la solution proposée par le document cité pour résoudre ce problème, conduit à une forme d'antenne complexe, ainsi qu'à un montage et un ajustage trop délicats pour être réalisés par exemple lors d'une fabrication en grande série.Then, the antenna module described in the cited document is of linear form, with series supply, which makes it very difficult to feed the horns exactly in phase and therefore it is essential to carry out a adjustment of the length of the individual supply lines to improve this result. However, it remains difficult to supply all the horns exactly in phase if a wide operating frequency band is required. In addition, the solution proposed by the cited document to solve this problem, leads to a complex antenna shape, as well as assembly and adjustment that are too delicate to be carried out for example during mass production.
C'est pourquoi la présente invention propose un nouveau module d'antenne hyperfréquences qui est dépourvu de ces inconvénients.This is why the present invention proposes a new microwave antenna module which is free from these drawbacks.
Selon la présente invention, ces problèmes sont résolus par un module unitaire d'antenne, tel que décrit dans le préambule, caractérisé en ce que les cornets sont au nombre de quatre, en ce que leurs ouvertures sont carrées et forment dans un plan parallèle à un plan de référence P, un réseau bidimensionnel de forme carrée, obtenu du fait que les ouvertures des cornets se déduisent les unes des autres par des translations de même pas selon des axes parallèles à leurs côtés, caractérisé en ce que le réseau d'alimentation en guide d'onde est du type dit "planaire" du fait qu'il est distribué dans un seul plan parallèle au plan de référence P, et du type dit "arborisé" du fait que les cornets sont alimentés en phase à l'aide de diviseurs de puissance en forme de T dont les branches sont symétriques, et caractérisé en ce que la section des guides d'onde étant de dimensions a et b définies par les relations a > b et a = λc/2 où X, est la longueur d'onde de coupure des guides, la petite dimension b est placée parallèlement au plan de référence P dans le réseau planaire en sorte que ce dernier est apte à propager le modaTEo, selon lequel le vecteur champ électrique E se propage parallèlement au plan de ce réseau d'alimentation et en ce que les branches des diviseurs de puissance sont rectilignes ou courbes de manière telle que la forme de ces branchés de guides d'onde permettent la propagation du vecteur champ électrique 5 perpendiculairement à leurs parois perpendiculaires au plan du réseau.According to the present invention, these problems are solved by a unitary antenna module, as described in the preamble, characterized in that the horns are four in number, in that their openings are square and form in a plane parallel to a reference plane P, a two-dimensional network of square shape, obtained by the fact that the openings of the horns are deduced from each other by translations of the same pitch along axes parallel to their sides, characterized in that the supply network in waveguide is of the so-called "planar" type because it is distributed in a single plane parallel to the reference plane P, and of the so-called "arborized" type of the fact that the horns are supplied in phase using of T-shaped power dividers whose branches are symmetrical, and characterized in that the section of the waveguides being of dimensions a and b defined by the relations a> b and a = λ c / 2 where X, is the cut-off wavelength of the guides, the small di mension b is placed parallel to the reference plane P in the planar network so that the latter is able to propagate the modaTEo, according to which the electric field vector E propagates parallel to the plane of this supply network and in that the branches power dividers are straight or curved such that the shape of these connected waveguides allow the propagation of the
Dans une forme de réalisation, ce module unitaire est caractérisé en ce que chaque embouchure interne de cornet est de section égale à celles des guides d'onde et est reliée individuellement à un guide d'onde du réseau par un coude dont l'angle est dans un plan parallèle à un plan Q, ce plan Q étant défini comme perpendiculaire au plan de référence P et parallèle à l'un des côtés de l'ouverture carrée du cornet ainsi "qu'à la grande dimension a de l'embouchure interne de ce dernier, caractérisé en ce que chaque guide d'alimentation individuelle est linéaire et relié à l'une des branches linéaires symétriques d'un premier diviseur de puissance en forme de T par un coude dont l'angle est situé dans le plan du réseau, la branche principale de ce diviseur de puissance étant incurvée, et caractérisée en ce que chaque groupe de deux cornets ainsi formé est relié à l'une des branches symétriques incurvées d'un second diviseur de puissance en forme de T, dont la branche principale est également incurvée, de sorte que les deux groupes de deux cornets ainsi formés sont alimentés symétriquement par rapport à un plan Q', ce plan étant défini comme perpendiculaire à la fois au plan de référence P et au plan Q et de sorte que la courbure des branches des deux diviseurs de puissance permet la propagation du vecteur champ électrique ¡:: perpendiculairement aux parois perpendiculaires au plan du réseau.In one embodiment, this unitary module is characterized in that each internal mouthpiece of the horn is of section equal to that of the waveguides and is individually connected to a network waveguide by an elbow whose angle is in a plane parallel to a plane Q, this plane Q being defined as perpendicular to the reference plane P and parallel to one of the sides of the square opening of the horn as well as to the large dimension a of the internal mouth of the latter, characterized in that each individual feeding guide is linear and connected to one of the symmetrical linear branches of a first T-shaped power divider by an elbow whose angle is located in the plane of the network, the main branch of this power divider being curved, and characterized in that each group of two horns thus formed is connected to one of the symmetrical curved branches of a second T-shaped power divider, the branch of which main is also t curved, so that the two groups of two horns thus formed are fed symmetrically with respect to a plane Q ', this plane being defined as perpendicular both to the reference plane P and to the plane Q and so that the curvature of the branches of the two power dividers allows the propagation of the electric field vector ¡:: perpendicular to the walls perpendicular to the plane of the network.
