EP0171228B1 - Studs for footwear - Google Patents

Studs for footwear Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0171228B1
EP0171228B1 EP85305254A EP85305254A EP0171228B1 EP 0171228 B1 EP0171228 B1 EP 0171228B1 EP 85305254 A EP85305254 A EP 85305254A EP 85305254 A EP85305254 A EP 85305254A EP 0171228 B1 EP0171228 B1 EP 0171228B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
socket
stud
spigot
retaining means
annular face
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP85305254A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0171228A1 (en
Inventor
Roy Stanley Collins
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Trisport Ltd
Original Assignee
Trisport Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Trisport Ltd filed Critical Trisport Ltd
Publication of EP0171228A1 publication Critical patent/EP0171228A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0171228B1 publication Critical patent/EP0171228B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43C—FASTENINGS OR ATTACHMENTS OF FOOTWEAR; LACES IN GENERAL
    • A43C15/00—Non-skid devices or attachments
    • A43C15/16—Studs or cleats for football or like boots
    • A43C15/162—Studs or cleats for football or like boots characterised by the shape
    • A43C15/164—Studs or cleats for football or like boots characterised by the shape having a circular cross section
    • A43C15/165—Studs or cleats for football or like boots characterised by the shape having a circular cross section pointed or conical, e.g. calks, spikes, pins

