WO1991018428A1 - Planar orientable antenna operating in the microwave band - Google Patents

Planar orientable antenna operating in the microwave band Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1991018428A1
WO1991018428A1 PCT/FR1991/000379 FR9100379W WO9118428A1 WO 1991018428 A1 WO1991018428 A1 WO 1991018428A1 FR 9100379 W FR9100379 W FR 9100379W WO 9118428 A1 WO9118428 A1 WO 9118428A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
phase
sheet
antenna
elements
network
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/FR1991/000379
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Jean-Claude Lehureau
Erich Spitz
Original Assignee
Thomson-Csf
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of WO1991018428A1 publication Critical patent/WO1991018428A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/18—Phase-shifters
    • H01P1/184—Strip line phase-shifters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
    • H01Q21/062—Two dimensional planar arrays using dipole aerials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array
    • H01Q3/34—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a microwave reception or emission antenna, improved by means making it possible to orient the beam relative to the plane of the antenna.
  • the displacement of the means used ensures a semi-fixed adjustment of this antenna, in contrast to electronically scanned antennas in which the orientation of the beam is obtained by means of electronic circuits.
  • the orientable antenna according to the invention can be an antenna of the general public type, therefore economical, of a planar model fixed on or incorporated against the wall of a building: the orientation of the beam is necessary to be able to orient the antenna, electrically but not mechanically by its rotation, towards a transmitter or a television satellite for example.
  • the antenna In this case of video reception, the antenna must work in a range close to 10 GHz, and. have low losses, less than 1.5 dB.
  • a microwave antenna must be very high, which requires that large sections of the microwave beam be received or transmitted. This is not possible with axial systems, such as cones or rake antennas Yagi, or "fishbone" in English.
  • a known solution consists in associating with a focusing reflector, for example a parabolic, a low gain device such as a horn.
  • a focusing reflector for example a parabolic
  • a low gain device such as a horn.
  • the orientation of the transmitted or received beam requires either the orientation of the focusing reflector or the displacement of the horn relative to the axis of the reflector.
  • an equiphase planar network elements with low gain that is to say a plurality of dipoles, constituted by a network of metal strips, for example of copper, as shown in FIG. 1 which will be detailed later. It is known to control in phase this type of network by active elements such as magnetic circuits or switching diodes. This is an effective but expensive solution.
  • the invention proposes a less expensive solution allowing semi-fixed adjustment of the orientation of the beam.
  • semi-fixed it should be understood that an antenna oriented in one direction remains thus adjusted as long as there is no need to modify this direction, but that this is possible. For example, set it to a first TV satellite, then later to a second TV satellite.
  • the beam emitted or received by an antenna in an equiphase planar array comprising a network of dipoles in a plane parallel to a ground plane, can be oriented by displacement, in a plane comprised between that of the dipole network. and the ground plane, at least one sheet of dielectric material having inhomogeneity of areas that provide a phase shift of the circuit elements which connect the input of the antenna with dipoles.
  • the invention relates to a plane orientable antenna, operating in microwave, comprising, deposited on an insulating support, a network with a tree structure formed by a plurality of radiating dipoles connected by conductive lines of equal length, this antenna being characterized in that the space located between the array and its ground plane comprises at least one dielectric sheet comprising phase-shifting elements, placed directly above the conductive lines, said phase-shifting elements bringing a phase shift on the strands of lines connecting the antenna input to the dipoles.
  • FIG. 1 planar equiphase array of dipoles of a known microwave antenna s
  • FIG. 2 3/4 section view of an antenna fragment, according to the invention
  • FIG. 3 plan of a dielectric interlayer of a modified antenna according to the invention
  • FIG. 1 represents, seen in plan, a planar equiphase network gathering elements with low gain of a plane microwave antenna, of high total gain. It has symmetry by contribution to its input (or output) symbolized by a transistor 1.
  • a plurality of radiating dipoles 2 are grouped in a network, and interconnected by a circuit of conductive lines of equal length, with a tree structure. This means that a conductive line 3, of length L, is divided into two conductive lines 4, each of length L / 2, which themselves are divided into four conductive lines 5, each of length L / 4 and and so on .
  • each line is interspersed with reactive elements 6 of half-wave length ⁇ / 2 making it possible to tune each node to the characteristic impedance of the line.
  • these lines are orthogonal to each other, and are grouped into two series: the lines that we should call longitudinal, such as 3 and 5, and the lines that we should call transverse , such as 4.
  • this planar equiphase network is in the form of a metallization, of copper for example, deposited on a thin support sheet, such as a film polypropylene or other suitable polymer.
  • a thin support sheet such as a film polypropylene or other suitable polymer.
  • the thin support is stretched at a certain distance from a metallic ground plane in order to use air as a dielectric in the formation of the dipole / dielectric / ground plane microstrip lines.
  • the relationship between the thin support / ground plane spacing and the line width defines the characteristic impedance of the line.
  • the ground plane has a double role: - it ensures the propagation of the signal along the circuit,
  • the ground electrode is advantageously produced in relief either by stamping a metal sheet, or by metallization of a substrate. no plan.
  • the relief of the ground electrode is either in trenches, as shown in Figure 2, or in fraction of cylinders: the important thing is that this relief focuses the emitted wave to reflect it towards the dipole.
  • the invention proposes to introduce into the space existing between the support of the equiphase circuit and the seating plane a sheet of dielectric material, such as qtm shown in Figure 2.
  • qtm shown in Figure 2.
  • a fragment of dielectric material 9 at least one sheet.
  • This sheet 9 has irregularities calculated in its structure, which bring a phase shift on each strand of the circuit connecting the input 1 of the antenna to the dipoles 2.
