EP0430745B1 - Circular polarized antenna, particularly for array antenna - Google Patents

Circular polarized antenna, particularly for array antenna Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0430745B1
EP0430745B1 EP90403209A EP90403209A EP0430745B1 EP 0430745 B1 EP0430745 B1 EP 0430745B1 EP 90403209 A EP90403209 A EP 90403209A EP 90403209 A EP90403209 A EP 90403209A EP 0430745 B1 EP0430745 B1 EP 0430745B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
branches
signal
branch
radiated
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EP90403209A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0430745A1 (en
Inventor
Jean Bouko
Marcel Grosbois
Joseph Roger
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Thales SA
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Thomson CSF SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
    • H01Q21/062—Two dimensional planar arrays using dipole aerials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/24—Combinations of antenna units polarised in different directions for transmitting or receiving circularly and elliptically polarised waves or waves linearly polarised in any direction
    • H01Q21/245—Combinations of antenna units polarised in different directions for transmitting or receiving circularly and elliptically polarised waves or waves linearly polarised in any direction provided with means for varying the polarisation 
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/06—Details
    • H01Q9/065—Microstrip dipole antennas

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a circularly polarized antenna, in particular an elementary antenna for an array of antennas, as known from EP-A-0,085,486.
  • circular polarization in particular in radar applications, where it is known that circular polarization makes it possible to eliminate the echoes produced by obstacles with isotropic reflection, very particularly the echoes of rain (caused by water droplets suspended in the clouds).
  • the wave emitted according to a given circular polarization for example a right circular polarization
  • a reverse polarization circular to the left in this example. It will then be easy, at the level of the receiver, to suppress this reflection by means of a cross polarization eliminator.
  • One of the objects of the invention is to propose such an antenna with circular polarization, in particular to serve as a primary source (elementary antenna) in a network antenna, and which can be supplied directly by a line called "triplate”.
  • a three-ply line is formed by a flat central conductor forming a coaxial core, sandwiched between two thicknesses of dielectric (possibly air) themselves covered on their outer surfaces by conductors located in line with the central conductor and supplied in parallel , therefore equipotential, forming peripheral earth conductors.
  • the known primary sources with circular polarization do not operate in the same mode as the triplate line and therefore require, in addition to the mechanical and electrical interfacing of the source to the line triplate, a change in excitation mode detrimental to optimal operation of the source.
  • the radiating elements produced hitherto in triplate technology did not provide circular polarization, and it was therefore necessary, in order to obtain such a polarization mode, to add to them polarizers such as dielectric plate polarizers, with screws , with wires, etc., with all the corresponding losses of adaptation and difficulties of realization.
  • a first object of the present invention is to propose a new form of primary source with circular polarization which can directly extend the three-plate feed line, generally constituted by one of the ramifications of a network antenna distributor.
  • the invention consists in extending the supply line by two orthogonal triplate dipoles supplied by a phase shifter whose output branches are directly extended so as to form the two dipoles, in order to constitute a monoblock primary source radiating a circularly polarized wave (it is known in fact that, to produce a circularly polarized wave, it is necessary to excite two neighboring orthogonal dipoles by signals of the same amplitude but in phase quadrature).
  • a second object of the present invention is to provide an antenna structure which, with these same broadband characteristics, compactness and simplicity of construction, allows, in addition to the circular polarization (right or left), a linear polarization (rectilinear) superimposed on the circular polarization, typically a vertical and / or horizontal linear polarization.
  • This characteristic of multiple polarization antenna is particularly advantageous for antennas simultaneously ensuring two functions, for example the conventional surveillance function - obtained by circular polarization - and an IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) function - obtained by rectilinear polarization.
  • the dipolar radiating elements are excited by respective similar signals, of the same amplitude but phase shifted by 90 °, which thus circularly polarizes the signal to be radiated.
  • the triplate excitation means comprise a second hybrid 90 ° coupler, mounted in cascade with the first, with a first and a second branch of output connected to the first and to the second input branch of the first coupler, and at least one input branch receiving from the triplate line a signal to be radiated, so as to excite the dipolar radiating elements by similar respective signals, of same amplitude and phase and thus linearly polarize the signal to be radiated.
  • the three-ply supply line consists of central conductors, such as 1 or 2, sandwiched between two peripheral conductors 3 and 4 forming half ground planes; these various conductors are produced in the form of rigid plates or strips arranged parallel to each other and separated by an appropriate dielectric which may be air, spacers then being simply provided to precisely maintain the various elements of the line in their place.
  • the triplate line can in particular constitute the end of one of the ramifications of a network antenna splitter (not shown).
  • This supply line excites, as will be described below, on the one hand a horizontal dipole 10 intended to produce the horizontal component of the circular polarization of the wave, and on the other hand a vertical dipole 20 intended to produce the vertical component of this same circular polarization.
  • the antenna of the invention is described here essentially in the form of a source emitting a circularly polarized wave, this same antenna can also be used without any modification, because of the principle of reciprocity, as receiving antenna.
  • the horizontal dipole 10 is produced by extending transversely (that is to say perpendicular to the axial direction of the antenna, materialized by the axis ⁇ ), one of the central conductors of the supply line by a branch 11 forming one of the halves of a dipole.