Definitions

  • This invention relates to articles of footwear provided with studs that can be removed and replaced at will. It also relates to studs for use with such articles of footwear.
  • studs Shoes and other articles of footwear for use in various games, sports and other activities are often provided with studs to prevent or reduce the tendency for them to slip on the ground.
  • the studs may be of various shapes and sizes, for example they may be relatively blunt, with flat or rounded ends, or more sharp, like spikes. For convenience of description they are herein referred to generically as studs.
  • One common form has a ground-engaging portion and an externally screw-threaded spigot which can be screwed into an internally screw-threaded socket in the undersurface of an article of footwear.
  • Screw-threaded sockets provided in articles of footwear may be of various forms, but the present invention is particularly concerned with preformed sockets incorporated in articles of footwear and of the kind made of a plastics material and comprising an internally screw-threaded barrel, open at its lower end for receiving an externally screw-threaded spigot on a stud.
  • a plurality of separately formed, individual sockets may be incorporated in a sole or heel of an article of footwear, or a unitary insert including a plurality of sockets may be incorporated in a sole or heel of an article of footwear. Examples of one kind of insert, comprising a unitary moulding of a flexible plastics material, and including a plurality of sockets, are disclosed in the specification of published British Patent Application No. 2 115 683 A of Triman Limited.
  • a problem commonly experienced with stud- ded footwear is that sockets in the form of internally screw-threaded barrels, particularly sockets formed of plastics materials, sometimes split when they are subjected to excessive forces, either when the footwear is in use, or as studs are screwed into the sockets. After a socket has split it is usually no longer capable of retaining a stud screwed into it, so that the socket is useless. The splitting of a single socket can thus render useless a pair of shoes or other articles of footwear.
  • the splitting of a socket can occur when a lateral force is applied to the ground-engaging portion of a stud or when a stud is excessively tightened into the socket so that the socket is subjected to axial compression. It has been found that when the barrel of a socket is axially compressed it yields axially to some extent but the mouth of the socket tends to open radially outwards, and it is this that usually leads to a socket splitting.
  • One aim of the present invention is to provide - an article of footwear with at least one stud such that the problem of splitting, outlined above, is reduced.
  • the present invention provides, in combination, an article of footwear having at least one internally screw-threaded socket made of a plastics material, open at its lower end, mounted in a sole or heel of the article, and at least one stud having an externally screw-threaded spigot, the arrangement being such that in use the spigot or each spigot is screwed into the socket or one of the sockets, the combination being characterised in that the stud or each stud has retaining means spaced radially outwards from the spigot, and so arranged that in use the retaining means projects upwards into the sole or heel and is disposed externally of and radially outwards from a lower end part of the socket so that any radially outward expansion of the socket is resisted by direct engagement between the lower end part of the socket and the retaining means.
  • the retaining means co-operates directly with a part of the socket in such a manner as to resist radially outward expansion of the socket, thereby reducing the tendency for the socket to split when a stud is screwed in too tightly or when a strong lateral force is applied to the ground-engaging portion of the stud.
  • the sole or heel may yield to accommodate the retaining means.
  • the stud or each stud preferably includes a lower portion from which the spigot extends upwards, the lower portion presenting an upwardly directed annular face such that in use at least an outer portion thereof abuts an undersurface of an article of footwear, the retaining means comprising at least one rib or projection upstanding from said annular abutment face.
  • the present invention provides, in combination, an article of footwear having at least one internally screw-threaded socket made of a plastics material, open at its lower end, mounted in a sole or heel of the article, and at least one stud presenting an upwardly directed annular face, and an externally screw-threaded spigot extending upwards from a central part of that annular face, the arrangement being such that in use the spigot or each spigot is screwed into the socket or one of the sockets, the combination being characterised in that the stud or each stud has retaining means spaced radially outwards from the spigot so as to divide said annularface into an inner and an outer portion, the retaining means projecting upwards from the annular face, above the level of the adjacent parts of the inner and outer portions of the annular face, and so arranged that in use, when the spigot is screwed into engagement with the socket, the outer portion of the annular face abuts an undersurface of the sole or heel, and the retaining means projects upward
  • the stud is so shaped that said annularface is of concave shape, and the retaining means does not project above the level of the uppermost part of said annular face.
  • the lower end of the socket or of each socket is preferably at least substantially flush with the undersurface of the sole or heel.
  • the retaining means may comprise spaced ribs or projections upstanding from said annular face
  • the retaining means preferably comprises an annular retaining ring surrounding the spigot of the stud and spaced radially outwards from the spigot.
  • An inner bearing face of the retaining ring is preferably of upwardly and outwardly flared shape and in use comes into frictional contact with a lower end part of the socket. The arrangement is preferably such that in use that resistance to the expansion of the socket is exerted through that flared inner face.
  • Said lower portion of the stud preferably comprises an outwardly directed flange below which there projects a ground-engaging portion of the stud but it could comprise a ground-engaging boss, the top of which presents said upwardly directed annular face.
  • the screw-thread on the spigot preferably has a downwardly facing bearing surface which is a flat bearing surface, that is a bearing surface so shaped that in any cross-section of the screw-thread containing the axis of the screw-thread the surface appears as a straight line normal or substantially normal to that axis, and the screw-thread in the or each socket has a complementary flat bearing surface.
  • the present invention consists in a stud for use with an article offootwear having an internally screw-threaded socket made of plastics material, open at its lower end, mounted in a sole or heel of the article, the stud comprising a plastics moulding presenting an upwardly directed annular face, and an externally screw-threaded spigot extending upwards from a central part of that annular face, the stud being characterised in that it has retaining means spaced radially outwards from the spigot so as to divide said annular face into an inner and an outer portion, the retaining means projecting upwards from the annular face, above the level of the adjacent parts of the inner and outer portions of the annular face, the arrangement being such that in use, when the spigot is screwed into engagement with the socket, an outer portion of the annular face abuts an undersurface of the sole or heel, and the retaining means is disposed externally of and radially outwards from a lower end part of the socket to resist radially outward
