EP0180515B1 - Einrichtung zum Reduzieren des Luftwiderstandes von Munition und damit versehene Munition - Google Patents

Einrichtung zum Reduzieren des Luftwiderstandes von Munition und damit versehene Munition Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0180515B1
EP0180515B1 EP85402061A EP85402061A EP0180515B1 EP 0180515 B1 EP0180515 B1 EP 0180515B1 EP 85402061 A EP85402061 A EP 85402061A EP 85402061 A EP85402061 A EP 85402061A EP 0180515 B1 EP0180515 B1 EP 0180515B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
projectile
casing
base
ammunition
cover
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP85402061A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0180515A1 (de
EP0180515B2 (de
Inventor
Michel Schilling
Marc Reuche
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SOMIL ARMEMENT
Original Assignee
Luchaire SA
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Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Luchaire SA filed Critical Luchaire SA
Priority to AT85402061T priority Critical patent/ATE37603T1/de
Publication of EP0180515A1 publication Critical patent/EP0180515A1/de
Publication of EP0180515B1 publication Critical patent/EP0180515B1/de
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Publication of EP0180515B2 publication Critical patent/EP0180515B2/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B10/00—Means for influencing, e.g. improving, the aerodynamic properties of projectiles or missiles; Arrangements on projectiles or missiles for stabilising, steering, range-reducing, range-increasing or fall-retarding
    • F42B10/32—Range-reducing or range-increasing arrangements; Fall-retarding means
    • F42B10/38—Range-increasing arrangements
    • F42B10/40—Range-increasing arrangements with combustion of a slow-burning charge, e.g. fumers, base-bleed projectiles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device adaptable to all devices or ammunition, such as in particular artillery projectiles, having an aerodynamic base drag, this device having precisely the aim of reducing this base drag, so as to increase, in notable proportions , the range and the precision of the ammunition which is provided with it.
  • the device according to the invention is contained, ready for use, provided with all the systems and means necessary for its operation, in a specific package independent of the ammunition that it is intended to equip. It can be mounted, or not, just before firing, depending on the distance from the target to be reached, which allows to solve in a simple way the problem of the differential range of an ammunition.
  • the device according to the invention is a real kit capable of being adapted at any time to any ammunition fitted out in a very simple manner, to receive it.
  • the propellant charge is placed in a chamber of the projectile.
  • the propellant chamber causes, by its combustion, an additional acceleration of the projectile on its trajectory.
  • a drawback of this device lies in the fact that the acceleration at the start of the trajectory significantly reduces the accuracy of the shot. Added to this is a significant increase in the mass of the projectile so that the gain in range is not related to the additional energy consumption.
  • the length of the projectiles cannot be thoughtlessly increased, for reasons of space and ballistics, it is inevitable that the incorporation of the propellant charge takes place at the expense of the useful volume of the projectile.
  • the other device consists of a gas generator, placed in a chamber at the base of the projectile.
  • This gas generator is ignited by a suitable igniter from the start of the flight of the projectile.
  • the gases generated by the combustion of this gas generator escape through an orifice made in the combustion chamber at the base of the projectile.
  • the ejection of the hot gases of combustion does not cause any active acceleration of the projectile and is limited only to filling the volume in depression, of aerodynamic origin, which forms at the rear of the projectile and which creates the drag of base which decreases notably the range of the projectile.
  • This pellet trail being thus neutralized, the range of the projectile is considerably increased.
  • This device has the advantage of achieving much more economically than additional propulsion, an increase in range of the same order of magnitude (up to 30%).
  • the accuracy of the shot is significantly improved compared to the use of additional propulsion.
  • This projectile can be fired with or without this skirt.
  • This skirt does not contain any pyrotechnic composition so that it has only a very small impact on the range of the projectile. Furthermore, in the absence of pyrotechnic composition, this skirt does not pose any sealing problem, in particular when it is stored separately from the projectile.
  • the object of the invention is to remedy the drawbacks of the abovementioned embodiment, by creating a device for reducing the drag of the ammunition and which can be easily adapted to an existing projectile, so as to significantly increase the range thereof, this projectile can also be fired without this device to execute shots of shorter range.