  • the other half of the dipole is made up of branches 12, 13 formed by extending transversely, on the other side of the axis A (but on the same side for the two branches 12 and 13), the peripheral conductors 3 and 4 of the power line.
  • the branches 11, 12 and 13 are the same length, equal to about a quarter wave.
  • the dipole 20 is formed by folding another central conductor downwards, which gives the branch 21, and one of the peripheral conductors (here, the upper conductor 4) upwards, which gives the second branch 22 of the dipole 20.
  • These two branches 21 and 22 also have a length of around a quarter wave.
  • peripheral conductors 3 and 4 are folded at 5 and 6 so as to form a ground plane constituting the short-circuit plane of the dipoles 10 and 20.
  • the dipoles 10 and 20 are supplied jointly by means of a coupler 30 interposed between the supply lines 1 and 2 and the dipoles 10 and 20.
  • This coupler makes it possible, in itself known manner, (to excite the two dipoles of the antenna with a relative phase shift of 90 ° (quadrature).
  • the coupler 30 is a coupler of the “90 ° hybrid coupler” type, also called “3 dB hybrid coupler”, “3 dB hybrid ring” or “3 dB scale”.
  • This 90 ° hybrid coupler in itself known, essentially comprises two symmetrical input branches 31 and 31 '(from the radioelectric point of view) and two equally symmetrical output branches 32 and 32'. These four branches lead to four segments 33, 34, 35 and 36 each having a length of about a quarter wave. These segments 33 to 36 can be rectilinear, as illustrated in the figure - and one generally speaks of “ladder coupler” - or curvy lines - and one then speaks rather of “hybrid ring” -, or even take more complex shapes, the important parameters being the length and width of the transmission lines formed by these segments.
  • the dimensions of the input branches 31 and 31 ′, of the output branches 32 and 32 ′ and of the lines 35 and 36 are such that these elements are all adapted to the characteristic impedance of the antenna and of its associated circuits, typically 50 Q.
  • lines 33 and 34 are given a greater width, so as to create an impedance mismatch. This mismatch is such that the signals applied to one or the other input branch 31 or 31 ′ will be divided and, due to the delays introduced by the quarter wave lines 33 to 36, will give on each output branches 32 and 32 'of similar signals, of the same amplitude but 90 ° out of phase.
  • Such a 90 ° hybrid coupler has a number of advantages, in particular the fact that it makes it possible to maintain an almost constant 90 ° phase shift over a very wide frequency band, typically over a bandwidth of 20%, with a ROS little affected by frequency variations in this band; in other words, this hybrid coupler remains perfectly suited even if the frequency varies around the central frequency for which it was calculated.
  • the antenna feed system can be configured so as to radiate not only a circular polarization (right or left), but also a rectilinear, vertical and / or horizontal polarization (it can be particularly advantageous, in certain applications , to use the two crossed rectilinear polarizations simultaneously).
  • FIG. 3 it is preferred to use the solution illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 3, consisting in providing a second 90 ° hybrid coupler referenced 40, mounted upstream of the first.
  • the two couplers 30 and 40 are cascaded, that is to say that the two output branches 42, 42 'of the upstream coupler 40 are directly connected to the input branches 31, 31' of the downstream coupler 30.
  • the signal to be radiated is applied to one and / or the other of the two input branches 41, 41 'of the upstream coupler, and / or to one and / or the other of the branches of input 31, 31 'of the downstream coupler 30.
  • the selection of the desired polarization can easily be obtained in a manner known per se by switching the different channels, for example by means of PIN diodes.
  • Such a type of elementary antenna lends itself particularly well to the constitution of a planar network, which can comprise several tens or several hundreds of radiating elements.
  • Each radiating element will then be associated with a hybrid coupler which is specific to it, the various couplers being supplied in an appropriate manner, in a manner also known per se, by appropriate distributor circuits.
  • the configuration of the radiating element / hybrid coupler assembly of the present invention makes it possible to have a very compact arrangement, which will allow the various radiating elements to be brought together as much as possible. Now we know that, in a network antenna, if we want to avoid the appearance of network lobes detrimental to a wide angular coverage, it is necessary to bring the various radiating elements as close as possible, ideally with a spacing of no more than half a wavelength.
  • the respective phase centers of the two dipoles will be slightly offset due to their respective positions (center distance x).
  • This offset certainly induces a slight asymmetry and therefore a slight defect in the circularity of the polarization for the radiating element, but this defect can be easily compensated for by alternating the positioning of the dipoles from one radiating element to the next in the network.
  • a center distance x of the order of 0.25 ⁇ provides satisfactory operation, provided that the defect in circularity is compensated for by alternating the positioning of the dipoles in the network, as just indicated.
  • Such an antenna can be produced for all frequency bands where triplate technology can be used, typically the L, S and C bands.

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  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)

Description

La présente invention concerne une antenne à polarisation circulaire, notamment une antenne élémentaire pour réseau d'antennes, comme connue par EP-A-0,085,486.The present invention relates to a circularly polarized antenna, in particular an elementary antenna for an array of antennas, as known from EP-A-0,085,486.

Dans nombre de circonstances, il est souhaitable de disposer d'une polarisation circulaire, notamment dans les applications radar, où l'on sait que la polarisation circulaire permet d'éliminer les échos produits par les obstacles à réflexion isotrope, tout particulièrement les échos de pluie (provoqués par les gouttelettes d'eau en suspension dans les nuages).In a number of circumstances, it is desirable to have circular polarization, in particular in radar applications, where it is known that circular polarization makes it possible to eliminate the echoes produced by obstacles with isotropic reflection, very particularly the echoes of rain (caused by water droplets suspended in the clouds).