La présente invention propose également une antenne hyperfréquences caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend un nombre multiple de quatre de tels modules unitaires alimentés entre eux par un réseau planaire arborisé du même type que le réseau distribué à l'intérieur de chaque module et dans le même plan que ce dernier, en sorte que tous les cornets de l'antenne sont alimentés en phase.The present invention also proposes a microwave antenna characterized in that it comprises a multiple number of four of such unit modules supplied to each other by a planar arborized network of the same type as the network distributed inside each module and in the same plan that the latter, so that all the horns of the antenna are supplied in phase.
Selon une forme de réalisation, cette antenne est caractérisée en ce qu'elle est constituée de deux pfaques, dont les surfaces sont électriquement conductrices, les cornets étant formés dans l'épaisseur de la première plaque, les ouvertures des cornets débouchant sur la première face de cette plaque et les embouchures sur la seconde face, le réseau d'alimentation en guides étant formé par des rainures pratiquées sur la première face de la seconde plaque, ces rainures constituant trois des quatre faces des guides et l'application de la seconde face de la première plaque sur là première face de la seconde plaque formant la quatrième face des guides et les raccordements avec les cornets.According to one embodiment, this antenna is characterized in that it consists of two patches, the surfaces of which are electrically conductive, the horns being formed in the thickness of the first plate, the openings of the horns opening onto the first face of this plate and the mouths on the second face, the guide supply network being formed by grooves made on the first face of the second plate, these grooves constituting three of the four faces of the guides and the application of the second face of the first plate on the first face of the second plate forming the fourth face of the guides and the connections with the horns.
Selon une autre forme de réalisation, cette antenne est caractérisée en ce qu'elle est constituée de deux plaques, dont les surfaces sont électriquement conductrices, les cornets étant formés dans l'épaisseur de la première plaque, les ouvertures des cornets débouchant sur la première face de cette plaque et les embouchures sur la seconde face, le réseau d'alimentation en guides étant formé par des rainures en creux pratiqueés sur cette seconde face et constituant trois des quatre faces des guides, la seconde plaque présentant une première face plane, et l'application de la seconde face de la première plaque sur la première face de la seconde plaque formant la quatrième face des guides et les raccordements avec les cornets.According to another embodiment, this antenna is characterized in that it consists of two plates, the surfaces of which are electrically conductive, the horns being formed in the thickness of the first plate, the openings of the horns opening onto the first face of this plate and the mouths on the second face, the guide supply network being formed by hollow grooves made on this second face and constituting three of the four faces of the guides, the second plate having a first planar face, and the application of the second face of the first plate on the first face of the second plate forming the fourth face of the guides and the connections with the horns.
L'antenne réalisée selon la présente invention offre de nombreux avantages. Tout d'abord, elle présente des pertes aussi faibles que possible du fait qu'elle est entièrement alimentée par des guides d'onde excluant tout diélectrique autre que l'air.The antenna produced according to the present invention offers numerous advantages. First of all, it has losses as low as possible because it is entirely supplied by waveguides excluding any dielectric other than air.
Ensuite de par la forme arborisée du réseau d'alimentation, tous les cornets sont alimentés en phase, et ceci sur une large bande de fréquences, sans qu'il soit besoin de prévoir des ajustages.Then, due to the tree-shaped form of the supply network, all the horns are supplied in phase, and this over a wide frequency band, without the need to make any adjustments.
En outre de par la forme planaire du réseau d'alimentation, l'antenne peut être réalisée à l'aide de deux seules plaques, métalliques ou bien seulement métallisées, par un procédé de fabrication très simple.In addition, due to the planar shape of the feed network, the antenna can be produced using only two plates, metallic or even only metallized, by a very simple manufacturing process.
De plus, l'antenne ainsi réalisée présente d'excellentes qualités mécaniques. Elle est particulièrement solide, résistante aux intempéries et au vieillissement.In addition, the antenna thus produced has excellent mechanical qualities. It is particularly solid, resistant to weathering and aging.