  • the retaining means preferably comprises an annular retaining ring surrounding the spigot of the stud and spaced radially outwards from the spigot.
  • An inner bearing face of the retaining ring is preferably of upwardly and outwardly flared shape.
  • Said annular face is preferably of concave shape, and the retaining means preferably does not project above the level of the uppermost part of said annular face.
  • the screw-thread on the spigot has a downwardly facing bearing surface which is a flat bearing surface, that is a bearing surface so shaped that in any cross-section of the screw-thread containing the axis of the screw-thread the surface appears as a straight line normal or substantially normal to that axis.
  • the stud shown in Figure 1 consists of two parts; a central steel pin 1 and an outer plastics moulding 2.
  • the lower part of the pin 1 is shaped to provide a ground-engaging portion 3 of the stud, while the upper part of the pin 1 constitutes a rivet 4.
  • the pin also includes an outwardly directed narrow flange 5 between the parts 3 and 4.
  • the plastics moulding 2 comprises an externally screw-threaded spigot 6 and an outwardly directed flange 7.
  • the pin 1 and the moulding 2 are formed separately.
  • the rivet 4 is inserted into the spigot 6 and riveted over to retain the moulding 2 in place against the narrow flange 5 on the pin 1.
  • This type of construction isthe subject of British Patent No. 2 028102 ofTriman Limited and is described in more detail in the specification of that patent.
  • the moulding 2 may be made from any suitable plastics material, such as an acetal resin.
  • the screw-thread 8 of the spigot 6 is of a form similar to that described in the specification of published British Patent Application No. GB 2 115 683 A, also of Triman Limited, in that it has one inclined bearing surface 9 and one flat bearing surface 10 as defined in that specification.
  • a flat bearing surface is one that is so shaped that in any cross-section of the screw-thread containing the axis of the screw-thread the surface appears as a straight line normal or substantially normal to that axis: the generatrix of the flat bearing surface is preferably at no more than 5° to the normal, a particularly preferred inclination from the normal being 3°.
  • the stud differs from the stud illustrated in the specification of the above-mentioned patent application in that the screw-thread 8 on the spigot 6 terminates a short distance away from the flange 7, there being a portion 11 of arcuate section at the lower end 12 of the spigot 6 which merges into the flange 7.
  • the arcuate portion 11 is provided to reduce the possibility of the screw-threaded spigot 6 shearing off from the flange 7 in the event of the stud being subjected to excessive forces in use.
  • the outwardly directed flange 7 of the plastics moulding 2 has an upwardly directed annular surface 13.
  • An outer portion 14 of the surface 13 is of annular, planar shape, and an inner portion 15 thereof is of concave shape and is gently inclined downwardly and inwardly from the outer portion 14 to the arcuate portion 11 at the lower end 12 of the spigot 6.
  • the underside of the flange 7 is of convex shape and is formed with a pair of diametrically opposed blind holes 30 for engagement by a ring spanner.
  • the stud is characterised in that there is provided an annular retaining ring 16 on the flange 7 upstanding from the inner portion 15 of the surface 13 and spaced outwards from the spigot 6.
  • the annular retaining ring 16 has an inner surface, or bearing surface, 17 which is upwardly flared, the surface being of frusto-conical shape, with its generatrix inclined at about 15° to the vertical.
  • the top 18 of the retaining ring is planar and the outer surface 19 of the ring is cylindrical.
  • the ring 16 lies no higher than the outer portion 14 of the surface 13 of the flange 7.
  • the height of the ring 16 from the inner portion 15 of the upper surface 13 is preferably such that its planar top 18 is substantially level with the peripheral portion 14 or is slightly lower than that portion.
  • the annular retaining ring 16 and the arcuate portion 11 at the lower end of the spigot 6 together define an annular well 20 in the flange 7 around the spigot 6.
  • the maximum depth of the well 20 in the flange 7 is 0.02 inches (0.508 mm) and the height of the annular ring 16 above the flange 7 is 0.015 inches (0.381 mm).
  • Figures 3, 4 and 5 are enlarged part sections of the stud of Figures 1 and 2, in use, being screwed into a socket 21 in the sole of an article of footwear, such as golf shoe.
  • the socket 21 is formed from a moulded plastics material, desirably the same material from which the plastics moulding 2 of the stud is formed, and comprises a cylindrical barrel 23 depending from a horizontal plate 22.
  • the inside surface of the barrel 23 is provided with a screw-thread 24 that is complementary to the external screw-thread 8 on the spigot 6 of the stud.
  • the screw-thread 24 has one generally flat bearing surface 25 and one inclined bearing surface 26.
  • the screw-thread 24 terminates before the lower end 27 of the barrel 23, leaving an annular lip 28 which projects downwards below the level of the screw-thread and surrounds the mouth of the socket 21.
  • FIG. 3 Part of the sole 31 of the article of footwear is shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5.
  • the socket 21 is set into the material of the sole so that the lower end 27 of the barrel 23 is substantially flush with the undersurface 32 of the sole.
  • the lower end 27 of the barrel 23 is inset very slightly into the sole 31 so as to be a little above the level of the undersurface 32.
  • the stud may be tightened to any degree of tightness between that of Figure 4 and that of Figure 5. Nevertheless, in each case the provision of the retaining ring 16 serves to prevent radially outward expansion of the socket.
  • the retaining ring 16 serves to prevent radially outward expansion of the socket.
  • the sole may be made from any suitable material, such as leather or a plastics material, but is preferably made from a material that is less hard than the material from which the plastics moulding of the stud is formed. Therefore, when the stud is being screwed into place the annular ring 16 is able to press back the material of the sole surrounding the socket 21 and to engage the outer surface of the barrel 23. This is clearly illustrated in Figures 4 and 5.
  • a further advantage of the present invention is that it is often possible for a stud having retaining means such as the ring 16 to be used with a socket that has a barrel that is already formed with a vertical split.
  • the retaining means engages the outer surface of the barrel to resist expansion of the barrel and to help prevent the split from opening when the article of footwear incorporating that split barrel is in use. In this way it is often found that the stud can be held securely in place in the split barrel.
  • annular retaining ring 16 may be replaced by a series of circumferentially spaced ribs or projections or by a portion of the flange bordering an annular groove, the arrangement being such that in use the lip 28 on the barrel 23 enters the groove. Outward expansion of the barrel is restrained by engagement with a portion of the flange defining the outer wall of the groove.