En effet, l'onde émise selon une polarisation circulaire donnée, par exemple une polarisation circulaire droite, va être déphasée de 180° par réflexion sur l'obstacle et va donc être renvoyée avec une polarisation inverse, circulaire à gauche dans cet exemple. Il sera alors aisé, au niveau du récepteur, de supprimer cette réflexion au moyen d'un éliminateur de polarisation croisée.Indeed, the wave emitted according to a given circular polarization, for example a right circular polarization, will be phase shifted by 180 ° by reflection on the obstacle and will therefore be returned with a reverse polarization, circular to the left in this example. It will then be easy, at the level of the receiver, to suppress this reflection by means of a cross polarization eliminator.

L'un des buts de l'invention est de proposer une telle antenne à polarisation circulaire, notamment pour servir de source primaire (antenne élémentaire) dans une antenne réseau, et qui puisse être alimentée directement par une ligne dite « triplaque ».One of the objects of the invention is to propose such an antenna with circular polarization, in particular to serve as a primary source (elementary antenna) in a network antenna, and which can be supplied directly by a line called "triplate".

Une ligne triplaque est constituée par un conducteur central plat formant âme de coaxial, pris en sandwich entre deux épaisseurs de diélectrique (éventuellement l'air) elles-mêmes recouvertes à leurs surfaces extérieures par des conducteurs situés au droit du conducteur central et alimentés en parallèle, donc équipotentiels, formant conducteurs périphériques de masse.A three-ply line is formed by a flat central conductor forming a coaxial core, sandwiched between two thicknesses of dielectric (possibly air) themselves covered on their outer surfaces by conductors located in line with the central conductor and supplied in parallel , therefore equipotential, forming peripheral earth conductors.

Cette technologie triplaque est très courante en particulier dans les antennes réseau, car eue permet de réaliser aisément les distributeurs complexes nécessaires à l'alimentation des différentes sources primaires du réseau.This triplate technology is very common in particular in network antennas, since eue makes it possible to easily produce the complex distributors necessary for supplying the various primary sources of the network.

En revanche, l'un des inconvénients de la technologie triplaque tenait au fait que, jusqu'à présent, il n'existait aucune source primaire à polarisation circulaire prolongeant directement la ligne triplaque d'alimentation.On the other hand, one of the drawbacks of the triplate technology was that, until now, there was no primary source with circular polarization directly extending the triplate supply line.

En effet, les sources primaires à polarisation circulaire connues (antennes hélicoïdales, antennes « bougie », etc.) ne fonctionnent pas dans le même mode que la ligne triplaque et nécessitent donc, outre l'interfaçage mécanique et électrique de la source à la ligne triplaque, un changement de mode d'excitation préjudiciable à un fonctionnement optimal de la source.In fact, the known primary sources with circular polarization (helical antennas, “candle” antennas, etc.) do not operate in the same mode as the triplate line and therefore require, in addition to the mechanical and electrical interfacing of the source to the line triplate, a change in excitation mode detrimental to optimal operation of the source.

Par ailleurs, les éléments rayonnants réalisés jusqu'à présent en technologie triplaque ne procuraient pas de polarisation circulaire, et il était donc nécessaire, pour obtenir un tel mode de polarisation, de leur adjoindre des polariseurs tels que des polariseurs à lames diélectriques, à vis, à fils, etc., avec toutes les pertes d'adaptation et difficultés de réalisation corrélatives.Furthermore, the radiating elements produced hitherto in triplate technology did not provide circular polarization, and it was therefore necessary, in order to obtain such a polarization mode, to add to them polarizers such as dielectric plate polarizers, with screws , with wires, etc., with all the corresponding losses of adaptation and difficulties of realization.

Un premier but de la présente invention est de proposer une nouvelle forme de source pri maire à polarisation circulaire qui puisse directement prolonger la ligne triplaque d'alimentation, généralement constituée par l'une des ramifications d'un distributeur d'antenne réseau.A first object of the present invention is to propose a new form of primary source with circular polarization which can directly extend the three-plate feed line, generally constituted by one of the ramifications of a network antenna distributor.

Avec une telle source, on pourra, pour produire le rayonnement, utiliser le mode TM ou quasi-TM caractéristique des lignes triplaques, qui procure une excellente largeur de bande.With such a source, it will be possible, to produce the radiation, to use the TM or quasi-TM mode characteristic of triplate lines, which provides excellent bandwidth.

On verra en outre que la structure, très simple, de la source selon l'invention conduit à une industrialisation à faible coût, particulièrement avantageuse pour la réalisation de réseaux comportant un grand nombre de sources primaires.It will also be seen that the very simple structure of the source according to the invention leads to industrialization at low cost, which is particularly advantageous for the production of networks comprising a large number of primary sources.

Essentiellement, l'invention consiste à prolonger la ligne d'alimentation par deux dipôles triplaques orthogonaux alimentés par un déphaseur dont les branches de sortie sont directement prolongées de manière à former les deux dipôles, afin de constituer une source primaire monobloc rayonnant une onde polarisée circulairement (on sait en effet que, pour produire une onde polarisée circulairement, il convient d'exciter deux dipôles orthogonaux voisins par des signaux de même amplitude mais en quadrature de phase).Essentially, the invention consists in extending the supply line by two orthogonal triplate dipoles supplied by a phase shifter whose output branches are directly extended so as to form the two dipoles, in order to constitute a monoblock primary source radiating a circularly polarized wave (it is known in fact that, to produce a circularly polarized wave, it is necessary to excite two neighboring orthogonal dipoles by signals of the same amplitude but in phase quadrature).