  • the device for reducing the drag of ammunition comprising a pyrotechnic composition such as a propellant whose combustion generates gases under pressure at least sufficient to fill the depression created at the rear of the ammunition and generating its drag
  • this device comprising a housing containing the pyrotechnic composition and an igniter to allow the ignition of this composition, characterized in that the housing is sealed and has on its intended side to be applied against the rear of the ammunition, a lid tightly fixed on the housing, the latter further comprising fixing means cooperating with complementary fixing means provided at the rear of the ammunition to allow adaptation this case, in a sealed manner, at any time, in particular in the field, at the rear of the ammunition, so as to reduce the drag and increase it the scope.
  • the device case is sealed, allows its storage in a separate packaging of the projectile, so that the device can be adapted in a sealed manner to the rear of a conventional ammunition, at any time, in particular on the very ground of the shooting.
  • the device according to the invention which is adaptable to existing projectiles by means of a slight modification of the rear of these, therefore makes it possible to increase their range, while allowing the firing of these projectiles independently of the device when this increase in range is not necessary.
  • the cover tightly attached to the housing, protects the interior of the housing against mechanical shock and atmospheric agents.
  • this cover since it fits tightly against the rear of the projectile, this cover does not risk being deformed when fired under the effect of differential pressures generated on either side of this cover and which would inevitably lead to destruction of the device.
  • the igniter is fixed on the internal face of this cover.
  • this cover thus has a flat surface without projection, which can perfectly match the rear base of the projectile.
  • the invention also relates to ammunition such as an artillery projectile capable of receiving a device according to the invention to reduce its drag.
  • the rear part of this ammunition comprises for this purpose fixing means which allow the subjection at any time, without any preparation or modification, of the device housing.
  • fixing means are such that their presence does not disturb the firing of the projectile when the latter is not equipped with the device according to the invention.
  • the device for reducing the drag of an ammunition such as a shell 1 of 155 mm caliber consists of a box 2 containing a pyrotechnic composition such as a propellant block 3 having a axial channel 4, and an igniter 6 to allow the ignition of this composition.
  • This case 2 is closed in a sealed manner and comprises fixing means cooperating with complementary fixing means provided at the rear of the ammunition to allow this case 2 to be adapted, in a sealed manner, at any time, in particular on the ground, at the rear of the ammunition, so as to reduce its drag and increase its range.
  • the box 2 has on its face intended to be applied against the rear of the munition 1, an orifice 8 for discharging the gases generated during the combustion of the propellant block 3.
  • This evacuation orifice 8 is closed in leaktight manner by a plug 9 which can be destroyed under the effect of the pressure generated in the barrel of the munition launching weapon 1.
  • the seal between the plug 9 and the rear orifice 8 of the housing 2 is produced by means of an O-ring 9a.
  • FIGS. 2 and 4 Furthermore, it can be seen in FIGS. 2 and 4 that the faces of the propellant block 3 adjacent to the cover 5, 5a, to the side and rear walls of the housing 2 are covered by a layer of combustion inhibitor 3a.
  • the igniter 6 has on its wall adjacent to the axial channel 4 of the propellant block 3 holes 6a to allow the ignition of the pyrotechnic composition contained in the igniter 6 by the combustion gases formed by the propellant powder ammunition when fired.
  • the cover 5, 5a of the housing 2 has a surface complementary to that of the base 1a, 1b of the ammunition, so that this cover 2 follows this base when the housing 2 is fixed to the ammunition, as indicated in FIGS. 1 and 3 .
  • FIGS. 1 and 3 it can also be seen that the external surface of the casing 2, the means for fixing this casing 2 and the complementary securing means for the munition 1, are such as when the casing 2 is fixed to the munition , the exterior surface of this casing continuously follows the exterior surface of the munition.
  • the device according to the invention is suitable for a shell 1 having at its rear a hollow base, defined by a flat face 1a bordered by a cylindrical skirt 1c.
  • the cover 5 of the housing 2 has a shape complementary to the inner surface of the hollow base of the shell of so that we can fit into this base. This cover 5 is welded tightly to the edge of the housing.
  • the housing 2 has, on its periphery, a thread 10 which can be screwed into a thread 11 formed on the internal lateral face of the skirt 1c which forms the hollow base.
  • the housing 2 has on its external face and near the thread 10, an annular shoulder 12 intended to come into abutment against the edge of the outer skirt 1c defining the hollow base of shell 1.