Landscapes

  • Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)
EP85305254A 1984-07-27 1985-07-24 Studs for footwear Expired - Lifetime EP0171228B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8419182 1984-07-27
GB848419182A GB8419182D0 (en) 1984-07-27 1984-07-27 Studs for footwear

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0171228A1 EP0171228A1 (en) 1986-02-12
EP0171228B1 true EP0171228B1 (en) 1990-02-07

Family

ID=10564549

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85305254A Expired - Lifetime EP0171228B1 (en) 1984-07-27 1985-07-24 Studs for footwear

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US5065534A (ja)
EP (1) EP0171228B1 (ja)
JP (1) JPH0636765B2 (ja)
AU (1) AU585872B2 (ja)
CA (1) CA1258167A (ja)
DE (1) DE3575850D1 (ja)
GB (2) GB8419182D0 (ja)
ZA (1) ZA855661B (ja)

Families Citing this family (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB8613733D0 (en) * 1986-06-06 1986-07-09 Triman Ltd Studs for footwear
GB8705619D0 (en) * 1987-03-10 1987-04-15 Triman Ltd Studded footwear
US4922636A (en) * 1987-09-15 1990-05-08 Contax Sports Inc. Shoe spike/receptacle assembly
US5033211A (en) * 1989-08-30 1991-07-23 Macneill Engineering Company, Inc. Cleat member and slot system
GB8922644D0 (en) * 1989-10-07 1989-11-22 Trisport Ltd Studded footwear
GB2252715B (en) * 1989-10-07 1993-05-12 Trisport Ltd Studded footwear
GB9007519D0 (en) * 1990-04-03 1990-05-30 Trisport Ltd Studded footwear
GB9100112D0 (en) * 1991-01-04 1991-02-20 Trisport Ltd Studs for footwear
DE9101528U1 (de) * 1991-02-11 1991-05-02 Sportartikelfabrik Karl Uhl Gmbh, 7460 Balingen Sohle für Sportschuhe und Greifelement zur Verbindung mit einer solchen Sohle
US5832636A (en) * 1996-09-06 1998-11-10 Nike, Inc. Article of footwear having non-clogging sole
US5887371A (en) * 1997-02-18 1999-03-30 Curley, Jr.; John J. Footwear cleat
DE19850449B4 (de) 1998-11-02 2005-03-03 Adidas International Marketing B.V. Stollenschuh
US6948264B1 (en) 2000-04-26 2005-09-27 Lyden Robert M Non-clogging sole for article of footwear
JP2003052405A (ja) * 2001-08-20 2003-02-25 Yasuhiro Ijiri 履物用摩擦装置及びその関連技術
US6834445B2 (en) 2002-07-16 2004-12-28 Softspikes, Llc Shoe cleat with improved traction
US6834446B2 (en) 2002-08-27 2004-12-28 Softspikes, Llc Indexable shoe cleat with improved traction
JP4681553B2 (ja) 2003-08-11 2011-05-11 ソフトスパイクス， エルエルシー 靴のクリート
US8302332B2 (en) * 2006-12-08 2012-11-06 Raptors Sports Pty Ltd Removable spike for footwear
WO2016077443A1 (en) * 2014-11-12 2016-05-19 Nike Innovate C.V. Article including an outer layer with areas of varying hardnesses