Un second but de la présente invention est de proposer une structure d'antenne qui, avec ces mêmes caractéristiques de large bande, de compacité et de simplicité de réalisation, autorise, outre la polarisation circulaire (à droite ou à gauche), une polarisation linéaire (rectiligne) surajoutée à la polarisation circulaire, typiquement une polarisation rectiligne verticale et/ou horizontale.A second object of the present invention is to provide an antenna structure which, with these same broadband characteristics, compactness and simplicity of construction, allows, in addition to the circular polarization (right or left), a linear polarization (rectilinear) superimposed on the circular polarization, typically a vertical and / or horizontal linear polarization.

Comme on le verra, l'antenne de la présente invention permet notamment, à partir d'un unique élément rayonnant et par simple commutation sélective de voies d'entrée du signal, d'obtenir à volonté:

  • - une polarisation circulaire droite,
  • - une polarisation circulaire gauche,
  • - une polarisation rectiligne horizontale, et/ou
  • - une polarisation rectiligne verticale.
As will be seen, the antenna of the present invention makes it possible in particular, from a single radiating element and by simple selective switching of signal input channels, to obtain at will:
  • - a right circular polarization,
  • - a left circular polarization,
  • - a horizontal rectilinear polarization, and / or
  • - a vertical rectilinear polarization.

Cette caractéristique d'antenne à polarisations multiples est particulièrement intéressante pour les antennes assurant simultanément deux fonctions, par exemple la fonction classique de surveillance - obtenue par une polarisation circulaire - et une fonction IFF (Identification Friend or Foe: identification ami ou ennemi) - obtenue par une polarisation rectiligne.This characteristic of multiple polarization antenna is particularly advantageous for antennas simultaneously ensuring two functions, for example the conventional surveillance function - obtained by circular polarization - and an IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) function - obtained by rectilinear polarization.

À cet effet, l'antenne selon l'invention, qui est excitée par une ligne triplaque d'alimentation comprenant deux conducteurs périphérique disposés respectivement au-dessus et au-dessous d'au moins un conducteur central, comporte :

  • - des moyens triplaque d'excitation comprenant un coupleur hybride 90°, symétrique et à large bande, avec une première et une seconde branche de sortie et au moins une branche d'entrée recevant de la ligne triplaque un signai à rayonner,
  • - un premier élément rayonnant dipolaire, comprenant deux branches quart d'onde formées en prolongeant dans leur plan, en direction transversale et dans un même sens, chacun des conducteurs périphériques de la ligne triplaque, et une branche quart d'onde formée en prolongeant dans son plan, parallèlement aux deux branches précitées mais en sens opposé, la première branche de sortie du coupleur hybride 90°,
  • - un second élément rayonnant dipolaire, orthogonal au premier, comprenant deux branches quart d'onde formées par repliement, dans des sens opposés, respectivement de la seconde branche de sortie du coupleur hybride 90° et de l'un des conducteurs périphériques, ces deux branches quart d'onde étant coplanaires et s'étendant perpendiculairement aux plans des conducteurs.
To this end, the antenna according to the invention, which is excited by a three-plate feed line comprising two peripheral conductors disposed respectively above and below at least one central conductor, comprises:
  • - three-plate excitation means comprising a 90 °, symmetrical and wideband hybrid coupler, with a first and a second output branch and at least one input branch receiving a signal to be radiated from the triplate line,
  • - A first dipolar radiating element, comprising two quarter wave branches formed by extending in their plane, in transverse direction and in the same direction, each of the peripheral conductors of the triplate line, and a quarter wave branch formed by extending in its plane, parallel to the two aforementioned branches but in opposite direction, the first outlet branch of the 90 ° hybrid coupler,
  • a second dipolar radiating element, orthogonal to the first, comprising two quarter-wave branches formed by folding, in opposite directions, respectively from the second output branch of the 90 ° hybrid coupler and from one of the peripheral conductors, these two quarter-wave branches being coplanar and extending perpendicular to the planes of the conductors.

De cette manière, on excite les éléments rayonnants dipolaires par des signaux respectifs semblables, de même amplitude mais déphasés de 90°, ce qui polarise ainsi circulairement le signal à rayonner.In this way, the dipolar radiating elements are excited by respective similar signals, of the same amplitude but phase shifted by 90 °, which thus circularly polarizes the signal to be radiated.

On peut notamment appliquer sélectivement le signal à rayonner sur l'une ou l'autre des branches d'entrée du coupleur hybride 90° en fonction du sens, droit ou gauche, choisi pour la polarisation circulaire.In particular, it is possible to selectively apply the signal to be radiated to one or other of the input branches of the 90 ° hybrid coupler as a function of the direction, right or left, chosen for circular polarization.

De façon avantageuse, pour pouvoir, comme indiqué plus haut, combiner à la polarisation circulaire une polarisation rectiligne, les moyens triplaque d'excitation comprennent un second coupleur hybride 90°, monté en cascade avec le premier, avec une première et une seconde branche de sortie reliées à la première et à la seconde branche d'entrée du premier coupleur, et au moins une branche d'entrée recevant de la ligne triplaque un signal à rayonner, de manière à exciter les éléments rayonnants dipolaires par des signaux respectifs semblables, de même amplitude et phase et polariser ainsi linéairement le signal à rayonner.Advantageously, in order to be able, as indicated above, to combine with the circular polarization a rectilinear polarization, the triplate excitation means comprise a second hybrid 90 ° coupler, mounted in cascade with the first, with a first and a second branch of output connected to the first and to the second input branch of the first coupler, and at least one input branch receiving from the triplate line a signal to be radiated, so as to excite the dipolar radiating elements by similar respective signals, of same amplitude and phase and thus linearly polarize the signal to be radiated.

