EP0176284B1 - Contact électrique entre éléments de résistivité différente - Google Patents

Contact électrique entre éléments de résistivité différente Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0176284B1
EP0176284B1 EP85306477A EP85306477A EP0176284B1 EP 0176284 B1 EP0176284 B1 EP 0176284B1 EP 85306477 A EP85306477 A EP 85306477A EP 85306477 A EP85306477 A EP 85306477A EP 0176284 B1 EP0176284 B1 EP 0176284B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
resistivity
resistive element
contact layer
contact
electrodes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP85306477A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0176284A1 (fr
Inventor
Neville S. Batliwalla
Ravinder K. Oswal
Michael Charles Jones
Jeff Shafe
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Raychem Corp
Original Assignee
Raychem Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Raychem Corp filed Critical Raychem Corp
Priority to AT88115948T priority Critical patent/ATE84658T1/de
Priority to AT85306477T priority patent/ATE74480T1/de
Publication of EP0176284A1 publication Critical patent/EP0176284A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0176284B1 publication Critical patent/EP0176284B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/02—Details
    • H05B3/06—Heater elements structurally combined with coupling elements or holders
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/02—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient
    • H01C7/027—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient consisting of conducting or semi-conducting material dispersed in a non-conductive organic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/146—Conductive polymers, e.g. polyethylene, thermoplastics
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
    • H05B2203/006—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using interdigitated electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/02—Heaters using heating elements having a positive temperature coefficient