  • the irregularities of the sheet 9, in modifying the dielectric located between the network and the ground plane provide a phase shift continuous excitation of the dipoles 2 which deflects the axis of the main lobe of the antenna, respectively in a transverse or longitudinal direction.
  • this sheet 9 provides a longitudinal linear phase shift (L), obtained by its transverse displacement (T). It comprises a plurality of phase-shifting elements such as 13 and 14, all of which are aligned on the lines of the circuit that we have agreed to call longitudinal, such as 3 and 5. These elements 13 and 14 are distributed symmetrically on two line branches, starting from the common node. For example, on the two branches 3 and 3 ′ of antenna input, there are four phase-shifting elements 13 between the nodes 10 and 11, and four phase-shifting elements 14 between the nodes 10 and 12. But furthermore, the elements phase shifters 13 and 14 are arranged symmetrically with respect to an axis parallel to the line whose phase they modify: the elements 13 are upside down with respect to the elements 14.
  • the phase shifting elements 13 and 14, molded at the same time as the sheet 9, have a volume whose trace on the sheet 9 is a trapezoid, and whose section perpendicular to this sheet is a corner , or triangle.
  • the trapezium has a short side of length X / 2, a large side of length between X / 2 + 20 and X, and a length (or height of the trapezoid) of the order of ⁇ .
  • the maximum thickness of an element 13 or 14 is of the order of ⁇ / 10.
  • phase shifting elements 13 and 14 are vertically aligned with the longitudinal branches 3-5 of the circuit: by moving the sheet
  • the thickness of dielectric presented by the phase shifting elements varies, increasing for example for an element 13 and decreasing for an element 14, or vice versa: variation in speed of the wave as a function of the thickness of the element imposes this form of trapezoid.
  • the width of an element always remains equal to half a wave, which reduces the stray reflections introduced by the element.
  • the head-to-tail arrangement of the phase shifting elements 13 and 14, relative to a node 10, on the branches 3 and 3 ′, means that a transverse displacement of the sheet 9 results in a phase shift for the branch 3 and a phase shift in the opposite direction for branch 3 '.
  • Figure 3 are shown only phase shifting elements 13 and 14 whose action relates to the longitudinal branches of the circuit.
  • the dielectric sheet (s) 9 and 15 are made of ceramic or of polymer materials having a high dielectric constant and a low absorption, such as polypropylene or p ⁇ lytetrafluoroethylene. They are advantageously molded.
  • phase shifting means exposed so far provide a linear phase shift, by acting on the branches of the circuit between the input 1 of the antenna and the dipoles 2. It is also possible to provide a phase shift by circular polarization of the wave, acting on the dipoles. It is known that a dipole can take the form illustrated in FIG. 5: a metallization 16, preferably square, is excited at two points 17 and 18 located on two adjacent sides of the square, therefore at 90 °. If these two excitation points are 90 ° out of phase, the wave generated is circular.
  • an additional phase shift is generated by the interposition, between the circuit on the sheet 7 and the ground plane 8, of a third phase shifting sheet 21 supporting, for each radiative element at least one quarter-phase phase shifter 19 and a half-wave phase-shifter 20, as shown in FIG. 6.
  • These phase-shifters are, like the elements of the phase shift 13 and 14, formed by irregularities in the thickness of the third phase-shifting sheet 21, which is also formed in ceramic, polypropylene or other dielectric material.
  • the adjustment of the circular polarization is obtained by the relative displacement of the third sheet with respect to the circuit of radiative elements 16, so that the phase shifters 19 and 20 act on the lines which excite at 17 and 18 the dipole 16. In the case where the linear dipoles 2 are replaced by the radiative elements 16, it is then possible to add to the linear polarization a circular polarization.
  • FIG. 7 represents an exploded view of a swiveling antenna fragment, which combines the various improvements described under the invention.
  • the support sheets are spaced therefrom in order to reveal the components of each of them.
  • This orientable antenna comprises at least: a sheet 7 which supports the circuit of dipoles 2 or of radiative elements 16
  • Sheets 9 and 15 can be merged into a single sheet. All these sheets are of course stretched on rigid frames, not shown, which allow among other things to adjust them in position to orient the antenna.
  • the adjustment means are part of the skill of the art: they are either mechanical means for manual adjustment, or electrical means for adjustment subject to the gain of the antenna.
  • the orientable antenna according to the invention finds its application in the field of reception or emission of microwave waves, in particular for telecommunications.

Abstract

The invention relates to a microwave planar antenna whose main lobe is orientable by mechanical means. A microwave antenna is formed by a network of radiating dipoles (2, 16) arranged in a circuit (3, 4, 17, 18) deposited on a substrate (7), and by a ground plane (8). In order to orient said antenna, at least one dielectric sheet (9) is introduced between the network and the ground plane. Said sheet is comprised of diphasing elements (13, 14, 19, 20), moulded in the sheet (9). The displacement of the sheet (9) with respect to the network (2, 16) causes a phase shifting of the dipoles and an orientation of the antenna lobe. Application to microwave telecommunication antennas.

Description

ANTENNE ORIENTABLE PLANE, FONCTIONNANT EN MICRO-ONDES. PLANE ORIENTABLE ANTENNA, OPERATING IN MICROWAVE.
La présente invention concerne une antenne de réception ou d'émission de micro-ondes, perfectionnée par des moyens permettant d'orienter le faisceau par rapport au plan de l'antenne. Le déplacement des moyens mis en oeuvre assure un réglage semi-fixe de cette antenne, par opposition aux antennes à balayage électronique dans lesquelles l'orientation du faisceau est obtenu au moyen de circuits électroniques .The present invention relates to a microwave reception or emission antenna, improved by means making it possible to orient the beam relative to the plane of the antenna. The displacement of the means used ensures a semi-fixed adjustment of this antenna, in contrast to electronically scanned antennas in which the orientation of the beam is obtained by means of electronic circuits.