Enfin cette antenne présente de grandes qualités techniques. Elle peut fonctionner dans le domaine des hyperfréquences, par exemple 12 GHz et sur une très large bande de fréquences. Sa directivité et ses performances en gain peuvent même être adaptées à l'application de la réception d'émissions de télévision relayées par satellites en calculant de façon appropriée les dimensions des cornets et des guides.Finally, this antenna has great technical qualities. It can operate in the microwave domain, for example 12 GHz and over a very wide frequency band. Its directivity and gain performance can even be adapted to the application of reception of television programs relayed by satellites by appropriately calculating the dimensions of the horns and guides.
Cette antenne remplit en effet une des conditions essentielles exigées pour cette application : elle ne présente pas de lobes secondaires de réseau.This antenna fulfills one of the essential conditions required for this application: it does not have any secondary lobes of the network.
L'invention sera mieux comprise à l'aide de la description suivante, illustrée par les figures annexées dont :
- -la figure 1 qui montre en perspective un élément rayonnant d'un module unitaire selon l'invention ;
- -la figure 2a qui montre en perspective un module unitaire selon l'invention
- - la figure 2b qui montre en perspective le réseau d'alimentation de ce module ;
- -la figure 3 qui représente, en coupe parallèle au plan de référence P, le réseau d'alimentation de ce module ;
- -la figure 4 qui représente les positions respectives du plan de référence P et des plans de symétrie Q et Q' du réseau d'alimentation ;
- -les figures 5a et 5b qui représentent en coupe respectivement parallèlement au plan Q' et parallèlement au plan Q, un élément rayonnant du module unitaire ;
- -les figures 6a et 6b qui représentent des portions des deux plaques constituant une antenne selon l'invention, dans une mise en oeuvre ;
- -la figure 7 qui représente un élément rayonnant de l'antenne dans une autre mise en oeuvre ;
- -la figure 8 qui représente les coordonnées angulaires d'un point M de l'espace par rapport au plan de référence P ;
- -la figure 9 qui représente l'enveloppe C, du diagramme de rayonnement de l'antenne imposée par les normes CCIR dans l'application de l'antenne à la réception d'émissions de télévision relayées par satellites et l'enveloppe C2 du diagramme de polarisation croisée.
- FIG. 1 which shows in perspective a radiating element of a unit module according to the invention;
- FIG. 2a which shows in perspective a unit module according to the invention
- - Figure 2b which shows in perspective the supply network of this module;
- FIG. 3 which represents, in section parallel to the reference plane P, the supply network of this module;
- FIG. 4 which represents the respective positions of the reference plane P and the planes of symmetry Q and Q ′ of the supply network;
- FIGS. 5a and 5b which show in section respectively parallel to the plane Q 'and parallel to the plane Q, a radiating element of the unitary module;
- FIGS. 6a and 6b which represent portions of the two plates constituting an antenna according to the invention, in one implementation;
- FIG. 7 which represents a radiating element of the antenna in another implementation;
- FIG. 8 which represents the angular coordinates of a point M of the space with respect to the reference plane P;
- FIG. 9 which represents the envelope C, of the radiation pattern of the antenna imposed by the CCIR standards in the application of the antenna to the reception of television programs relayed by satellites and the envelope C 2 of the cross polarization diagram.
Tel que représenté en perspective sur la figure 1, l'élément rayonnant d'un module unitaire d'antenne selon l'invention est constitué d'un cornet 1 dont l'ouverture présente une section carrée de côté A. Lors du fonctionnement de l'antenne, pour permettre la réception ou l'émission d'une onde polarisée linéairement, l'ouverture du cornet est placée parallèlement à un plan de référence P défini par la direction de propagation du champ électrique
L'embouchure 4 du cornet 1 est raccordée au guide d'onde 3 par un coude 2. Le guide d'onde 3 et l'embouchure interne 4 présentent une section rectangulaire de côtés a et b tels que a > b,The mouth 4 of the
si a = λc/2 où λc est la fréquence de coupure du guide d'onde, le guide d'onde propage le mode TEQ,. Le champ électrique E se propage pa- rallèment au côté b. et le champ magnétique H se propage parallèlement au côté a.if a = λ c / 2 where λ c is the cutoff frequency of the waveguide, the waveguide propagates TEQ mode ,. The electric field E propagates parallel to side b. and the magnetic field H propagates parallel to side a.