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electrical devices comprising conductive members having different resistivities.
  • Such devices may comprise, for example, a metallic member used in conjunction with a resistive element such as a conductive polymer, i.e. a mixture comprising a conductive filler and an organic polymer (this term being used to include polysiloxanes), the filler being dispersed in the organic polymer or otherwise held together by the organic polymer, or a ceramic.
  • a conductive polymer i.e. a mixture comprising a conductive filler and an organic polymer (this term being used to include polysiloxanes), the filler being dispersed in the organic polymer or otherwise held together by the organic polymer, or a ceramic.
  • the conductive polymer may exhibit PTC behavior.
  • Documents describing conductive polymer compositions and devices comprising them include U.S. Patents Nos.
  • the present invention provides an electrical device which comprises:
  • the resistive element in the devices of the invention is preferably composed of a conductive polymer.
  • the conductive polymer When the device is a heater, the conductive polymer preferably exhibits PTC behavior, thus rendering the heater self-regulating.
  • the preferred range of resistivity at 23°C depends upon the dimensions of the heater and the power supply to be used, e.g. 5 to 50 ohm.cm for voltages up to 6 volts DC, 50 to 500 ohm.cm for 4 to 60 volts DC, 500 to 10,000 ohm.cm for 110 to 240 volts AC and 10,000 to 100,000 ohm.cm for voltages greater than 240 volts AC.
  • the conductive filler in the conductive polymer usually comprises, and preferably consists essentially of, carbon black.
  • the contact layer preferably also is composed of a conductive polymer.
  • the contact layer can exhibit PTC, substantially ZTC or NTC behavior in the operating temperature range of the device.
  • the ratio of the resistivity of the resistive layer material to the resistivity of the contact layer material is preferably at least 20:1, preferably at least 100:1, especially at least 1000:1, or even higher, e.g. at least 100,000:1.
  • the contact layer can be applied to the resistive layer by printing a conductive ink thereon, or through use of polymer thick film technology, or by a process comprising an etching step, or in any other way.
  • the contact layer can be present only between the most conductive member and the resistive element, or can extend beyond the connection member, in which case it may act as a preferential current carrier.
  • the electrodes provided by the contact layer are preferably arranged in a manner similar to that disclosed in our copending Application No. 85300415.8 (EP-A-0 158 410), i.e. there are a plurality of ribbon- shaped electrodes which are dimensioned and positioned on a surface of the resistive heating element (in our case the highest resistivity layer) so that
  • the contact layer has the same configuration as, and extends slightly beyond, the further member, so that there is no direct contact between the further member and the resistive element.
  • the further member may itself provide one or more electrodes.
  • the devices of the present invention each provide three components arranged relative to each other so that an electrical path can exist from the component having the lowest resistivity of the three components to the component having the highest resistivity of the three components through the other, intermediate resistivity component.
  • the devices may comprise more than three components of different resistivity.
  • a preferred electrical device comprises four components of different resistivities in which the component having the lowest resistivity of the four comprises a metal connection member for connection to an electrical power source. It contacts a second higher resistivity member, which preferably extends beyond the connection member to provide electrodes, and in turn contacts a third higher resistivity layer, which preferably has the same configurations, but extends slightly beyond the second layer. The third layer in turn contacts a higher resistivity layer which preferably provides a substrate resistive element.
  • the device according to the third aspect of the invention comprises four members of sequentially increasing resistivity.
  • the contact layer preferably comprises a conductive polymer in which the conductive filler consists of or contains a metal, preferably silver, or a mixture of silver with graphite or silver with graphite and carbon black.
  • the contact layer preferably has a resistivity in the range 2.5x10- 5 to 1x10- 3 ohm.cm.
  • the contact layer preferably comprises a conductive polymer in which the conductive filler consists of graphite and/or carbon black, or a mixture of graphite and/or carbon black with a metal, for example silver, wherein there is more graphite and/or carbon black than silver.
  • the contact layer preferably has a resistivity in the range 0.5x10- 2 to 0.1 ohm.cm.
  • the further member preferably provides a connection member.
  • connection members there are two or more connection members in each device, the members being connectable to a power supply to cause current to pass through the resistive element.
  • connection area between each connection member and a contact layer is at least 0.5 inch 2 preferably at least 5 inch 2 , e.g. at least 10 inch 2 , in area and can be very much more.
  • the connection area often has at least one dimension greater than 0.5 inch, preferably greater than 1 inch and can be much more, e.g. at least 5 inch.
  • the connection member makes substantially continuous contact with the contact layer, but this is not essential.
  • the further member has a resistivity greater than 1x10- 5 ohm.cm, and is therefore non-metallic
  • that member is preferably composed of a conductive polymer.
  • the member can exhibit PTC, substantially ZTC or NTC behavior in the operating temperature range of the device.
  • the ratio of the resistivity of the contact layer to the resistivity of the further member may be from as little as 5:1 to as much as 10,000:1, preferably it is in the range 10:1 to 1,000:1, for example 100:1.