  • the device shown in Figure 4 is adaptable to a shell with a solid base (see Figure 3).
  • the cover 5a of the housing 2 has for this purpose an annular skirt 5b oriented towards the outside of the housing, this skirt 5b having on its internal face a thread 13 which can be screwed onto a thread 14 formed on the periphery of the shell of the shell , as shown in FIG. 3.
  • This skirt 5b itself has a thread 13a screwed onto a thread 14a of the housing 2.
  • the ammunition shown in Figures 1 and 3 therefore includes a rear part comprising fixing means which allow the fixing, at any time, without any preparation or modification, of the housing 2 of the device according to the invention.
  • the shell 1 shown in Figure 5 is identical to that of Figure 1.
  • the skirt 1c carries instead of the device according to the invention a base ring 15 having the same length as that of the housing 2.
  • This ring 15 can be placement at the rear of the shell 1, when the device according to the invention is not used.
  • the shell shown in FIG. 3 has a narrowed rear part 16 and a solid base to which the device according to the invention is fixed, this narrowed rear part 16 forms a hollow discontinuity between the shell and the housing 2. This discontinuity in hollow can be filled by a ring 17 placed on the shell before fixing the device.
  • the shell as in the embodiment according to Figure 3 has a narrowed rear portion 16 and a solid base, shaped to receive the device.
  • a ring 18 whose external profile is shaped to give the rear part of the shell its profile origin.
  • the invention makes it possible to increase considerably the range of conventional projectiles, without the device according to the invention significantly increasing the total weight of the projectile. Moreover, since the device according to the invention is stored in a separate package from the projectile, this device does not affect the conditions of transport and handling of the projectiles.
  • the ammunition retains its possibility of being fired without the device according to the invention. If, on the battlefield, it is desired to reach an objective situated beyond the normal maximum range of the projectile, it suffices to remove the base rings 15 or 18 and install the device according to the invention. This operation is very easy to carry out by personnel having no particular skills. In addition, this operation practically does not affect the time necessary to put the ammunition in order for the shooting.
  • the munition itself and the device according to the invention are stored separately, the explosive powder of the ammunition and the propellant are separated from the device, which makes it possible to separate the risks and thus facilitate inventory management. .
  • each munition it is possible to provide for each munition, a whole range of devices having casings 2 of different lengths containing different pyrotechnic charges, so as to be able to modify the range of the munition.
  • the invention does not apply only to shells but to all munitions which have a base drag and whatever their caliber.
  • the means of fixing the device according to the invention to the rear of the ammunition can be different from those described and be constituted for example by a bayonet fixing system or the like, the main thing being that these means allow a waterproof fixing and strong enough to withstand the pressure generated during shooting.
  • part of the pyrotechnic composition contained in the housing 2 can be replaced by a tracer powder so as to be able to follow the trajectory of the projectile.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Portable Nailing Machines And Staplers (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
  • Oxygen, Ozone, And Oxides In General (AREA)
  • Ink Jet (AREA)
  • Executing Machine-Instructions (AREA)
  • Ink Jet Recording Methods And Recording Media Thereof (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)
  • Lifting Devices For Agricultural Implements (AREA)
  • Soil Working Implements (AREA)
  • Fire-Extinguishing By Fire Departments, And Fire-Extinguishing Equipment And Control Thereof (AREA)
  • Power-Operated Mechanisms For Wings (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Electrical Connectors (AREA)
  • Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)
  • Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Input Circuits Of Receivers And Coupling Of Receivers And Audio Equipment (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
  • Vending Machines For Individual Products (AREA)
  • Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
  • Connection Of Motors, Electrical Generators, Mechanical Devices, And The Like (AREA)
  • Connection Of Batteries Or Terminals (AREA)
  • Valve Device For Special Equipments (AREA)
  • Electrically Operated Instructional Devices (AREA)
  • Management, Administration, Business Operations System, And Electronic Commerce (AREA)
  • Cable Transmission Systems, Equalization Of Radio And Reduction Of Echo (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
  • Train Traffic Observation, Control, And Security (AREA)
  • Braking Arrangements (AREA)
  • Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
  • Elimination Of Static Electricity (AREA)