Le guide d'onde 3 est placé de telle sorte que la dimension b de sa section est parallèle au plan de référence P et la dimension a perpendiculaire. Dans ces conditions, le champ électrique à se propage dans le guide 3 parallèlement au plan de référence P, et le champ magnétique H se propage perpendiculairement au plan de référence P. Le guide 3 est dit "plan E ".The
L'angle du coude 2 de raccordement de l'embouchure 4 au guide 3 se trouve donc dans un plan parallèle à un plan Q, le plan Q étant défini comme perpendiculaire au plan P et parallèle à l'un des côtés des ouvertures des cornets. En fonctionnement selon le mode TEo, dans le coude 2, ce plan est parallèle au vecteur Le coude 2 peut être dit "coude plan H ". Dans le milieu extérieur à l'antenne, le plan Q est défini, en fonctionnement, par le champ magnétique et la perpendiculaire oz au plan P, comme il est montré sur la figure 4.The angle of the
Le module d'antenne selon l'invention est constitué de quatre cornets dont les ouvertures forment un motif répété par simple translation, selon deux axes parallèles aux côtés, avec le même pas, dans un plan parallèle au plan de référence P, comme il est montré sur la figure 2a, en perspective, vu du dessus. Ce module est donc de forme carrée dans ce plan.The antenna module according to the invention consists of four horns, the openings of which form a pattern repeated by simple translation, along two axes parallel to the sides, with the same pitch, in a plane parallel to the reference plane P, as it is shown in Figure 2a, in perspective, seen from above. This module is therefore square in shape in this plane.
Le réseau d'alimentation de ces quatre cornets est montré en perspective sur la figure 2b. Ce réseau est dit "planaire" du fait qu'il est distribué dans un seul plan parallèle au plan de référence P. Tous les guides d'onde raccordant les guides 3 d'alimentation individuelle des cornets entre eux, sont du même type que les guides 3, c'est-à-dire "plan ".The supply network of these four horns is shown in perspective in Figure 2b. This network is said to be "planar" because it is distributed in a single plane parallel to the reference plane P. All the waveguides connecting the
Le réseau d'alimentation planaire est donc dit "plan ".The planar supply network is therefore called "plan".
De plus, pour permettre l'alimentation des quatre cornets en phase, ce réseau est du type dit "arborisé". En effet, les cornets sont alimentés par deux de façon symétrique par rapport à un plan parallèle au plan Q, pour former deux groupes de deux éléments rayonnants identiques. Puis les deux groupes ainsi formés sont alimentés de façon symétrique, par rapport à un plan parallèle à un plan Q', ce plan Q' étant défini comme perpendiculaire à la fois au plan de référence P et au plan Q comme il est montré figure 4. Dans le milieu extérieur à l'antenne en fonctionnement, le plan Q' est défini par le champ électrique a et la perpendiculaire oz au plan P.In addition, to allow the supply of the four cones in phase, this network is of the so-called "tree" type. Indeed, the horns are fed by two symmetrically with respect to a plane parallel to the plane Q, to form two groups of two identical radiating elements. Then the two groups thus formed are supplied symmetrically, with respect to a plane parallel to a plane Q ', this plane Q' being defined as perpendicular both to the reference plane P and to the plane Q as shown in FIG. 4 In the environment outside the antenna in operation, the plane Q 'is defined by the electric field a and the perpendicular oz to the plane P.
Comme il est montré figure 2b en perspective et figure 3 en coupe parallèlement au plan P, la symétrie d'alimentation de deux cornets peut être obtenue par un réseau planaire tel que des coudes 5 dont l'angle est situé dans le plan du réseau raccordent les guides d'alimentation individuelle 3 de ces cornets à un diviseur de puissance 6 en forme de T dans le même plan. Le plan de symétrie du système formé par les deux cornets, les deux coudes 2, les deux guides individuels 3, les deux coudes 5 et,la barre supérieure du diviseur de puissance 6, est un plan parallèle à Q dont la trace st l'I" sur la figure 3.As shown in Figure 2b in perspective and Figure 3 in section parallel to the plane P, the supply symmetry of two horns can be obtained by a planar network such as
La symétrie d'alimentation des deux groupes de deux cornets ainsi formés est obtenu en raccordant les guides d'onde 8 issus des diviseurs de puissance 6 par un diviseur de puissance 7 en forme de T situé dans le plan du réseau. La barre supérieur de ce diviseur de puissance 7, de sortie 9, et les tronçons de guide 8 admettent comme plan de symétrie un plan parallèle à Q' dont la trace est J'J" sur la figure 3.The supply symmetry of the two groups of two horns thus formed is obtained by connecting the
Ainsi pour chaque cornet, la longueur du trajet d'alimentation est exactement la même et les cornets sont alimentés parfaitement en phase.Thus for each horn, the length of the feeding path is exactly the same and the horns are fed perfectly in phase.
Les tronçons de guide d'onde 8, la barre supérieure du T formant le diviseur de puissance 7, et le tronçon de guide d'onde 9 de sortie de ce diviseur, sont prévus courbes, comme il est montré sur les figures 2b et 3, afin que le vecteur champ électrique E. reste perpendiculaire aux parois des guides lors de la propagation du mode TEo,.The
Une antenne hyperfréquences peut être formée à partir d'un nombre multiple de quatre de tels modules unitaires alimentés entre eux par un réseau planaire arborisé du même type que le réseau distribué à l'intérieur de chaque module et dans le même plan que ce dernier. De la sorte l'antenne peut comporter le nombre d'éléments rayonnants nécessaires à l'obtention du gain souhaité pour l'antenne et tous les éléments rayonnants de l'antenne sont cependant alimentés en phase.A microwave antenna can be formed from a multiple of four of such unit modules supplied to each other by a planar arborized network of the same type as the network distributed inside each module and in the same plane as the latter. In this way the antenna can include the number of radiating elements necessary to obtain the desired gain for the antenna and all the radiating elements of the antenna are however supplied in phase.