A titre d'exemple non limitatif, l'antenne orientable selon l'invention peut être une antenne de type grand public, donc économique, d'un modèle plan fixé sur ou incorporé contre le mur d'un bâtiment : l'orientation du faisceau est nécessaire pour pouvoir orienter l'antenne, électriquement mais non pas mécaniquement par sa rotation, vers un émetteur ou un satellite de télévision par exemple. Dans ce cas de réception vidéo, l'antenne doit travailler dans une gamme voisine de 10 GHz, et. avoir des pertes faibles, inférieures à 1, 5 dB .By way of nonlimiting example, the orientable antenna according to the invention can be an antenna of the general public type, therefore economical, of a planar model fixed on or incorporated against the wall of a building: the orientation of the beam is necessary to be able to orient the antenna, electrically but not mechanically by its rotation, towards a transmitter or a television satellite for example. In this case of video reception, the antenna must work in a range close to 10 GHz, and. have low losses, less than 1.5 dB.
Il est connu que le gain d'une antenne micro-ondes doit être très élevé, ce qui nécessite que des sections importantes du faisceau micro-ondes soient reçues ou émises. Ceci n'est pas possible avec des systèmes axiaux, du genre cornets ou antennes râteaux Yagi, ou "fishbone" en anglais . Pour obtenir un dispositif de surface importante, une solution connue consiste à associer à un réflecteur focalisant, parabolique par exemple, un dispositif à faible gain tel qu'un cornet. Mais l'orientation du faisceau émis ou reçu nécessite soit l'orientation du réflecteur focalisant, soit le déplacement du cornet par rapport à l'axe du réflecteur.It is known that the gain of a microwave antenna must be very high, which requires that large sections of the microwave beam be received or transmitted. This is not possible with axial systems, such as cones or rake antennas Yagi, or "fishbone" in English. To obtain a device with a large surface area, a known solution consists in associating with a focusing reflector, for example a parabolic, a low gain device such as a horn. However, the orientation of the transmitted or received beam requires either the orientation of the focusing reflector or the displacement of the horn relative to the axis of the reflector.
On peut également associer en réseau planaire équiphase des éléments à faible gain, c'est à dire une pluralité de dipoles, constitués par un réseau de bandes métalliques, en cuivre par exemple, tel que représenté en figure 1 qui sera détaillée ultérieurement. On sait commander en phase ce type de réseau par des éléments actifs tels que des circuits magnétiques ou des diodes de commutation. Il s'agit là d'une solution efficace mais coûteuse .It is also possible to associate an equiphase planar network elements with low gain, that is to say a plurality of dipoles, constituted by a network of metal strips, for example of copper, as shown in FIG. 1 which will be detailed later. It is known to control in phase this type of network by active elements such as magnetic circuits or switching diodes. This is an effective but expensive solution.
L'invention propose une solution moins onéreuse permettant un réglage semi-fixe de l'orientation du faisceau. Par semi-fixe, il faut entendre qu'une antenne orientée dans une direction reste ainsi réglée tant qu'il n'y a pas nécessité de modifier cette direction, mais que cela est possible. Par exemple, la régler sur un premier satellite TV, puis ultérieurement sur un second satellite TV. Selon l'invention, le faisceau émis ou reçu par une antenne en réseau planaire équiphase, comprenant un réseau de dipoles dans un plan parallèle à un plan de masse, peut être orienté par le déplacement, dans un plan compris entre celui du réseau de dipôle et le plan de masse, d'au moins une feuille de matériau diélectrique présentant des zones d'inhomogénéïté qui apportent ' un déphasage sur les éléments du circuit qui relient l'entrée de l'antenne aux dipoles .The invention proposes a less expensive solution allowing semi-fixed adjustment of the orientation of the beam. By semi-fixed, it should be understood that an antenna oriented in one direction remains thus adjusted as long as there is no need to modify this direction, but that this is possible. For example, set it to a first TV satellite, then later to a second TV satellite. According to the invention, the beam emitted or received by an antenna in an equiphase planar array, comprising a network of dipoles in a plane parallel to a ground plane, can be oriented by displacement, in a plane comprised between that of the dipole network. and the ground plane, at least one sheet of dielectric material having inhomogeneity of areas that provide a phase shift of the circuit elements which connect the input of the antenna with dipoles.
De façon plus précise, l'invention concerne une antenne orientable plane, fonctionnant en micro -onde s, comportant, déposé sur un support isolant, un réseau à structure arborescente formé par une pluralité de dipoles rayonants reliés par des lignes conductrices de longueurs égales, cette antenne étant caractérisée en ce que l'espace situé entre le réseau et son plan de masse comprend au moins une feuille diélectrique comportant des éléments déphasants, placés à l'aplomb des lignes conductrices, lesdits éléments déphasants apportant un déphasage sur les brins de lignes reliant l'entrée de l'antenne aux dipoles.More precisely, the invention relates to a plane orientable antenna, operating in microwave, comprising, deposited on an insulating support, a network with a tree structure formed by a plurality of radiating dipoles connected by conductive lines of equal length, this antenna being characterized in that the space located between the array and its ground plane comprises at least one dielectric sheet comprising phase-shifting elements, placed directly above the conductive lines, said phase-shifting elements bringing a phase shift on the strands of lines connecting the antenna input to the dipoles.