On peut notamment appliquer sélectivement le signal à rayonner sur l'une et/ou sur l'autre des branches d'entrée du second coupleur hybride 90° en fonction du sens, vertical et/ou horizontal, choisi pour la polarisation rectiligne.In particular, it is possible to selectively apply the signal to be radiated to one and / or the other of the input branches of the second 90 ° hybrid coupler as a function of the direction, vertical and / or horizontal, chosen for the linear polarization.

On va donner maintenant donner un exemple de réalisation de l'invention, en référence aux figures annexées.

  • La figure 1 est une vue perspective de l'antenne selon l'invention, l'un des plans de masse de la ligne triplaque étant partiellement arrachée.
  • La figure 2 est une vue en élévation, selon II-II de la figure 1 de cette même antenne.
  • La figure 3 illustre une variante de réalisation, dans laquelle deux coupleurs mis en cascade permettent d'obtenir, outre les polarisations circulaires, des polarisations rectilignes.
We will now give an exemplary embodiment of the invention, with reference to the accompanying figures.
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of the antenna according to the invention, one of the ground planes of the triplate line being partially cut away.
  • Figure 2 is an elevational view along II-II of Figure 1 of the same antenna.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative embodiment, in which two couplers cascaded make it possible to obtain, in addition to the circular polarizations, rectilinear polarizations.

Sur les figures, la ligne triplaque d'alimentation est constituée de conducteurs centraux, tels que 1 ou 2, disposés en sandwich entre deux conducteurs périphériques 3 et 4 formant demi-plans de masse ; ces divers conducteurs sont réalisés sous forme de plaques ou bandes rigides disposées parallèlement entre elles et séparées par un diélectrique approprié qui peut être l'air, des entretoises étant alors simplement prévues pour maintenir précisément à leur place les différents éléments de la ligne.In the figures, the three-ply supply line consists of central conductors, such as 1 or 2, sandwiched between two peripheral conductors 3 and 4 forming half ground planes; these various conductors are produced in the form of rigid plates or strips arranged parallel to each other and separated by an appropriate dielectric which may be air, spacers then being simply provided to precisely maintain the various elements of the line in their place.

La ligne triplaque peut notamment constituer l'extrémité de l'une des ramifications d'un répartiteur d'antenne réseau (non représenté).The triplate line can in particular constitute the end of one of the ramifications of a network antenna splitter (not shown).

Cette ligne d'alimentation excite, de la manière que l'on décrira plus bas, d'une part un dipôle horizontal 10 destiné à produire la composante horizontale de la polarisation circulaire de l'onde, et d'autre part un dipôle vertical 20 destiné à produire la composante verticale de cette même polarisation circulaire.This supply line excites, as will be described below, on the one hand a horizontal dipole 10 intended to produce the horizontal component of the circular polarization of the wave, and on the other hand a vertical dipole 20 intended to produce the vertical component of this same circular polarization.

On notera incidemment que les termes tels que « horizontal » ou « vertical » ne sont bien entendus pas limitatifs et ne se réfèrent qu'au mode de réalisation illustré, qui correspond à la configuration la plus courante dans les antennes réseau, où les distributeurs triplaques sont généralement horizontaux. Cette orientation n'est cependant aucunement restrictive et toute autre orientation absolue dans l'espace pourrait être choisie dès lors que la condition, évoqué plus loin, d'orthogonalité entre les deux dipôles est respectée.Incidentally, it will be noted that terms such as “horizontal” or “vertical” are clearly understood to be non-limiting and refer only to the illustrated embodiment, which corresponds to the most common configuration in network antennas, where the triplate distributors are generally horizontal. This orientation is however in no way restrictive and any other absolute orientation in space could be chosen as soon as the condition, mentioned below, of orthogonality between the two dipoles is respected.

Dans le même ordre d'idées, bien que l'on décrive ici l'antenne de l'invention essentiellement sous forme d'une source émettant une onde polarisée circulairement, cette même antenne peut aussi bien être utilisée sans aucune modification, du fait du principe de réciprocité, en tant qu'antenne de réception.In the same vein, although the antenna of the invention is described here essentially in the form of a source emitting a circularly polarized wave, this same antenna can also be used without any modification, because of the principle of reciprocity, as receiving antenna.

Le dipôle horizontal 10 est réalisé en prolongeant transversalement (c'est-à-dire perpendiculairement à la direction axiale de l'antenne, matérialisée par l'axe Δ), l'un des conducteurs centraux de la ligne d'alimentation par une branche 11 formant l'une des moitiés d'un dipôle. L'autre moitié du dipôle est constituée par des branches 12, 13 formées en prolongeant transversalement, de l'autre côté de l'axe A (mais du même côté pour les deux branches 12 et 13), les conducteurs périphériques 3 et 4 de la ligne d'alimentation.The horizontal dipole 10 is produced by extending transversely (that is to say perpendicular to the axial direction of the antenna, materialized by the axis Δ), one of the central conductors of the supply line by a branch 11 forming one of the halves of a dipole. The other half of the dipole is made up of branches 12, 13 formed by extending transversely, on the other side of the axis A (but on the same side for the two branches 12 and 13), the peripheral conductors 3 and 4 of the power line.