Du fait que le réseau d'alimentation en guide d'onde est conçu dans un plan parallèle au plan des ouvertures des cornets, il est possible de réaliser l'antenne entière sous forme d'une antenne plane à l'aide de seulement deux plaques. Ces plaques peuvent être métalliques et usinées, ou encore en plastique moulé dont les surfaces sont métallisées.Because the waveguide supply network is designed in a plane parallel to the plane of the cone openings, it is possible to make the entire antenna in the form of a planar antenna using only two plates . These plates can be metallic and machined, or even molded plastic whose surfaces are metallized.
Selon une première forme de réalisation illustrée par les figures 6a et 6b, l'antenne est constituée de deux plaques 100 et 110 dont les faces principales 101 et 102 pour la plaque 100, et les faces principales 103 et 104 pour la plaque 110 sont parallèles au plan de référence. La plaque 100 comprend un nombre multiple de quatre de modules unitaires de quatre cornets placés de façon adjacente, de manière à ce que tous les cornets se déduisent les uns des autres par une translation de même pas suivant les deux directions parallèles aux côtés des ouvertures carrées. Les cornets sont façonnés dans l'épaisseur de la plaque 100 de manière à ce que les ouvertures affleurent la face 101 et à ce que les embouchures 4 affleurent la face 102, l'épaisseur de la plaque 100 étant prévue égale de la hauteur h des cornets (voir figures 5a et 5b). La plaque 110 comprend les coudes 2 et le réseau d'alimentation planaire de l'antenne constitué par des rainures pratiquées en creux sur la face 103 de cette plaque. Les rainures ont pour largeur b et pour profondeur a et constituent trois des faces des guides d'onde du réseau. L'application de la face 103 de la plaque 110 sur la face 102 de la plaque 100 forme la quatrième face des guides d'onde à section rectangulaire du réseau d'alimentation et raccorde les cornets sur le réseau ainsi formé. On notera que la plaque 110 doit présenter une épaisseur légèrement supérieure à la grandeur a, ce qui donne pour l'épaisseur totale de l'antenne plane ainsi constituée une valeur légèrement supérieure à la grandeur de a + h.According to a first embodiment illustrated in Figures 6a and 6b, the antenna consists of two
Selon une seconde forme de réalisation, illustrée par la figure 7, l'antenne est constituée de deux plaques 200 et 210 dont les faces principales 201 et 202 pour la plaque 200, et les faces principales 203 et 204 pour la plaque 210 sont parallèles au plan de référence P. La plaque 200 comprend les modules unitaires placés de façon adjacente, comme dans la forme de réalisation précédemment décrite. Les cornets sont façonnés dans l'épaisseur de la plaque 200 de manière à ce que les ouvertures affleurent la face 201 et à ce que les embouchures se trouvent dans l'épaisseur du matériau formant la plaque 200. Cette dernière est prévue d'une épaisseur égale à la hauteur h des cornets augmentée de la valeur de la dimension a des guides. Le réseau d'alimentation d'antenne est pratiqué sur la face 202 de la plaque 200 sous forme de rainures en creux de largeur b et de profondeur a, et de coudes 2 permettant de relier les embouchures des cornets aux rainures. La plaque 210 est une simple lame à faces parallèles. L'application de la face 203 de la plaque 210 sur la face 202 de la plaque 200 forme la quatrième face des guides d'onde du réseau d'alimentation.According to a second embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 7, the antenna consists of two
L'antenne mise en oeuvre selon l'une des formes de réalisation décrites précédemment est donc d'une fabrication particulièrement simple et peu coûteuse. Elle peut être faite en grande série. Elle est d'une grande solidité mécanique et ne nécessite pas d'ajustage lors du montage. Pour faciliter encore la mise en place des plaques 100 et 110, ou 200 et 210 l'une sur l'autre, il peut être prévu sur ces plaques des picots de positionnement ou tout autre système de repérage et de fixation bien connus de l'homme de l'art. Par exemple les plaques peuvent aussi être maintenues l'une en face de l'autre par des vis.The antenna used according to one of the embodiments described above is therefore particularly simple and inexpensive to manufacture. It can be made in large series. It has great mechanical strength and does not require adjustment during assembly. To further facilitate the positioning of the
Comme cette antenne n'inclut pas de diélectrique, les pertes y sont aussi faibles que possible, et d'autre part elle est extrêmement résistante au vieillissement.As this antenna does not include a dielectric, the losses are as low as possible, and on the other hand it is extremely resistant to aging.