L'invention sera mieux comprise par la description plus complète qui suit d'un exemple de réalisation, en liaison avec les figures jointes en annexe, qui représentent :The invention will be better understood from the more complete description which follows of an embodiment, in conjunction with the attached figures, which represent:
- figure 1 : réseau planaire équiphase de dipoles d'une antenne micro -onde s, connu,FIG. 1: planar equiphase array of dipoles of a known microwave antenna s,
- figure 2 : vue en coupe de 3/4 d'un fragment d'antenne, selon l'invention,FIG. 2: 3/4 section view of an antenna fragment, according to the invention,
- figure 3 : plan d'un intercalaire diélectrique d'une antenne modifiée selon l'invention,FIG. 3: plan of a dielectric interlayer of a modified antenna according to the invention,
- figure 4 : vue de 3/4 agrandie de quelques éléments apportant un gradient de diélectrique - figure 5 : vue en plan d'un dipôle selon l'art connu- Figure 4: enlarged 3/4 view of some elements providing a dielectric gradient - Figure 5: plan view of a dipole according to known art
- figure 6 : vue en plan du dipôle précédent, modifié selon l'invention- Figure 6: plan view of the previous dipole, modified according to the invention
- figure 7 : vue éclatée d'un fragment d'antenne modifiée selon l'invention. La figure 1 représente, vu en plan, un réseau planaire équiphase regroupant des éléments à faible gain d'une antenne micro-onde plane, de gain total élevé . Elle présente une symétrie par apport à son entrée (ou sortie) symbolisée par un transistor 1. Une pluralité de dipoles rayonnants 2 sont groupés en un réseau, et reliés entre eux par un circuit de lignes conductrices de longueurs égales, à structure arborescente . Il faut entendre par là qu'une ligne conductrice 3, de longueur L, se divise en deux lignes conductrices 4, chacune de longueur L/2, qui elles-mêmes se divisent en quatre lignes conductrices 5, chacune de longueur L/4 et ainsi de suite . De plus, chaque ligne est entrecoupée d'éléments réactifs 6 de longueur demi-onde λ /2 permettant d'accorder chaque noeud à l'impédance caractéristique de la ligne .- Figure 7: exploded view of a modified antenna fragment according to the invention. FIG. 1 represents, seen in plan, a planar equiphase network gathering elements with low gain of a plane microwave antenna, of high total gain. It has symmetry by contribution to its input (or output) symbolized by a transistor 1. A plurality of radiating dipoles 2 are grouped in a network, and interconnected by a circuit of conductive lines of equal length, with a tree structure. This means that a conductive line 3, of length L, is divided into two conductive lines 4, each of length L / 2, which themselves are divided into four conductive lines 5, each of length L / 4 and and so on . In addition, each line is interspersed with reactive elements 6 of half-wave length λ / 2 making it possible to tune each node to the characteristic impedance of the line.
D'un point de vue pratique, ces lignes sont orthogonales entre elles, et se regroupent en deux séries : les lignes qu'on conviendra d'appeler longitudinales, telles que 3 et 5, et les lignes qu'on conviendra d'appeler transversales, telles que 4.From a practical point of view, these lines are orthogonal to each other, and are grouped into two series: the lines that we should call longitudinal, such as 3 and 5, and the lines that we should call transverse , such as 4.
Dans une forme de réalisation, ce réseau planaire équiphase se présente sous forme d'une métallisation, de cuivre par exemple, déposée sur une feuille support mince, telle qu'un film de polypropylène ou autre polymère adéquat. Pour des applications dans lesquelles le prix est déterminant, le support mince est tendu à une certaine distance d'un plan de masse métallique afin d'utiliser l'air comme diélectrique dans la formation des lignes microbandes dipoles /diélectrique/plan de masse. Le rapport entre l'espacement support mince/plan de masse et la largeur de la ligne définit l'impédance caractéristique de la ligne .In one embodiment, this planar equiphase network is in the form of a metallization, of copper for example, deposited on a thin support sheet, such as a film polypropylene or other suitable polymer. For applications in which the price is decisive, the thin support is stretched at a certain distance from a metallic ground plane in order to use air as a dielectric in the formation of the dipole / dielectric / ground plane microstrip lines. The relationship between the thin support / ground plane spacing and the line width defines the characteristic impedance of the line.
Le plan de masse a un double rôle : - il assure la propagation du signal le long du circuit,The ground plane has a double role: - it ensures the propagation of the signal along the circuit,
- il réfléchit l'onde émise par le dipôle, ce qui améliore de 6 dB le gain de l'antenne . A cette fin, l'électrode de masse est avantageusement réalisée en relief soit par emboutissage d'une feuille métallique, soit par métallisation d'un substrat. non-plan. Le relief de l'électrode de masse est soit en tranchées, tel que représenté en figure 2 , soit en fraction de cylindres : l'important est que ce relief focalise l'onde émise pour la réfléchir vers le dipôle.- it reflects the wave emitted by the dipole, which improves the gain of the antenna by 6 dB. To this end, the ground electrode is advantageously produced in relief either by stamping a metal sheet, or by metallization of a substrate. no plan. The relief of the ground electrode is either in trenches, as shown in Figure 2, or in fraction of cylinders: the important thing is that this relief focuses the emitted wave to reflect it towards the dipole.