Les branches 11, 12 et 13 sont de même longueur, égale à environ un quart d'onde.The branches 11, 12 and 13 are the same length, equal to about a quarter wave.

Le dipôle 20 est formé par repliement d'un autre conducteur central vers le bas, ce qui donne la branche 21, et de l'un des conducteurs périphériques (ici, le conducteur supérieur 4) vers le haut, ce qui donne la seconde branche 22 du dipôle 20. Ces deux- branches 21 et 22 ont également une longueur d'environ un quart d'onde.The dipole 20 is formed by folding another central conductor downwards, which gives the branch 21, and one of the peripheral conductors (here, the upper conductor 4) upwards, which gives the second branch 22 of the dipole 20. These two branches 21 and 22 also have a length of around a quarter wave.

Les conducteurs périphériques 3 et 4 sont repliés en 5 et 6 de manière à former un plan de masse constituant le plan de court-circuit des dipôles 10 et 20.The peripheral conductors 3 and 4 are folded at 5 and 6 so as to form a ground plane constituting the short-circuit plane of the dipoles 10 and 20.

Les dipôles 10 et 20 sont alimentés conjointement au moyen d'un coupleur 30 intercalé entre les lignes d'alimentation 1 et 2 et les dipôles 10 et 20.The dipoles 10 and 20 are supplied jointly by means of a coupler 30 interposed between the supply lines 1 and 2 and the dipoles 10 and 20.

Ce coupleur permet, de manière en elle-même connue, (d'exciter les deux dipôles de l'antenne avec un déphasage relatif de 90° (quadrature).This coupler makes it possible, in itself known manner, (to excite the two dipoles of the antenna with a relative phase shift of 90 ° (quadrature).

Ici, le coupleur 30 est un coupleur du type « coupleur hybride 90° », dit encore « coupleur hybride 3 dB », « anneau hybride 3 dB » ou « échelle 3 dB » .Here, the coupler 30 is a coupler of the “90 ° hybrid coupler” type, also called “3 dB hybrid coupler”, “3 dB hybrid ring” or “3 dB scale”.

Ce coupleur hybride 90°, en lui-même connu, comporte essentiellement deux branches d'entrée 31 et 31' symétriques (du point de vue radioélectrique) et deux branches de sortie, également symétriques 32 et 32'. Ces quatre branches aboutissent à quatre segments 33, 34, 35 et 36 ayant chacun une longueur d'environ un quart d'onde. Ces segments 33 à 36 peuvent être rectilignes, comme illustré sur la figure - et l'on parle généralement de « coupleur en échelle » - ou curvi lignes - et l'on parle alors plutôt d' « anneau hybride » -, ou même prendre des formes plus complexes, les paramètres importants étant la longueur et la largeur des lignes de transmission formées par ces segments.This 90 ° hybrid coupler, in itself known, essentially comprises two symmetrical input branches 31 and 31 '(from the radioelectric point of view) and two equally symmetrical output branches 32 and 32'. These four branches lead to four segments 33, 34, 35 and 36 each having a length of about a quarter wave. These segments 33 to 36 can be rectilinear, as illustrated in the figure - and one generally speaks of “ladder coupler” - or curvy lines - and one then speaks rather of “hybrid ring” -, or even take more complex shapes, the important parameters being the length and width of the transmission lines formed by these segments.

Les dimensions des branches d'entrée 31 et 31', des branches de sortie 32 et 32' et des lignes 35 et 36 sont telles que ces éléments sont tous adaptés sur l'impédance caractéristique de l'antenne et de ses circuits associés, typiquement 50 Q. En revanche, on donne aux lignes 33 et 34 une largeur supérieure, de manière à créer une désadaptation d'impédance. Cette désadaptation est telle que les signaux appliqués sur l'une ou l'autre branche d'entrée 31 ou 31' vont se trouver divisés et, du fait des retards introduits par les lignes quart d'onde 33 à 36, vont donner sur chacune des branches de sortie 32 et 32' des signaux semblables, de même amplitude mais déphasés de 90°.The dimensions of the input branches 31 and 31 ′, of the output branches 32 and 32 ′ and of the lines 35 and 36 are such that these elements are all adapted to the characteristic impedance of the antenna and of its associated circuits, typically 50 Q. On the other hand, lines 33 and 34 are given a greater width, so as to create an impedance mismatch. This mismatch is such that the signals applied to one or the other input branch 31 or 31 ′ will be divided and, due to the delays introduced by the quarter wave lines 33 to 36, will give on each output branches 32 and 32 'of similar signals, of the same amplitude but 90 ° out of phase.

Un tel coupleur hybride 90° présente un certain nombre d'avantages, notamment le fait qu'il permet de maintenir un déphasage de 90° quasiment constant sur une très large bande de fréquences, typiquement sur une largeur de bande de 20%, avec un ROS peu affecté par les variations de fréquence dans cette bande ; autrement dit, ce coupleur hybride reste parfaitement adapté même si la fréquence varie autour de la fréquence centrale pour laquelle il a été calculé.Such a 90 ° hybrid coupler has a number of advantages, in particular the fact that it makes it possible to maintain an almost constant 90 ° phase shift over a very wide frequency band, typically over a bandwidth of 20%, with a ROS little affected by frequency variations in this band; in other words, this hybrid coupler remains perfectly suited even if the frequency varies around the central frequency for which it was calculated.