De plus cette antenne est d'un faible volume et d'un faible poids. Elle est donc particulièrement facile à mettre en place et son support est alors peu onéreux.In addition, this antenna is of low volume and low weight. It is therefore particularly easy to set up and its support is then inexpensive.
Une telle antenne est par conséquent extrêmement bien adaptée à l'utilisation grand public pour la réception d'émissions de télévision retransmises par satellites. En effet dans un tel système de réception l'antenne est un élément important à double titre : en premier lieu la qualité de la réception dépend directement des caractéristiques de l'antenne et en second lieu, le coût de l'antenne et de son support ainsi que le coût d'installation et de pointage vers le satellite définissent en grande partie le coût final du système de réception.Such an antenna is therefore extremely well suited to general public use for the reception of television broadcasts transmitted by satellites. Indeed in such a reception system the antenna is an important element for two reasons: firstly the quality of reception depends directly on the characteristics of the antenna and secondly, the cost of the antenna and its support as well as the cost of installation and pointing to the satellite largely define the final cost of the reception system.
L'exemple suivant est donné pour montrer que l'antenne selon l'invention peut en outre présenter des caractéristiques techniques appropriées à la réception des émissions de télévision relayées par satellite artificiel.The following example is given to show that the antenna according to the invention can also have technical characteristics suitable for the reception of television broadcasts relayed by artificial satellite.
On rappelle qu'une antenne destinée à la réception d'émissions de télévision relayée par satellite doit pouvoir recevoir une polarisation circulaire, droite ou gauche selon le satellite émetteur.It is recalled that an antenna intended for the reception of television programs relayed by satellite must be able to receive a circular polarization, right or left according to the transmitting satellite.
On sait que la polarisation d'une onde électromagnétique est définie par la direction du champ électrique E dans l'espace. Si en un point de l'espace, le vecteur champ électrique e reste parallèle à une droite, nécessairement perpendiculaire à la direction de propagation de l'onde, cette onde est polarisée rectilignement.We know that the polarization of an electromagnetic wave is defined by the direction of the electric field E in space. If at a point in space, the electric field vector e remains parallel to a straight line, necessarily perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave, this wave is polarized rectilinearly.
Par contre, l'onde est polarisée circulairement si l'extrémité du vecteur champ électrique T décrit un cercle dans le plan perpendiculaire à la direction de propagation. La polarisation est circulaire droite lorsque É tourne dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre pour un observateur regardant dans la direction de propagation. La polarisation est circulaire gauche dans l'autre cas.On the other hand, the wave is circularly polarized if the end of the electric field vector T describes a circle in the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The polarization is right circular when É rotates clockwise for an observer looking in the direction of propagation. The polarization is left circular in the other case.
Une onde polarisée circulairement peut être décomposée en deux ondes polarisées linéairement, perpendiculaires entre elles et déphasées de ± π/2.A circularly polarized wave can be broken down into two linearly polarized waves, perpendicular to each other and phase shifted by ± π / 2.
L'antenne destinée à l'application envisagée peut donc être réalisée selon le principe suivant : les deux composantes perpendiculaires, dues à l'émission par le satellite d'une onde polarisée circulairement, sont captées puis composées avec le déphasage approprié ( ± π/2 selon que l'on a affaire à une polarisation circulaire doirte ou gauche).The antenna intended for the envisaged application can therefore be produced according to the following principle: the two perpendicular components, due to the emission by the satellite of a circularly polarized wave, are picked up and then composed with the appropriate phase shift (± π / 2 depending on whether we are dealing with a circular polarization doirte or left).
La mise en oeuvre de ce principe suppose l'utilisation devant l'antenne d'un radôme dépolariseur. Ce radôme est conçu de telle sorte qu'il retarde l'une des composantes de l'onde polarisée circulairement provoquant ainsi le déphasage nécessaire. Les deux ondes de polarisation linéaire se trouvent ainsi en phase et leur composition vectorielle donne une onde polarisée linéairement pouvant être reçue par une antenne à une seule polarisation linéaire telle que l'antenne selon la présente invention. Le radôme dépolarisant n'est pas décrit ici comme. ne faisant pas à proprement parler partie de l'invention.The implementation of this principle supposes the use in front of the antenna of a depolarizing radome. This radome is designed in such a way that it delays one of the components of the circularly polarized wave, thus causing the necessary phase shift. The two linear polarization waves are thus in phase and their vector composition gives a linearly polarized wave which can be received by an antenna with a single linear polarization such as the antenna according to the present invention. The depolarizing radome is not described here as. not strictly speaking part of the invention.