Claims (13)

1. Vorrichtung zur Reduzierung des Sogs von Munitionen (1) wie Artilleriegeschosse, mit einer pyrotechnischen Zusammensetzung (3) wie ein Propergoi, dessen Verbrennung Gase unter einem Druck erzeugt, der wenigstens susreichend ist, um den am rückwärtigen Teil der Munition erzeugten Unterdruck auszufüllen, der ihren Sog erzeugt, wobei diese Vorrichtung ein die pyrotechnische Zusammensetzung (3) enthaltendes Gehäuse (2) sowie einen Zünder (6) umfaßt, um die Zündung dieser Zusammensetzung zu ermöglichen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß dieses Gehäuse (2) dicht verschlossen ist und auf seiner Fläche, die dazu bestimmt ist, gegen den rückwärtigen Teil der Munition angelegt zu werden, einen an dem Gehäuse dicht befestigten Deckel (5, 5a) umfaßt, wobei dieses Gehäuse ferner Befestigungsmittel (10, 13) umfaßt, die mit komplementären Befestigungsmitteln (11, 14) zusammenarbeiten, welche am rückwärtigen Teil der Munition angeordnet sind, damit dieses Gehäuse hermetisch, jederzeit und insbesondere im Gelände auf den rückwärtigen Teil der Munition angepaßt werden kann, so daß deren Sog reduziert und ihre Reichweite vergrößert wird.
2. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Zünder (6) an der Innenseite dieses Deckels befestigt ist.
3. Vorrichtung gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 und 2, wobei das Gehäuse (2) auf seiner Fläche, die von seiner Fläche abgewandt ist, welche dazu bestimmt ist, gegen den rückwärtigen Teil der Munition angelegt zu werden, eine Öffnung (8) zum Abströmen der Gase umfaßt, die während der Verbrennung der pyrotechnischen Zusammensetzung (3) erzeugt werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß diese Gasabströmöffnung (8) durch einen Stöpsel (9) dicht verschlossen ist, der unter der Wirkung des in dem Lauf der Waffe zum Abfeuern der Munition erzeugten Drucks zerstörbar ist.
4. Vorrichtung gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Deckel (5, 5a) des gehäuses (2) eine zur Fläche des Bodens (1a, 1b) der Munition komplementäre Fläche aufweist, so daß dieser Deckel sich an diesen Boden anschmiegt, wenn das Gehäuse an der Munition befestigt ist.
5. Vorrichtung gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Außenoberfläche des Gehäuses (2), die Mittel (10, 13) zur Befestigung dieses Gehäuses und die komplementären Mittel (11, 14) der Munition (1) derart sind, daß, wenn das Gehäuse an der Munition befestigt ist, die Außenoberfläche des Gehäuses der Außenoberfläche der Munition ohne Unterbrechung folgt.
6. Vorrichtung gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, die an eine an ihrem rückwärtigen Teil einen Hohlboden (1a) aufweisende Munition angepaßt werden kann, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Deckel (5) eine Form aufweist, die zu derjenigen der Innenoberfläche des Hohlbodens der Munition komplementär ist, so daß er in diesen Boden eingesteckt werden kann.
7. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Gehäuse (2) an seinem Umfang ein Außengewinde (10) aufweist, das in ein Innengewinde (11) geschraubt werden kann, das auf der inneren Seitenfläche des Hohlbodens (1a) vorgesehen ist.
8. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Gehäuse (2) auf seiner Außenfläche und in der Nähe des Außengewindes (10) eine ringförmige Schulter (12) aufweist, die dazu bestimmt ist, sich gegen den Rand der äußeren Schürze (1c) abzustützen, die den Hohlboden (1a) der Munition abgrenzt.
9. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, die an eine einen massiven Boden (1b) aufweisende Munition angepaßt werden kann, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Deckel (5a) des Gehäuses (2) eine ringförmige Schürze (5b) aufweist, die zu der Außenseite des Gehäuses hin orientiert ist, wobei diese Schürze auf ihrer Innenfläche ein Gewinde (13) aufweist, das auf ein am Umfang des Bodens (1 b) der Munition angebrachtes Außengewinde (14) aufgeschraubt werden kann.
10. Munition, dazu geeignet, eine Vorrichtung gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9 aufzunehmen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ihr rückwärtiger Teil (1a, 1b) Befestigungsmittel (11, 14) umfaßt, die jederzeit, ohne jegliche Vorbereitung oder Änderung, die Befestigung des Gehäuses (2) der Vorrichtung ermöglichen.
11. Munition mit einer Vorrichtung gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, die einen verjüngten rückwärtigen Teil (16) sowie einen massiven Boden (1b) aufweist, an welchem die Vorrichtung befestigt wird, wobei der genannte verjüngte rückwärtige Teil zwischen der Munition und der Vorrichtung eine eine Höhlung bildende Unterbrechung aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß diese Unterbrechung durch einen Ring (17) ausgefüllt ist, der vor der Befestigung der Vorrichtung auf der Munition angebracht wird.
12. Munition gemäß Anspruch 10, mit einem verjüngten rückwärtigen Teil (16) und einem massiven Boden (1b), derart ausgebildet, daß sie die Vorrichtung empfangen können, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in dem Falle, wo die Vorrichtung nicht an der Munition befestigt ist, ein Ring (18) an dem verjüngten Teil (16) sowie an dem Boden (1 b) angebracht wird, dessen Außenprofil so gebildet ist, daß dem rückwärtigen Teil der Munition sein ursprüngliches Profil wiedergegeben wird.
13. System mit einer Munition gemäß einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 12 sowie einer Vorrichtung gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Vorrichtung in einer Verpackung enthalten ist, die von der Munition getrennt ist, wobei diese Munition und diese Vorrichtung komplementäre Befestigungsmittel (10, 13 ; 11, 14) umfassen, so daß die Vorrichtung am rückwärtigen Teil der Munition jederzeit, ohne jegliche Vorbereitung oder Änderung der genannten Munition und der genannten Vorrichtung, befestigt werden kann.
EP85402061A 1984-10-25 1985-10-23 Einrichtung zum Reduzieren des Luftwiderstandes von Munition und damit versehene Munition Expired - Lifetime EP0180515B2 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT85402061T ATE37603T1 (de) 1984-10-25 1985-10-23 Einrichtung zum reduzieren des luftwiderstandes von munition und damit versehene munition.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8416348A FR2572512B1 (fr) 1984-10-25 1984-10-25 Dispositif, adaptable sur engins ou munitions, tels que projectiles d'artillerie, destine a reduire leur trainee de culot
FR8416348 1984-10-25