Ainsi, si l'on applique un signal sur la branche d'entrée 31 du coupleur hybride 30, on réalisera, du fait de l'alimentation symétrique équiamplitude mais en quadrature, une polarisation circulaire tournée vers la droite, tandis que, si l'on applique le signal sur la branche d'entrée 31' du coupleur hybride 30, on obtiendra une polarisation circulaire inverse, c'est-à-dire tournée vers la gauche.Thus, if one applies a signal to the input branch 31 of the hybrid coupler 30, one will realize, because of the symmetrical power supply equiamplitude but in quadrature, a circular polarization turned to the right, while, if the the signal is applied to the input branch 31 ′ of the hybrid coupler 30, a reverse circular polarization is obtained, that is to say turned to the left.

Avantageusement, on peut configurer le système d'alimentation de l'antenne de manière à rayonner non seulement une polarisation circulaire (droite ou gauche), mais également une polarisation rectiligne, verticale et/ou horizontale (il peut être notamment intéressant, dans certaines applications, d'utiliser simultanément les deux polarisations rectilignes croisées).Advantageously, the antenna feed system can be configured so as to radiate not only a circular polarization (right or left), but also a rectilinear, vertical and / or horizontal polarization (it can be particularly advantageous, in certain applications , to use the two crossed rectilinear polarizations simultaneously).

On peut, à cet effet, court-circuiter sélectivement certaines parties du coupleur, par exemple au moyen de diodes PIN, de manière à n'exciter qu'un seul des deux dipôles.To this end, it is possible to selectively short-circuit certain parts of the coupler, for example by means of PIN diodes, so as to excite only one of the two dipoles.

On préfère cependant utiliser la solution illustrée schématiquement figure 3, consistant à prévoir un second coupleur hybride 90° référencé 40, monté en amont du premier. Les deux coupleurs 30 et 40 sont montés en cascade, c'est-à-dire que les deux branches de sortie 42, 42' du coupleur amont 40 sont directement reliées aux branches d'entrée 31, 31' du coupleur aval 30.However, it is preferred to use the solution illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 3, consisting in providing a second 90 ° hybrid coupler referenced 40, mounted upstream of the first. The two couplers 30 and 40 are cascaded, that is to say that the two output branches 42, 42 'of the upstream coupler 40 are directly connected to the input branches 31, 31' of the downstream coupler 30.

Par commutation sélective, on applique le signal à rayonner sur l'une et/ou l'autre des deux branches d'entrée 41,41' du coupleuramont40, et/ou sur l'une et/ou l'autre des branches d'entrée 31, 31' du coupleur aval 30.By selective switching, the signal to be radiated is applied to one and / or the other of the two input branches 41, 41 'of the upstream coupler, and / or to one and / or the other of the branches of input 31, 31 'of the downstream coupler 30.

On pourra ainsi obtenir, simultanément ou successivement, avec un seul et même ensemble rayonnant (c'est-à-dire avec un seul et même couple de dipôles 10, 20) :

  • - une polarisation circulaire droite, si l'on applique le signal par la voie d'entrée 31 du coupleur aval 30,
  • - une polarisation circulaire gauche, si l'on applique le signal par la voie d'entrée 31' du coupleur aval 30,
  • - une polarisation rectiligne horizontale, si l'on applique le signal par la voie d'entrée 41 du coupleur amont 40, et
  • - une polarisation rectiligne verticale, si l'on applique le signal par la voie d'entrée 51 du coupleur amont 40.
We can thus obtain, simultaneously or successively, with a single radiating assembly (that is to say with a single and same pair of dipoles 10, 20):
  • - a right circular polarization, if the signal is applied by the input channel 31 of the downstream coupler 30,
  • a left circular polarization, if the signal is applied via the input channel 31 ′ of the downstream coupler 30,
  • a horizontal rectilinear polarization, if the signal is applied via the input channel 41 of the upstream coupler 40, and
  • - a vertical rectilinear polarization, if the signal is applied via the input channel 51 of the upstream coupler 40.

La sélection de la polarisation souhaitée pourra s'obtenir facilement de manière en elle-même connue par commutation des différentes voies, par exemple au moyen de diodes PIN.The selection of the desired polarization can easily be obtained in a manner known per se by switching the different channels, for example by means of PIN diodes.

Un tel type d'antenne élémentaire se prête particulièrement bien à la constitution d'un réseau plan, qui peu comprendre plusieurs dizaines ou plusieurs centaines d'éléments rayonnants.Such a type of elementary antenna lends itself particularly well to the constitution of a planar network, which can comprise several tens or several hundreds of radiating elements.

Chaque élément rayonnant sera alors associé à un coupleur hybride qui lui est propre, les différents coupleurs étant alimentés de façon appropriée, de manière en elle-même également connue, par des circuits répartiteurs appropriés.Each radiating element will then be associated with a hybrid coupler which is specific to it, the various couplers being supplied in an appropriate manner, in a manner also known per se, by appropriate distributor circuits.