On rappelle en outre que, pour l'application envisagée, l'antenne doit répondre aux normes formulées par le CCIR (Comité International de Radiocommunication). Ces conditions sont les suivantes
- -la bande de fréquence doit se situer entre 11,7 et 12,5 GHz ;
- -le diagramme de rayonnement de l'antenne doit être enveloppé sous le gabarit représenté par la courbe C, montrée sur la figure 9, selon lequel une atténuation de 3 dB du lobe principal correspond à une ouverture e du faisceau de 2°, exprimée par la relation :
- e -3dB = 2° qui est l'ouverture du faisceau à mi- puissance ; et selon lequel les lobes secondaires sont atténués de 30 dB à 12° ;
- -la polarisation croisée doit être enveloppée sous le gabarit représenté par la courbe C2 sur la figure 9.
- -le rapport entre gain de l'antenne G et la température de bruit T en degré Kelvin doit être : G/T≧6 dB °K-1
- -the frequency band must be between 11.7 and 12.5 GHz;
- -the antenna radiation diagram must be wrapped under the template represented by curve C, shown in Figure 9, according to which a 3 dB attenuation of the main lobe corresponds to a beam opening e of 2 °, expressed by the relationship :
- e -3dB = 2 ° which is the beam opening at half power; and according to which the secondary lobes are attenuated by 30 dB at 12 °;
- -the cross polarization must be wrapped under the template shown by curve C2 in Figure 9.
- -the ratio between gain of antenna G and noise temperature T in degrees Kelvin must be: G / T ≧ 6 dB ° K -1
Tel que représenté .sur la figure 2b, le réseau d'alimentation du module unitaire d'antenne permet la propagation du mode TE01. Pour que ce mode puisse se propager il faut que la grande dimension a des guides d'onde qui est perpendiculaire au champ électrique É vérifie la relation (1):
Pour la bande de fréquence 11,7 -12,5 GHz, il peut être adopté une fréquence de coupure
Le problème qui se pose en outre particulièrement est celui des lobes de réseau. En effet, le gain total de l'antenne 6 est lié au gain d'un élément rayonnant Ge par la relation (2)
Le facteur de réseau Fest une fonction de l'angle θ de rayonnement, ce dernier étant défini comme il est montré sur la figure 10, par l'angle entre la normale oz au plan xoy contenant le plan P de l'antenne, et la direction OM du rayonnement. Le facteur de réseau Fr vérifie la relation (3)
La relation (2) montre que l'on obtient un rayonnement maximal lorsque le fecteur de réseau Fr = 1The relation (2) shows that a maximum radiation is obtained when the
Pour que les lobes de réseau soient totalement évités, il faut que la fonction F r n'ait qu'un seul maximum correspondant au lobe principal, c'est-à-dire que le terme Sinu ne prenne la valeur 0 qu'une seule fois. Cette condition est remplie si : λ/d > 1 c'est-à-dire si :
Cette relation établit que pour que les lobes de réseau soient totalement évités il faut que la distance d entre les éléments rayonnants soit inférieure à la longueur d'onde propagée dans le guide. Dans le cas contraire, des lobes de réseau apparaissent. On choisira par exemple d = 22 mm.This relation establishes that for the lobes of network to be completely avoided it is necessary that the distance d between the radiating elements is lower than the wavelength propagated in the guide. Otherwise, network lobes appear. We will choose for example d = 22 mm.
La dimension b est donnée par (voir figure 3) :
Selon la présente invention cette condition peut être aisément remplie avec les dimensions et caractéristiques des éléments rayonnants et des guides d'onde données dans le tableau I.
Ce tableau est complété par les figures 5a et 5b qui représentent respectivement une coupe d'un élément rayonnant parallèlement au plan Q donc au "plan H", et parallèlement au plan Q' donc au "plan E".This table is completed by FIGS. 5a and 5b which respectively represent a section of a radiating element parallel to the plane Q therefore to the "plane H", and parallel to the plane Q 'therefore to the "plane E".
Le gain Ge d'un tel élément rayonnant peut être calculé à l'aide des relations données dans l'ouvrage publié par Nha-BUI-NA au éditions MAS-SON, intitulé "Antennes microondes".The gain G e of such a radiating element can be calculated using the relationships given in the work published by Nha-BUI-NA in MAS-SON editions, entitled "Microwave antennas".
Ce gain atteint pour les dimensions choisies une valeur de l'ordre de Ge = 9,5 dB.This gain achieved for the chosen dimensions a value of the order of G e = 9.5 dB.
Une antenne réalisée à l'aide de n = 512 éléments rayonnants ou à l'aide N = 128 modules unitaires selon l'invention présente alors, en présumant des pertes de 0,5dB dans les lignes, un gain total G - 36,1 dBAn antenna produced using n = 512 radiating elements or using N = 128 unit modules according to the invention then presents, assuming losses of 0.5dB in the lines, a total gain G - 36.1 dB
Le couplage entre élément peut être considéré comme négligeable. Des adaptations peuvent être prévues au niveau des coudes ou des diviseurs de puissance pour améliorer ces résultats.The coupling between element can be considered negligible. Adaptations may be provided at the elbows or power dividers to improve these results.