  • the further member has a resistivity less than that of the contact layer but greater than 1x10 -5 ohm.cm.
  • the further member has a resistivity in the range 1x10- 5 to 1x10- 2 ohm.cm, more preferably in the range 1x10- 4 to 1x10 -3 ohm.cm. In a preferred embodiment the resistivity is about 5x10- 4 ohm.cm.
  • the further member comprises a conductive polymer
  • it may be applied to the contact layer in the same way that the contact layer is applied to the resistive layer, that is by printing a conductive ink on the contact layer, through the use of polymer thick film technology, or by a process comprising an etching step or it may be applied in any other way.
  • Devices include (i) sheet heaters, e.g. a sheet heater wherein the resistive element is a laminar element comprising spaced-apart substantially flat surfaces to which the contact layers are bonded and in particular include sheet heaters wherein the further members are connection members, the connection members having substantially flat surfaces which are pressed against the respective contact layers, and the contact layers extend beyond the areas of contact with the connection members to provide a plurality of electrodes; and (ii) strip heaters wherein the resistive element is in the form of a strip comprising spaced-apart concave surfaces to which the contact layers are bonded, and the connection members have substantially complementary convex surfaces which are pressed against the respective contact layers.
  • sheet heaters e.g. a sheet heater wherein the resistive element is a laminar element comprising spaced-apart substantially flat surfaces to which the contact layers are bonded and in particular include sheet heaters wherein the further members are connection members, the connection members having substantially flat surfaces which are pressed against the respective contact layers, and the contact layers extend beyond
  • Devices according to the present invention include sheet heaters, wherein the further member itself provides a plurality of electrodes and wherein the contact layer is at least coextensive with the electrodes and preferably extends slightly beyond the electrodes.
  • the contact layer has the same configuration as the electrodes.
  • the contact layer and the electrodes are preferably each in the form of conductive inks that are applied sequentially to the resistive layer by a printing process.
  • Devices according to the invention preferably also include a metal connection member, for connection to an electrical power source.
  • the connection member is preferably in contact with the electrodes, and preferably has all the preferred features attributed to the further member of the devices of the invention.
  • the resistive element is preferably a laminar element comprising spaced-apart substantially flat surfaces to which respective contact layers are bonded, to which, in turn, respective further members are bonded, the further members providing a plurality of electrodes, which, when connected to a source of electrical power, cause current to flow through the resistive element, preferably in the plane of the resistive element.
  • the spaced apart, substantially flat surfaces are in the same plane, and the electrodes are interdigitated.
  • the contact layers preferably have the same general configuration as the electrodes, but extend beyond the electrodes. In the case of interdigitated electrodes the contact layers are preferably from 1.5 to 3 times as wide as the electrodes, for example about twice as wide.
  • Devices according to the present invention preferably include a dielectric layer, covering and intimately bonded to at least part of the electrodes.
  • Devices according to the invention especially devices which are heaters, preferably also comprises a laminar polymeric insulating element which is adjacent to, but not secured to, the electrodes or dielectric layer (if present), or to the electrode bearing face of the resistive element.
  • the insulating element is arranged in a manner described in the Patent Application No 85306476.4(EP 0 175 550 A).
  • An advantage of devices according to the invention is that they can be used in applications where it is necessary for the device to carry a current of at least 5, and in some situations at least 10 Amps.
  • the further members preferably provide a plurality of electrodes, for example interdigitated electrodes, on a surface of a laminar resistive element, and the respective contact layers provide an intermediate resistivity layer between the electrodes and the resistive element
  • the presence of the contact layers not only improves the electrical contact between the electrodes and resistive elements, but also significantly improves the voltage stability of the devices, as compared with devices in which there are no intermediate contact layers and the electrodes directly contact the resistive element.
  • the voltage stability of a device indicates how the resistivity of the device changes with voltage.
  • LR linearity ratio
  • a comparative test was carried out to show the improvement in voltage stability of a device according to the present invention (incorporating an intermediate resistivity layer between the electrodes and the resistive element), as compared to a comparative, control, device (with no intermediate resistivity layer), after submitting the devices to a cycling voltage treatment or an ageing treatment.
  • comparative control devices (with no intermediate resistivity layer) were prepared by printing on a conductive polymer resistive element a single layer of interdigitated electrodes, comprising a vinyl based conductive ink containing silver graphite and carbon black, and devices according to the invention (with an intermediate layer) were prepared by sequentially printing onto an identical resistive element interdigitated contact layers, and respective interdigitated electrodes over each contact layer, the contact layer comprising a vinyl based conductive ink containing graphite and carbon black only and having a resistivity intermediate to that of the electrodes and the resistive element.
  • the interdigitated electrodes were 0.16 cm (1/16 inch) wide and separated by 0.64 cm (1/4 inch).