La configuration de l'ensemble élément rayon- nant/coupleur hybride de la présente invention permet d'avoir une disposition très compacte, ce qui permettra de rapprocher au maxi mum les uns des autres les divers éléments rayonnants. Or on sait que, dans une antenne réseau, si l'on veut éviter l'apparition de lobes de réseau préjudiciables à une large couverture angulaire, il est nécessaire de rapprocher le plus possible les divers éléments rayonnants, idéalement avec un espacement non supérieur à une demi- longueur d'onde.The configuration of the radiating element / hybrid coupler assembly of the present invention makes it possible to have a very compact arrangement, which will allow the various radiating elements to be brought together as much as possible. Now we know that, in a network antenna, if we want to avoid the appearance of network lobes detrimental to a wide angular coverage, it is necessary to bring the various radiating elements as close as possible, ideally with a spacing of no more than half a wavelength.

On notera que, dans l'antenne de l'invention, les centres de phase respectifs des deux dipôles vont se trouver légèrement décalés en raison de leurs positions respectives (entraxe x). Ce décalage induit certes une légère dissymétrie et donc un léger défaut de circularité de la polarisation pour l'élément rayonnant, mais ce défaut peut être aisément compensé en alternant le positionnement des dipôles d'un élément rayonnant au suivant dans le réseau.It will be noted that, in the antenna of the invention, the respective phase centers of the two dipoles will be slightly offset due to their respective positions (center distance x). This offset certainly induces a slight asymmetry and therefore a slight defect in the circularity of the polarization for the radiating element, but this defect can be easily compensated for by alternating the positioning of the dipoles from one radiating element to the next in the network.

On constate ainsi qu'un entraxe x de l'ordre de 0,25 λ procure un fonctionnement satisfaisant, à condition de compenser le défaut de circularité en alternant le positionnement des dipôles dans le réseau, comme on vient de l'indiquer. En disposant le dipôle vertical 20 légèrement en retrait par rapport au dipôle horizontal 10, il est possible de réduire encore cet entraxe, par exemple jusqu'à une valeur de l'ordre de 0, 15λ .It is thus found that a center distance x of the order of 0.25 λ provides satisfactory operation, provided that the defect in circularity is compensated for by alternating the positioning of the dipoles in the network, as just indicated. By placing the vertical dipole 20 slightly behind the horizontal dipole 10, it is possible to further reduce this distance, for example up to a value of about 0.15λ.

Une telle antenne peut être réalisée pour toutes les bandes de fréquences où la technologie triplaque peut être mise en oeuvre, typiquement les bandes L, S et C.Such an antenna can be produced for all frequency bands where triplate technology can be used, typically the L, S and C bands.

Claims (4)

1. A circular polarization antenna, in particular an elementary antenna for an antenna array, this antenna being energized by a three-layer feed line comprising two peripheral conductors (3, 4) respectively disposed above and below at least one central conductor (1 ; 2), characterized in that it comprises:
- three-layer energizing means comprising a symmetrical, wide-band, 90° hybrid coupler (30), with a first (32) and a second (32') output branch and at least one input branch (31 ; 31') receiving from the three-layer line a signal to be radiated,
- a first dipolar radiating element (10), comprising two quarter-wave branches (12,13) formed by prolonging each of the peripheral conductors (3, 4) of the three-layer line in their plane in a transverse direction and similarly directed and a quarter-wave branch (11) formed by prolonging the first output branch (32) of the 90° hybrid coupler in its plane, parallel to the two previously mentioned branches but oppositely directed,
- a second dipolar radiating element (20), perpendicular to the first one, comprising two quarter-wave branches (21, 22) formed by respectively folding back, in opposite directions, the second output branch (32') of the 90° hybrid coupler and one (4) of the peripheral conductors, these two quarter-wave branches being coplanar and extending perpendicular to the planes of the conductors,

in such a way as to energize the dipolar radiating elements with similar respective signals, having the same amplitude but having a 90° phase difference and thus to polarize circularly the signal to be radiated.
2. Use of the antenna according to Claim 1, wherein the signal to be radiated is selectively applied to one (31) or the other (31') of the input branches of the 90° hybrid coupler depending on the direction, right or left, chosen for the circular polarization.
3. Antenna according to Claim 1, wherein the three-layer energizing means comprise a second 90° hybrid coupler (40), connected in cascade with the first one (30), with a first output branch (42) and a second output branch (42') connected to the first input branch (31) and to the second input branch (31') of the first coupler, and to at least one input branch (41 ; 41') receiving from the three-layer line a signal to be radiated,
in such a way as to energize the dipolar radiating elements with similar respective signals having the same amplitude and phase and thus to polarize linearly the signal to be radiated.
4. Use of the antenna according to Claim 3, wherein the signal to be radiated is applied selectively to one (41) and/or to the other (41') of the input branches of the second 90° hybrid coupler depending on the direction, vertical and/or horizontal, chosen for the linear polarization.
EP90403209A 1989-11-24 1990-11-13 Circular polarized antenna, particularly for array antenna Expired - Lifetime EP0430745B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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FR8915474 1989-11-24
FR8915474A FR2655202B1 (en) 1989-11-24 1989-11-24 CIRCULAR POLARIZATION ANTENNA, ESPECIALLY FOR ANTENNA NETWORK.

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EP0430745B1 true EP0430745B1 (en) 1994-06-29

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DE69010310D1 (en) 1994-08-04
EP0430745A1 (en) 1991-06-05
DE69010310T2 (en) 1994-10-27
FR2655202A1 (en) 1991-05-31
FR2655202B1 (en) 1992-02-07
JPH03177101A (en) 1991-08-01
US5172128A (en) 1992-12-15
CA2029378A1 (en) 1991-05-25

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