Cependant telle quelle, cette antenne répond parfaitement aux. normes CCIR. En particulier le diagramme de rayonnement obtenu répond parfaitement aux conditions de la figure 9, tant pour l'enveloppe C, que pour l'enveloppe C2 du diagramme de polarisation croisée.However as is, this antenna responds perfectly to. CCIR standards. In particular, the radiation diagram obtained perfectly meets the conditions of FIG. 9, both for the envelope C and for the envelope C 2 of the cross-polarization diagram.
En effet, de la valeur imposée pour le rapport entre le gain de l'antenne et la température de bruit, l'antenne doit présenter un gain d'au moins 34 dB.Indeed, from the value imposed for the ratio between the gain of the antenna and the noise temperature, the antenna must have a gain of at least 34 dB.
La valeur atteinte ici de plus de 36 dB est parfaitement convenable et le fait que l'antenne ne présente pas de lobes secondaires de réseau est une de ses caractéristiques les plus intéressantes pour cette application.The value reached here of more than 36 dB is perfectly suitable and the fact that the antenna does not have any secondary network lobes is one of its most interesting characteristics for this application.
Enfin la possibilité de réaliser une telle antenne en deux plaques comme il a été décrit en fait un dispositif parfait pour cette application grand public.Finally, the possibility of making such an antenna in two plates as described has made it a perfect device for this general public application.
Cependant il est évident que d'autres applications peuvent être envisagées pour cette antenne, en calculant les éléments d'une manière appropriée, sans pour autant sortir du cadre de la présente invention tel que défini par les revendications ci-après annexées.However it is obvious that other applications can be envisaged for this antenna, by calculating the elements in an appropriate manner, without thereby departing from the scope of the present invention as defined by the claims below appended.
Claims (7)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR8508398A FR2582864B1 (en) | 1985-06-04 | 1985-06-04 | MICROWAVE UNIT MODULES AND MICROWAVE ANTENNA COMPRISING SUCH MODULES |
FR8508398 | 1985-06-04 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP0205212A1 true EP0205212A1 (en) | 1986-12-17 |
EP0205212B1 EP0205212B1 (en) | 1991-11-27 |
Family
ID=9319847
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP86200958A Expired - Lifetime EP0205212B1 (en) | 1985-06-04 | 1986-06-02 | Modular microwave antenna units and antenna composed of such units |
Country Status (5)
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US (1) | US4743915A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0205212B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS6236905A (en) |
DE (1) | DE3682622D1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2582864B1 (en) |
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- 1986-06-02 DE DE8686200958T patent/DE3682622D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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US2718592A (en) * | 1951-04-28 | 1955-09-20 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Antenna |
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Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1988001444A1 (en) * | 1986-08-13 | 1988-02-25 | Integrated Visual, Inc. | Flat phased array antenna |
WO1989009501A1 (en) * | 1988-03-30 | 1989-10-05 | British Satellite Broadcasting Limited | Flat plate array antenna |
FR2655204A1 (en) * | 1989-11-27 | 1991-05-31 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | WAVEGUIDE SUPPLY NETWORK ANTENNA. |
GB2238914A (en) * | 1989-11-27 | 1991-06-12 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | Waveguide feeding array antenna |
GB2238914B (en) * | 1989-11-27 | 1994-05-04 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | Waveguide feeding array antenna |
WO1991020109A1 (en) * | 1990-06-14 | 1991-12-26 | Collins John Louis Frederick C | Microwave antennas |
GB2260649A (en) * | 1990-06-14 | 1993-04-21 | John Louis Frederick C Collins | Microwave antennas |
GB2260649B (en) * | 1990-06-14 | 1994-11-30 | John Louis Frederick C Collins | Microwave antennas |
US5568160A (en) * | 1990-06-14 | 1996-10-22 | Collins; John L. F. C. | Planar horn array microwave antenna |
WO1997008775A1 (en) * | 1995-08-25 | 1997-03-06 | Nokia Telecommunications Oy | Planar antenna design |
US5926147A (en) * | 1995-08-25 | 1999-07-20 | Nokia Telecommunications Oy | Planar antenna design |
US8558746B2 (en) | 2011-11-16 | 2013-10-15 | Andrew Llc | Flat panel array antenna |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS6236905A (en) | 1987-02-17 |
US4743915A (en) | 1988-05-10 |
FR2582864A1 (en) | 1986-12-05 |
DE3682622D1 (en) | 1992-01-09 |
FR2582864B1 (en) | 1987-07-31 |
EP0205212B1 (en) | 1991-11-27 |
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