L'invention propose d'introduire dans l'espace existant entre le support du circuit équiphase et le plan de asse une feuille d'un matériau diélectrique, tel qtm représenté en figure 2. Sur cette figure, pour la simplifier, on a seulement représenté :The invention proposes to introduce into the space existing between the support of the equiphase circuit and the seating plane a sheet of dielectric material, such as qtm shown in Figure 2. In this figure, to simplify it, we have only shown :
- un fragment du film support 7, sur lequel est déposé le circuit équiphase dont on voit un dipôle 2, des lignes 4 et 5 et un élément réactif 6,a fragment of the support film 7, on which the equiphase circuit is deposited, of which a dipole 2, lines 4 and 5 and a reactive element 6 can be seen,
- un fragment du plan de masse 8- a fragment of the ground plan 8
- et entre les deux, un fragment de matériau diélectrique 9, au moins une feuille . Cette feuille 9 présente des irrégularités calculées dans sa structure, qui apportent un déphasage sur chaque brin du circuit reliant l'entrée 1 de l'antenne aux dipoles 2. Par déplacement dans les directions longitudinale et transversale, les irrégularités de la feuille 9, en modifiant le diélectrique situé entre le réseau et le plan de masse , assurent un déphasage continu de l'excitation des dipoles 2 qui défléchit l'axe du lobe principal de l'antenne, respectivement dans une direction transversale ou longitudinale .- And between the two, a fragment of dielectric material 9, at least one sheet. This sheet 9 has irregularities calculated in its structure, which bring a phase shift on each strand of the circuit connecting the input 1 of the antenna to the dipoles 2. By displacement in the longitudinal and transverse directions, the irregularities of the sheet 9, in modifying the dielectric located between the network and the ground plane, provide a phase shift continuous excitation of the dipoles 2 which deflects the axis of the main lobe of the antenna, respectively in a transverse or longitudinal direction.
La position et la forme des irrégularités de la feuille de déphasage sont représentées en figures 3 et 4. Sur la figure 3, pour mieux localiser les éléments déphasants, le plan du circuit de l'antenne proprement dite, lignes et dipoles de 1 à 6, est superposé, en traits fins .The position and shape of the irregularities of the phase shift sheet are shown in Figures 3 and 4. In Figure 3, to better locate the phase shifting elements, the plane of the antenna circuit itself, lines and dipoles from 1 to 6 , is superimposed, in thin lines.
Telle que représentée sur la figure 3, cette feuille 9 apporte un déphasage linéaire longitudinal (L) , obtenu par son déplacement transversal (T) . Elle comporte une pluralité d'éléments déphasants tels que 13 et 14, qui, tous sont alignés sur les lignes du circuit qu'on a convenu d'appeler longitudinales, telles que 3 et 5. Ces éléments 13 et 14 sont répartis de façon symétrique sur deux branches de ligne, à partir du noeud commun . Par exemple , sur les deux branches 3 et 3' d'entrée d'antenne, il y a quatre éléments déphasants 13 entre les noeuds 10 et 11 , et quatre éléments déphasants 14 entre les noeuds 10 et 12. Mais de plus, les éléments déphasants 13 et 14 sont disposés de façon symétrique par rapport à un axe parallèle à la ligne dont ils modifient la phase : les éléments 13 sont tête bêche par rapport aux éléments 14.As shown in Figure 3, this sheet 9 provides a longitudinal linear phase shift (L), obtained by its transverse displacement (T). It comprises a plurality of phase-shifting elements such as 13 and 14, all of which are aligned on the lines of the circuit that we have agreed to call longitudinal, such as 3 and 5. These elements 13 and 14 are distributed symmetrically on two line branches, starting from the common node. For example, on the two branches 3 and 3 ′ of antenna input, there are four phase-shifting elements 13 between the nodes 10 and 11, and four phase-shifting elements 14 between the nodes 10 and 12. But furthermore, the elements phase shifters 13 and 14 are arranged symmetrically with respect to an axis parallel to the line whose phase they modify: the elements 13 are upside down with respect to the elements 14.
En effet, comme montré en figure 4, les éléments déphasants 13 et 14, moulés en même temps que la feuille 9, ont un volume dont la trace sur la feuille 9 est un trapèze, et dont la coupe perpendiculaire à cette feuille est un coin, ou triangle. Le trapèze a un petit côté de longueur X /2, un grand côté de longueur comprise entre X /2 + 20 et X , et une longueur (ou hauteur du trapèze) de l'ordre de λ . L'épaisseur maximale d'un élément 13 ou 14 est de l'ordre de λ/10.In fact, as shown in FIG. 4, the phase shifting elements 13 and 14, molded at the same time as the sheet 9, have a volume whose trace on the sheet 9 is a trapezoid, and whose section perpendicular to this sheet is a corner , or triangle. The trapezium has a short side of length X / 2, a large side of length between X / 2 + 20 and X, and a length (or height of the trapezoid) of the order of λ. The maximum thickness of an element 13 or 14 is of the order of λ / 10.