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0180515A1 EP0180515A1 (de) 1986-05-07
EP0180515B1 true EP0180515B1 (de) 1988-09-28
EP0180515B2 EP0180515B2 (de) 1992-04-29

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ID=9308998

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EP85402061A Expired - Lifetime EP0180515B2 (de) 1984-10-25 1985-10-23 Einrichtung zum Reduzieren des Luftwiderstandes von Munition und damit versehene Munition

Country Status (15)

Country Link
US (1) US4807535A (de)
EP (1) EP0180515B2 (de)
JP (1) JPS61147100A (de)
AT (1) ATE37603T1 (de)
BR (1) BR8505357A (de)
CA (1) CA1277538C (de)
DE (1) DE3565313D1 (de)
ES (2) ES8708053A1 (de)
FI (1) FI84858B (de)
FR (1) FR2572512B1 (de)
GR (1) GR852584B (de)
IL (1) IL76780A (de)
NO (1) NO157395C (de)
PT (1) PT81357B (de)
YU (1) YU45004B (de)

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GB9216295D0 (en) * 1992-07-31 1998-05-06 Secr Defence Long range artillery range
FR2705144B1 (fr) * 1993-05-12 1995-12-29 Giat Ind Sa Projectile comprenant un corps ferme par un fond.
US5353711A (en) * 1993-10-04 1994-10-11 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Extended range artillery projectile
IL119392A (en) 1996-10-09 2004-01-04 Rafael Armament Dev Authority Device for reducing the drag at the base of a body
SE508403C2 (sv) * 1996-12-15 1998-10-05 Gunners Nils Erik Basflödesaggregat
FR2776372B1 (fr) 1998-03-19 2000-08-04 Giat Ind Sa Obus perforant anti structures betonnees et dispositif de conversion permettant d'obtenir un tel obus perforant a partir d'un obus explosif
US7802520B2 (en) * 2007-07-25 2010-09-28 Martin Electronics Drag minimizing projectile delivery system
KR101677944B1 (ko) 2008-03-13 2016-11-21 웰스태트 테러퓨틱스 코포레이션 화합물 및 요산을 감소시키기 위한 방법
US7823510B1 (en) 2008-05-14 2010-11-02 Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne, Inc. Extended range projectile
US7891298B2 (en) * 2008-05-14 2011-02-22 Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne, Inc. Guided projectile
DE102011018475A1 (de) * 2011-04-21 2012-10-25 Rwm Schweiz Ag Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur luftdichten Abdeckung einer Leuchtspur oder dergleichen
JP5711720B2 (ja) 2012-11-13 2015-05-07 株式会社 資生堂 油中水型乳化日焼け止め化粧料
US8893621B1 (en) * 2013-12-07 2014-11-25 Rolando Escobar Projectile
DE102018115072A1 (de) * 2018-06-22 2019-12-24 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh De- und aktivierbarer Base-Bleed
US11965721B2 (en) * 2022-09-13 2024-04-23 General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems—Canada, Inc. Closure disk assembly for tracer projectile

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES8708053A1 (es) 1987-09-01
FI84858B (fi) 1991-10-15
FI854155A0 (fi) 1985-10-23
FR2572512B1 (fr) 1987-09-25
PT81357B (pt) 1987-09-18
FI854155A (fi) 1986-04-26
CA1277538C (fr) 1990-12-11
ATE37603T1 (de) 1988-10-15
JPH0411799B2 (de) 1992-03-02
BR8505357A (pt) 1989-05-30
NO854096L (no) 1986-04-28
YU45004B (en) 1991-06-30
US4807535A (en) 1989-02-28
NO157395C (no) 1988-03-09
JPS61147100A (ja) 1986-07-04
DE3565313D1 (en) 1988-11-03
GR852584B (de) 1986-02-26
ES297156Y (es) 1993-05-16
ES297156U (es) 1990-08-16
PT81357A (fr) 1985-11-01
IL76780A (en) 1993-02-21
FR2572512A1 (fr) 1986-05-02
ES548171A0 (es) 1987-09-01
EP0180515A1 (de) 1986-05-07
NO157395B (no) 1987-11-30
YU168985A (en) 1988-12-31
EP0180515B2 (de) 1992-04-29

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