Family Cites Families (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2223794A (en) * 1938-10-10 1940-12-03 Spalding A G & Bros Inc Cleat
US2258734A (en) * 1939-06-22 1941-10-14 David R Brady Peg for athletic shoes
US2470997A (en) * 1946-02-04 1949-05-24 Mckenzie Robert Shoe spike
GB673399A (en) * 1950-02-21 1952-06-04 Anthony Ernest Lillie Improvements relating to studs for athletic boots and shoes
GB732328A (en) * 1952-10-14 1955-06-22 Anthony Ernest Lillie Improvements in studs for athletic boots and shoes
GB732255A (en) * 1952-10-14 1955-06-22 Anthony Ernest Lillie Improvements in studs for athletic boots and shoes
GB728931A (en) * 1952-11-10 1955-04-27 Anthony Ernest Lillie Improvements in studs for boots
US2784503A (en) * 1954-06-29 1957-03-12 John W Anderson Shakeproof screw fastening
US2862312A (en) * 1958-01-10 1958-12-02 James V Melchiona Sports shoe
US3010229A (en) * 1960-06-28 1961-11-28 B W Footwear Company Golf shoe
GB989089A (en) * 1963-01-31 1965-04-14 Stylo Shoes Ltd Improvements relating to studs for shoes
US3553858A (en) * 1967-11-16 1971-01-12 Luther Austin And Sons Ltd Boots and shoes
DE1923422A1 (de) * 1968-10-11 1970-11-19 Adolf Dassler Sportschuh mit auswechselbaren Spikes
US3638337A (en) * 1970-05-18 1972-02-01 Econo Kleat Co Inc Shoe cleat construction
US3597864A (en) * 1970-06-03 1971-08-10 Macneill Engineering Co Inc Shoe sole and heel structure
DE7529902U (de) * 1975-09-20 1983-05-11 Sportartikelfabrik Karl Uhl, 7460 Balingen Auswechselbarer Stollen für Sportschuhe, insbesondere Fußballschuhe
US4014114A (en) * 1975-11-28 1977-03-29 Three Line Research & Development Co., Inc. Spike cluster
US4360490A (en) * 1978-08-16 1982-11-23 Triman Limited Studs for footwear and method of making same
DE7835391U1 (de) * 1978-11-29 1979-05-31 Sportartikelfabrik Karl Uhl Gmbh, 7460 Balingen Laufsohle für Sportschuhe, insbesondere Rennschuhe
AU8318782A (en) * 1981-05-15 1982-11-18 Dowty Seals Limited Studs for footwear
AU572097B2 (en) * 1982-02-17 1988-05-05 Trisport Limited Studded footwear
GB2115683B (en) * 1982-02-17 1985-08-29 Triman Ltd Studded footwear
FR2532159B1 (fr) * 1982-08-30 1985-07-26 Patrick Semelle perfectionnee pour chaussure de sport, a saillies sous-jacentes de tenue sur le terrain, pour la pratique notamment du football, du rugby, du hockey sur gazon ou autres
JPS6040008A (ja) * 1983-08-15 1985-03-02 トリマン・リミテッド 履物と合体させるための挿入体

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB8419182D0 (en) 1984-08-30
DE3575850D1 (de) 1990-03-15
ZA855661B (en) 1986-03-26
JPS6162402A (ja) 1986-03-31
GB2163037A (en) 1986-02-19
US5065534A (en) 1991-11-19
GB8518677D0 (en) 1985-08-29
GB2163037B (en) 1988-07-20
CA1258167A (en) 1989-08-08
JPH0636765B2 (ja) 1994-05-18
AU585872B2 (en) 1989-06-29
EP0171228A1 (en) 1986-02-12
AU4539685A (en) 1986-01-30

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0171228B1 (en) Studs for footwear
US4587748A (en) Studded footwear
US4414763A (en) Sole for a sports shoe or boot
EP1071351B1 (en) Quick-release connector
US8769751B2 (en) Method of attaching a traction cleat to a shoe mounted receptacle
US6151805A (en) Quick-release spike for footwear
US6272774B1 (en) Shoe cleats
US5036606A (en) Locking cleat and receptacle system
US4648187A (en) Athletic shoe sole with cleats having threaded exchangeable gripping elements
US20030188458A1 (en) Studded footwear
EP0282257B1 (en) Studded footwear
US4651448A (en) Golf spike assembly
US4360490A (en) Studs for footwear and method of making same
EP1026970B1 (en) Shoe cleats
GB2160146A (en) Studded footwear
US3685175A (en) Golf shoe cleat and support therefor
EP1492426B1 (en) Studded footwear
US2932098A (en) Heel lift for women's dress shoes
GB2238098A (en) Studded footwear
KR100634920B1 (ko) 신속 해제 커넥터
EP0191963B1 (en) Golf spike assembly
GB2265539A (en) Studs for sports shoes

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Designated state(s): BE CH DE FR IT LI SE

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19860721

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19871005

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: TRISPORT LIMITED

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

ITF It: translation for a ep patent filed
AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): BE CH DE FR IT LI SE

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 3575850

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 19900315

ET Fr: translation filed
PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed
ITTA It: last paid annual fee
EAL Se: european patent in force in sweden

Ref document number: 85305254.6

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: BE

Payment date: 20040507

Year of fee payment: 20

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20040511

Year of fee payment: 20

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Payment date: 20040604

Year of fee payment: 20

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Payment date: 20040611

Year of fee payment: 20

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20040825

Year of fee payment: 20

BE20 Be: patent expired

Owner name: *TRISPORT LTD

Effective date: 20050724

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

EUG Se: european patent has lapsed
BE20 Be: patent expired

Owner name: *TRISPORT LTD

Effective date: 20050724