Les éléments déphasants 13 et 14 sont à l'aplomb • des branches longitudinales 3-5 du circuit : en déplaçant la feuilleThe phase shifting elements 13 and 14 are vertically aligned with the longitudinal branches 3-5 of the circuit: by moving the sheet
9, l'épaisseur de diélectrique présentée par les éléments déphasants varie, en augmentant par exemple pour un élément 13 et en diminuant pour un élément 14, ou réciproquement : la variation de vitesse de l'onde en fonction de l'épaisseur de l'élément impose cette forme de trapèze . Ainsi, la largeur d'un élément reste toujours égale à une demi-onde, ce qui réduit les réflexions parasites introduites par l'élément. La disposition tête-bêche des éléments déphasants 13 et 14, par rapport à un noeud 10, sur les branches 3 et 3', fait qu'un déplacement transversal de la feuille 9 entraîne un déphasage pour la branche 3 et un déphasage de sens opposé pour la branche 3' . Sur la figure 3 ne sont représentés que des éléments déphasants 13 et 14 dont l'action porte sur les branches longitudinales du circuit. Pour agir sur les branches transversales telles que 4 et 4', il y a deux possibilités : - ajouter sur la même feuille 9 une seconde pluralité d'éléments déphasants identiques, mais orientés à angle droit de telle façon qu'ils soient à l'aplomb des lignes transversales 4 et 4' . Dans ce cas, l'orientation du lobe principal de l'antenne est obtenu par le déplacement transversal et longitudinal de l'unique feuille 9 - intercaler une seconde feuille diélectrique 15, comportant des éléments déphasants disposés à l'aplomb des lignes transversales 4 et 4' . Dans ce cas, l'orientation du lobe principal de l'antenne est obtenu, respectivement, par le déplacement transversal de la feuille 9 et par le déplacement longitudinal de la feuille 15.9, the thickness of dielectric presented by the phase shifting elements varies, increasing for example for an element 13 and decreasing for an element 14, or vice versa: variation in speed of the wave as a function of the thickness of the element imposes this form of trapezoid. Thus, the width of an element always remains equal to half a wave, which reduces the stray reflections introduced by the element. The head-to-tail arrangement of the phase shifting elements 13 and 14, relative to a node 10, on the branches 3 and 3 ′, means that a transverse displacement of the sheet 9 results in a phase shift for the branch 3 and a phase shift in the opposite direction for branch 3 '. In Figure 3 are shown only phase shifting elements 13 and 14 whose action relates to the longitudinal branches of the circuit. To act on the transverse branches such as 4 and 4 ', there are two possibilities: - add on the same sheet 9 a second plurality of identical phase-shifting elements, but oriented at right angles so that they are at the plumb with the transverse lines 4 and 4 '. In this case, the orientation of the main lobe of the antenna is obtained by the transverse and longitudinal displacement of the single sheet 9 - insert a second dielectric sheet 15, comprising phase-shifting elements arranged directly above the transverse lines 4 and 4 '. In this case, the orientation of the main lobe of the antenna is obtained, respectively, by the transverse displacement of the sheet 9 and by the longitudinal displacement of the sheet 15.
La ou les feuilles diélectriques 9 et 15 sont constituées de céramique ou de matériaux polymères présentant une constante diélectrique élevée et une absorbtion faible, tels que le polypropylène ou le pσlytétrafluoroéthylène . Elles sont avantageusement moulées .The dielectric sheet (s) 9 and 15 are made of ceramic or of polymer materials having a high dielectric constant and a low absorption, such as polypropylene or pσlytetrafluoroethylene. They are advantageously molded.
Les moyens de déphasage exposés jusqu'ici apportent un déphasage linéaire, en agissant sur les branches du circuit compris entre l'entrée 1 de l'antenne et les dipoles 2. Il est également possible d'apporter un déphasage par polarisation circulaire de l'onde , en agissant sur les dipoles. Il est connu qu'un dipôle peut se présenter sous la forme illustrée en figure 5 : une métallisation 16, de préférence carrée, est excitée en deux points 17 et 18 situés sur deux côtés adjacents du carré, donc à 90° . Si ces deux points d'excitations sont déphasés de 90 °, l'onde générée est circulaire .The phase shifting means exposed so far provide a linear phase shift, by acting on the branches of the circuit between the input 1 of the antenna and the dipoles 2. It is also possible to provide a phase shift by circular polarization of the wave, acting on the dipoles. It is known that a dipole can take the form illustrated in FIG. 5: a metallization 16, preferably square, is excited at two points 17 and 18 located on two adjacent sides of the square, therefore at 90 °. If these two excitation points are 90 ° out of phase, the wave generated is circular.
Selon l'invention, un déphasage supplémentaire est généré par l'interposition, entre le circuit sur la feuille 7 et le plan de masse 8, d'une troisième feuille déphasante 21 supportant, pour chaque élément radiatif au moins un déphaseur quart d'onde 19 et un déphaseur demi-onde 20, tel que représenté en figure 6. Ces déphaseurs sont, comme les éléments du déphasage 13 et 14, constitués par des irrégularités dans l'épaisseur de la troisième feuille déphasante 21, qui est elle aussi formée en céramique, polypropylène ou autre matériau diélectrique . Le réglage de la polarisation circulaire est obtenu par le déplacement relatif de la troisième feuille par rapport au circuit d'éléments radiatifs 16, de sorte que les déphaseurs 19 et 20 agissent sur les lignes qui excitent en 17 et 18 le dipôle 16. Dans le cas où les dipoles linéaires 2 sont remplacés par les éléments radiatifs 16, il est alors possible d'ajouter à la polarisation linéaire une polarisation circulaire .According to the invention, an additional phase shift is generated by the interposition, between the circuit on the sheet 7 and the ground plane 8, of a third phase shifting sheet 21 supporting, for each radiative element at least one quarter-phase phase shifter 19 and a half-wave phase-shifter 20, as shown in FIG. 6. These phase-shifters are, like the elements of the phase shift 13 and 14, formed by irregularities in the thickness of the third phase-shifting sheet 21, which is also formed in ceramic, polypropylene or other dielectric material. The adjustment of the circular polarization is obtained by the relative displacement of the third sheet with respect to the circuit of radiative elements 16, so that the phase shifters 19 and 20 act on the lines which excite at 17 and 18 the dipole 16. In the case where the linear dipoles 2 are replaced by the radiative elements 16, it is then possible to add to the linear polarization a circular polarization.
La figure 7 représente une vue éclatée d'un fragment d'antenne orientable, qui cumule les différents perfectionnements décrits au titre de l'invention. Les feuilles supports en sont espacées dans le but de laisser voir les composants de chacune d'entre elles .FIG. 7 represents an exploded view of a swiveling antenna fragment, which combines the various improvements described under the invention. The support sheets are spaced therefrom in order to reveal the components of each of them.