  • the electrodes were again 0.16 cm (1/16 inch) wide, the contact layers were 0.32 cm (1/8 inch) wide, and adjacent contact layers were separated by 0.64 cm (1/4 inch).
  • the first set of devices were maintained as virgin samples.
  • the second set of devices were subjected to a cycling voltage input in which a current at 240 Volts was pulsed on and off at 15 minute second intervals.
  • the pulsing was carried out at 21 ° C (70 F), for 250 cycles.
  • the cycling represent the in-service treatment of the devices which are continually switched on and off and therefore subjected to so-called "in-rush" currents each time they are switched on.
  • a third set of devices were powered continuously at 240V and aged for 1 week at 107°C (225 F).
  • the resistivity of each set of devices was measured at 21 ° C (70 F) at 30mV and 100V continuous current, and the linearity ratio of each set calculated. The results are set out in the Table below.
  • linearity ratio of the control devices is significantly and detrimentally increased by the cycling and ageing treatments, while the linearity ratio of the test devices is only slightly increased.
  • Figure 1 is a cross-section through a self-regulating strip heater having a constant cross-section along its length.
  • An elongate strip 1 of PTC conductive polymer has concave edges which are coated with contact layers 2 and 3 of a ZTC conductive polymer whose resistivity at room temperature is several times less than that of the PTC conductive polymer.
  • Elongate wires 5 and 6, which may be solid or stranded, are pressed against the contact layers 2 and 3 respectively by means of polymeric insulating jacket 7.
  • Figures 2 and 3 illustrate a heater which comprises a heating element comprising a laminar conductive polymer resistive element 11.
  • a resistive conductive polymer composition 30 which contains carbon black, or a mixture of graphite and carbon black, as the conductive filler, and has substantially lower resistivity than the conductive polymer in the element 11.
  • Printed over the resistive pattern 30 are interdigitated electrodes 32 which are composed of a conductive polymer containing a metal e.g. silver, as the conductive filler and having lower resistivity than the conductive polymer in the resistive pattern 30.
  • the configuration of the electrodes 32 is identical to that of the underprint layer 30, but the electrodes are narrower than the underprint layer.
  • the layer 30 extends between the electrodes 32 and the resistive element 11 and extends slightly beyond the electrodes 32.
  • Bus bars 15 and 16 are provided.
  • the width t and length I of the electrodes 32 are indicated.
  • the width t' and the separation distance d' of the underprint layer 30 are
  • a heater as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 was made in the following way.
  • the ingredients listed below were compounded together and melt-extruded at 232 ° C (450 ° F) as a sheet 0.04 cm (0.0175 inch) thick.
  • the sheet was irradiated to a dose of 14 megarads, thus cross-linking the polymer.
  • the resistivity of the cross-linked composition at 23°C was 3,500 ohm.cm.
  • the sheet was then heated and split into strips 18.42 cm (7.25 inches) wide.
  • An electrode pattern as illustrated in Figure 1 was deposited on the strips, by screen-printing a graphite-and-silver-containing composition onto the strip, followed by drying.
  • the distance (d) between adjacent electrodes was 0.64 cm (0.25 inch); the width (t) of each electrode was 0.16 cm (0.0625 inch); and the length (1) of each electrode was 13.72 cm (5.4 inches).
  • Bus bars of nickel-coated copper expanded metal 3.81 cm (1.5 inch) wide, were folded around the edges of the electrode-bearing strip, and the assembly laminated between (A) a bottom sheet of ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer ("Halar”) 21.6 cm (8.5 inch) wide and 0.05 cm (0.020 inch) thick, coated on the whole of its top surface with a layer 0.005 cm (0.002 inch) thick of a silicone adhesive sold by Adhesives Research Corporation under the trade name "Arclad”, and (B) a top sheet of ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene (“Halar”) 21.6 cm (8.5 inch) wide and 0.025 cm (0.010 inch) thick, placed in contact with the printed electrodes, which was coated on 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) wide edge portions of its bottom surface with a layer 0.005 cm (0.002 inch) thick of the same adhesive.
  • Halar ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer
  • Hyar ethylene-chlorotriflu
  • Lamination was carried out at 52 ° C (125 °F) and 690 KPa (100 psi). There was no adhesive between the top sheet and the bus bars, or between the top sheet and the conductive polymer sheet, or between the top sheet and the electrodes.
  • Hyar ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene
  • a heater as illustrated in Figure 4 was made in a same way to the heater illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 as described in Example 1, except that before the electrode pattern was deposited on the strips, an underprint layer comprising a graphite containing composition, having a resistivity of about 0.1 ohm.cm, i.e., intermediate between the resistivity of the resistive element and the electrodes, was deposited on the strips by screen printing, and then dried.
  • the electrodes were then screen printed directly to overlie the underprint layer.
  • the interdigitated portions of the underprint layers were twice as wide as the electrodes.
  • the width (t) of each electrode was 0.16 cm (0.0625 inch) and the width (t') of each of the interdigitated portions of the underprint layer was 0.32 cm (0.125 inch).
  • the distance (d') between adjacent interdigitated portions of the underprint layer was 0.64 cm (0.25 inch).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Non-Adjustable Resistors (AREA)
  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
  • Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
  • Fixed Capacitors And Capacitor Manufacturing Machines (AREA)
  • Contacts (AREA)
  • Apparatuses And Processes For Manufacturing Resistors (AREA)