Cette antenne orientable comprend au moins : une feuille 7 qui supporte le circuit de dipoles 2 ou d'éléments radiatifs 16This orientable antenna comprises at least: a sheet 7 which supports the circuit of dipoles 2 or of radiative elements 16
- et un plan de masse 8.- and a ground plan 8.
Entre ces deux plans sont intercalés au moins une parmi les trois feuilles suivantes :Between these two plans are interspersed at least one of the following three sheets:
- feuille 9 qui supporte des éléments déphasants 13 et 14, déplacée transversalement mais apportant une polarisation linéaire longitudinale,- sheet 9 which supports phase shifting elements 13 and 14, moved transversely but bringing a longitudinal linear polarization,
- feuille 15 qui supporte des éléments déphasants 13' et 14', déplacée longitudinalement mais apportant une polarisation linéaire transversale,sheet 15 which supports phase shifting elements 13 ′ and 14 ′, displaced longitudinally but providing linear transverse polarization,
- feuille 21 qui supporte des éléments déphasants 19 et 20, qui apporte une polarisation circulaire.- sheet 21 which supports phase shifting elements 19 and 20, which provides circular polarization.
Les feuilles 9 et 15 peuvent être confondues en une seule feuille. Toutes ces feuilles sont bien entendu tendues sur des cadres rigides, non représentés, qui permettent entre autres de les régler en position pour orienter l'antenne. Les moyens de réglage font partie du domaine de l'homme de l'art : ce sont soit des moyens mécaniques pour réglage manuel, soit des moyens électriques pour réglage asservi au gain de l'antenne. L'antenne orientable selon l'invention trouve son application dans le domaine de la réception ou de l'émission d'ondes hyperfréquences, notamment pour les télécommunications . Sheets 9 and 15 can be merged into a single sheet. All these sheets are of course stretched on rigid frames, not shown, which allow among other things to adjust them in position to orient the antenna. The adjustment means are part of the skill of the art: they are either mechanical means for manual adjustment, or electrical means for adjustment subject to the gain of the antenna. The orientable antenna according to the invention finds its application in the field of reception or emission of microwave waves, in particular for telecommunications.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1 - Antenne orientable plane, fonctionnant en micro-ondes, comportant, déposé sur un support isolant (7) , un réseau à structure arborescente formé par une pluralité de dipoles rayonnants (2, 16) reliés par des lignes conductrices (3, 4, 5) de longueurs égales, cette antenne étant caractérisée en ce que l'espace situé entre le réseau et son plan de masse (8) comprend au moins une feuille diélectrique (9) comportant des éléments déphasants (13, 14) , placés à l'aplomb des lignes conductrices1 - Planar orientable antenna, operating in the microwave, comprising, deposited on an insulating support (7), a tree structure network formed by a plurality of radiating dipoles (2, 16) connected by conductive lines (3, 4, 5) of equal lengths, this antenna being characterized in that the space situated between the array and its ground plane (8) comprises at least one dielectric sheet (9) comprising phase-shifting elements (13, 14), placed at the plumb of conductive lines
(3,4, 5) , lesdits éléments déphasants ( 13, 14) apportant un déphasage sur les brins de lignes (3, 4 , 5) reliant l'entrée de l'antenne aux dipoles .(3,4, 5), said phase shifting elements (13, 14) providing a phase shift on the strands of lines (3, 4, 5) connecting the input of the antenna to the dipoles.
2 - Antenne orientable selon la revendication 1 , caractérisée en ce que les éléments déphasants (13, 14) ont, en plan, une forme de trapèze dont les bases sont parallèles aux lignes conductrices (3, 4, 5) de manière à ce que leur longueur en regard de la ligne soit toujours X/2 et, en coupe, une forme de triangle, la partie épaisse de l'élément déphasant étant du côté de la petite base du trapèze, et en ce qu'ils sont réalisés par moulage dans le même matériau diélectrique que la feuille (9) qui les supporte .2 - Orientable antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that the phase shifting elements (13, 14) have, in plan, a trapezoid shape whose bases are parallel to the conductive lines (3, 4, 5) so that their length opposite the line is always X / 2 and, in section, a triangle shape, the thick part of the phase-shifting element being on the side of the small base of the trapezoid, and in that they are produced by molding in the same dielectric material as the sheet (9) which supports them.
3 - Antenne orientable selon la revendication 2 , caractérisée en ce que dans la structure arborescente du réseau , les éléments déphasants (13 , 14) sont disposés de façon symétrique sur les deux brins de ligne (3 et 3') issus d'un noeud (10) , les éléments (13) d'un premier brin de ligne (3') étant de plus montés tête-bêche par rapport aux éléments (14) d'un second brin de ligne (3) .3 - Orientable antenna according to claim 2, characterized in that in the tree structure of the network, the phase shifting elements (13, 14) are arranged symmetrically on the two strands of line (3 and 3 ') from a node (10), the elements (13) of a first line strand (3 ') being further mounted head to tail relative to the elements (14) of a second line strand (3).
4 - Antenne orientable selon la revendication . 1, caractérisée en ce que, les lignes (3, 4, 5) étant orientées les unes (3, 5) selon une première direction dite longitudinale (L) et les autres (4) selon une direction dite transversale (T) , les éléments déphasants (13, 14) apportent une polarisation linéaire de même direction que celle de la ligne sur laquelle ils agissent.4 - Orientable antenna according to claim. 1, characterized in that, the lines (3, 4, 5) being oriented one (3, 5) in a first direction called longitudinal (L) and the others (4) in a direction called transverse (T), phase shifting elements (13, 14) provide linear polarization in the same direction as that of the line on which they act.
5 - Antenne orientable selon la revendication 4, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend, entre le support (7) du réseau et le plan de masse (8) , une première feuille (9) munie d'éléments déphasants (13, 14) qui apportent un déphasage sur les lignes (3, 5) orientées selon une première direction, et une seconde feuille (15) munie d'éléments déphasants (13', 14') qui apportent un déphasage sur les lignes (4) orientées selon une seconde direction. 6 Antenne orientable selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que, le réseau étant formé d'éléments rayonnants (16) carrés excités sur deu?c côtés adjacents du carré, une polarisation circulaire est apportée au moyen d'une troisième feuille diélectrique (21) , introduite entre le support (7) du réseau et son plan de masse (8) , ladite feuille (21) comportant pour chaque élément rayonnant (16) au moins un déphaseur quart d'onde (19) et un déphaseur demi-onde (20) , les déphaseurs (19, 20) agissant sur les lignes (17, 18) d'excitation de chaque élément rayonnant (16) . 7 - Antenne orientable selon la revendication 6, caractérisée en ce que les déphaseurs (19, 20) sont constitués par une couche d'épaisseur homogène, et en ce qu'ils sont réalisés par moulage dans le même matériau diélectrique que la feuille (21) qui les supporte. 8 - Antenne orientable selon larevendication 7, caractérisée en ce que les feuilles diélectriques (9, 15, 21) , les éléments déphasants (13, 14) et les déphaseurs (19, 20) sont réalisés en céramique ou en polymère tel que le polypropylène .5 - Orientable antenna according to claim 4, characterized in that it comprises, between the support (7) of the network and the ground plane (8), a first sheet (9) provided with phase-shifting elements (13, 14) which provide a phase shift on the lines (3, 5) oriented in a first direction, and a second sheet (15) provided with phase shifting elements (13 ', 14') which provide a phase shift on the lines (4) oriented in a second direction. 6 orientable antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that, the network being formed of radiating elements (16) square excited on two adjacent sides of the square, a circular polarization is provided by means of a third dielectric sheet (21 ), introduced between the support (7) of the network and its ground plane (8), said sheet (21) comprising for each radiating element (16) at least a quarter-wave phase shifter (19) and a half-wave phase shifter (20), the phase shifters (19, 20) acting on the lines (17, 18) of excitation of each radiating element (16). 7 - Orientable antenna according to claim 6, characterized in that the phase shifters (19, 20) consist of a layer of uniform thickness, and in that they are produced by molding in the same dielectric material as the sheet (21 ) who supports them. 8 - Orientable antenna according to claim 7, characterized in that the dielectric sheets (9, 15, 21), the phase-shifting elements (13, 14) and the phase-shifters (19, 20) are made of ceramic or of polymer such as polypropylene .
9 - Procédé d'orientation du lobe principal d'une antenne orientable selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en qu'un déplacement transversal des éléments déphasants (13, 14) . par rapport à une ligne (3, 4) entraîne un déphasage longitudinal entre les brins de cette ligne (3, 3' , 4, 4') qui défléchit l'axe du lobe principal de l'antenne . 10 - Procédé d'orientation du lobe principal d'une antenne orientable selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que le lobe est orienté par déplacement d'au moins une feuille de diélectrique (9, 15, 21) dans un plan parallèle au plan du support (7) du réseau :9 - A method of orienting the main lobe of a steerable antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that a transverse movement of the phase shifting elements (13, 14). relative to a line (3, 4) causes a longitudinal phase shift between the strands of this line (3, 3 ', 4, 4') which deflects the axis of the main lobe of the antenna. 10 - A method of orienting the main lobe of a steerable antenna according to claim 6, characterized in that the lobe is oriented by displacement of at least one dielectric sheet (9, 15, 21) in a plane parallel to the plane network support (7):
- le déplacement transversal d'une première feuille (9) entraîne une polarisation linéaire longitudinale de l'onde le déplacement longitudinal d'une deuxième feuille (15) entraîne une polarisation linéaire transversale de l'onde- the transverse displacement of a first sheet (9) causes a longitudinal linear polarization of the wave the longitudinal displacement of a second sheet (15) causes a transverse linear polarization of the wave
- le déplacement longitudinal et transversal d'une troisième feuille (21) munie au moins de déphaseurs quart d'onde (19) entraîne une polarisation circulaire de l'onde. - the longitudinal and transverse displacement of a third sheet (21) provided with at least quarter-wave phase shifters (19) causes circular polarization of the wave.
PCT/FR1991/000379 1990-05-11 1991-05-07 Planar orientable antenna operating in the microwave band WO1991018428A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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FR90/05902 1990-05-11
FR9005902A FR2662026B1 (en) 1990-05-11 1990-05-11 PLANE ORIENTABLE ANTENNA, OPERATING IN MICROWAVE.

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JP2000223942A (en) * 1999-01-29 2000-08-11 Nec Corp Circularly polarized wave switching antenna and circularly polarized wave switching phased array antenna
JP2000223927A (en) * 1999-01-29 2000-08-11 Nec Corp Circularly polarized wave switching type phased array antenna
AU2001295015B2 (en) * 2000-08-31 2004-01-08 Raytheon Company Mechanically stearable array antenna
DE10351506A1 (en) * 2003-11-05 2005-06-02 Robert Bosch Gmbh Device and method for phase shifting
JP7106236B2 (en) * 2020-03-26 2022-07-26 ソフトバンク株式会社 Device built-in antenna, device with built-in antenna, installation method for device with built-in antenna, method for manufacturing device with built-in antenna

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EP0456579A1 (en) 1991-11-13

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