Claims (11)

1. Dispositif électrique qui comporte
(1) un élément résistif composé d'une première matière conductrice, qui a une résistivité à 23 ° C de 1 à 500 000 ohms.cm ;
(2) une couche de contact qui est liée directement à une surface de l'élément résistif et qui est composée d'une deuxième matière conductrice ayant une résistivité à 23 ° C qui est inférieure à la résistivité à 23 ° C de la première matière ; et
(3) un autre élément qui est composé d'une matière polymérique conductrice ayant une résistivité à 23 ° C supérieure à 1x10-5 ohm.cm, mais inférieure à la résistivité à 23 ° C de la seconde matière, l'autre élément étant en contact physique direct avec la couche de contact,

les constituants du dispositif étant positionnés de manière que le dispositif puisse être connecté à une source d'énergie électrique afin qu'un trajet électrique existe de l'autre élément jusqu'à l'élément résistif à travers la couche de contact.
2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la deuxième matière a une résistivité à 23 ° C qui est de 0,5x10-2 à 0,1 ohm.cm et qui est telle que le rapport de la résistivité à 23 ° C de la deuxième matière à la résistivité à 23 ° C de la matière polymérique est dans la plage de 5:1 à 10 000:1.
3. Dispositif selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel l'autre élément est lié à la couche de contact.
4. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'élément résistif est un élément stratifié comprenant des surfaces sensiblement plates, espacées, auxquelles des couches de contact respectives sont liées, et dans lequel d'autres éléments respectifs sont liés auxdites couches de contact pour former plusieurs électrodes qui, lorsqu'elles sont connectées à une source d'énergie électrique, font circuler un courant à travers l'élément résistif.
5. Dispositif selon la revendication 4, dans lequel les électrodes sont telles qu'un courant circulant entre elles se trouve dans le plan de l'élément résistif.
6. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel au moins l'une des première et deuxième matières est un polymère conducteur qui comprend un polymère organique et, en dispersion dans le polymère, une charge conductrice en particules, laquelle charge comprend de préférence au moins l'un de l'argent, du graphite et du noir de carbone.
7. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la première matière est un polymère conducteur qui présente un comportement CPT dans la plage de température de fonctionnement du dispositif.
8. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel il n'y a pas de contact physique direct entre l'élément résistif et l'autre élément.
9. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'élément résistif est stratifié et comporte des surfaces sensiblement plates, espacées.
10. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la couche de contact est liée à une surface plate de l'élément résistif.
11. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, comportant un élément métallique de connexion qui est en contact avec l'autre élément.
EP85306477A 1984-09-14 1985-09-12 Contact électrique entre éléments de résistivité différente Expired EP0176284B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88115948T ATE84658T1 (de) 1984-09-14 1985-09-12 Elektrischer kontakt zwischen metallen und widerstandselementen.
AT85306477T ATE74480T1 (de) 1984-09-14 1985-09-12 Elektrischer kontakt zwischen elementen mit verschiedenem spezifischen widerstand.

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US65092084A 1984-09-14 1984-09-14
US66301484A 1984-10-19 1984-10-19
US73540885A 1985-05-17 1985-05-17
US663014 1985-05-17
US735408 1985-05-17
US650920 1985-05-17

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88115948.7 Division-Into 1985-09-12

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0176284A1 EP0176284A1 (fr) 1986-04-02
EP0176284B1 true EP0176284B1 (fr) 1992-04-01

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Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88115948A Expired - Lifetime EP0307007B1 (fr) 1984-09-14 1985-09-12 Contact électrique entre métaux et éléments résistifs
EP85306477A Expired EP0176284B1 (fr) 1984-09-14 1985-09-12 Contact électrique entre éléments de résistivité différente

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EP88115948A Expired - Lifetime EP0307007B1 (fr) 1984-09-14 1985-09-12 Contact électrique entre métaux et éléments résistifs

Country Status (4)

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EP (2) EP0307007B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2554617B2 (fr)
AT (1) ATE74480T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3586994T2 (fr)

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EP0209224B1 (fr) * 1985-05-17 1992-08-05 RAYCHEM CORPORATION (a Delaware corporation) Eléments chauffants en forme de feuille
US4882466A (en) * 1988-05-03 1989-11-21 Raychem Corporation Electrical devices comprising conductive polymers
FR2694472B1 (fr) * 1992-07-29 1994-09-09 Greninguey Bernard Outil chauffant en matériaux composites.
JPH08802U (ja) * 1994-12-09 1996-05-21 八鹿鉄工株式会社 普通型コンバインのセカンドモア
DE50303219D1 (de) 2003-10-24 2006-06-08 Amaxa Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung eines elektrisch kontaktierbaren Bereichs auf einem dotierten Polymer und nach dem Verfahren herstellbarer Formkörper
IT201700048690A1 (it) * 2017-05-05 2018-11-05 Eltek Spa Dispositivo riscaldatore elettrico, particolarmente ad effetto ptc

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DE2160358A1 (de) * 1971-12-06 1973-06-14 Manfred Schrauder Drahtlose direktheizplatte
JPS5110892B2 (fr) * 1972-04-06 1976-04-07
JPS5148843A (fr) * 1974-10-23 1976-04-27 Dainippon Printing Co Ltd
US4421582A (en) * 1975-08-04 1983-12-20 Raychem Corporation Self-heating article with deformable electrodes
JPS55122381A (en) * 1979-03-15 1980-09-20 Toppan Printing Co Ltd Method of forming electrode
AU530836B2 (en) * 1979-05-10 1983-07-28 Sunbeam Corp. Heating element
US4323726A (en) * 1980-07-24 1982-04-06 Ppg Industries, Inc. Electrical bus bar assembly

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3585761D1 (de) 1992-05-07
JPS6199292A (ja) 1986-05-17
EP0176284A1 (fr) 1986-04-02
ATE74480T1 (de) 1992-04-15
DE3586994D1 (de) 1993-02-25
DE3586994T2 (de) 1993-08-19
EP0307007A2 (fr) 1989-03-15
EP0307007A3 (en) 1989-04-12
EP0307007B1 (fr) 1993-01-13
JP2554617B2 (ja) 1996-11-13

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