EP0154878A1 - Heat exchanger - Google Patents

Heat exchanger Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0154878A1
EP0154878A1 EP85102051A EP85102051A EP0154878A1 EP 0154878 A1 EP0154878 A1 EP 0154878A1 EP 85102051 A EP85102051 A EP 85102051A EP 85102051 A EP85102051 A EP 85102051A EP 0154878 A1 EP0154878 A1 EP 0154878A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fluid
heating
heating element
cylindrical
heat exchanger
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EP85102051A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0154878B1 (en
Inventor
Robert Bernard
André Teytu
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INNOVATIONS THERMIQUES
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INNOVATIONS THERMIQUES
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Priority to AT85102051T priority Critical patent/ATE30635T1/en
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Publication of EP0154878B1 publication Critical patent/EP0154878B1/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
    • F24H1/10—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium
    • F24H1/101—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium using electric energy supply
    • F24H1/102—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium using electric energy supply with resistance

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of heat transfer between a heating surface and a fluid as well as a heat exchanger for the implementation of this method and intended for the transfer of heat between at least one electric heating resistance and a fluid in view increase her temperature or change her physical state.
  • the electric heating resistors are immersed in a container filled with the fluid to be heated.
  • This fluid flows with a low speed, which is not uniform and whose direction relative to the heating wall of the resistors varies from one point to the other thereof.
  • the coefficient of heat exchange between the heating wall and the fluid is low and very variable from one point to another of this wall. Consequently, the heat flux which it is possible to transfer to the fluid to be heated is very low and particularly difficult to calculate with precision.
  • electrical heating devices which include large heating surfaces. , resulting in the production of bulky, heavy and expensive devices.
  • the present invention aims in particular to remedy and avoid the above drawbacks.
  • the method of heat transfer between a heating surface and a fluid is such that it consists in stabilizing and standardizing a flow of the fluid so as to form a fluid blade of constant thickness and a direction of rectilinear flow and to bring into contact, perpendicular to the direction of its thickness, this blade of fluid with at least one heating surface forming a wall of a flow channel such that the flow remains of constant thickness and its direction remains rectilinear , the Reynolds number associated with this flow being such that the flow of the fluid is turbulent.
  • this Reynolds number is chosen to be greater than 20,000.
  • the speed of circulation of the fluid in the flow channel is uniform, parallel to the heating surface, and constant at all points of this heating surface so that the heat flux between the heating surface and the fluid is imposed.
  • the present invention also relates to a heat exchanger for the implementation of the above method and intended more particularly for the transfer of heat between at least one electrical heating resistance and a fluid.
  • this heat exchanger comprises a heating element containing at least one heating resistor and having an external surface, and a guide element having a surface parallel to said external surface of the heating element and delimiting with this external surface of the heating element a flow channel for the rectilinear fluid and of constant thickness, forming said fluid layer, the surface of the heating element having, in the direction of the flow of the fluid between the surface of the element heating and the surface of the guide element, a first non-heating zone forming with the surface of the guide element a tranquilization zone upstream of the flow of the fluid, and a second zone forming a heating surface for the fluid.
  • the surface of the heating element also preferably comprises, downstream of its heating surface, a third zone, non-heating, forming with the surface of the guide element a zone of tranquility downstream of the flow. fluid.
  • the length of the downstream tranquilization zone is preferably at least equal to five times the hydraulic diameter of the flow channel, defined as being equal to four times its section divided by the wet perimeter of the flow channel .
  • the length of the upstream tranquilization zone is preferably equal to at least ten times the hydraulic diameter of the flow channel.
  • the heat exchanger according to the present invention preferably comprises, upstream and downstream of said flow channel for the fluid, respectively, an inlet chamber and an outlet chamber having relatively large volumes. compared to that of the flow channel.
  • said heating element is formed by a cylindrical element and said guide element is formed by a cylindrical guide tube coaxial with said cylindrical heating element and delimiting with the latter a flow channel of annular cross section and thickness constant surrounding said cylindrical heating element.
  • means are preferably provided for centering said cylindrical heating element in said cylindrical guide tube so as to keep the external surface of the cylindrical heating element and the external surface of said guide tube at a constant distance.
  • these centering means are formed by centering pins fixed to the guide tube and bearing on the external surface of said cylindrical heating element.
  • these centering means can be formed by local deformations towards the inside of said guide tube which bear on the external surface of said cylindrical heating element.
  • the heat exchanger according to the present invention also preferably comprises a cylindrical body closed at its ends, containing at least one assembly formed by said cylindrical heating element and said guide tube, this heating element extending in the direction of the the axis of the cylindrical body and being carried by an end wall of the cylindrical body, the ends of said guide tube being at a distance from the end walls of the cylindrical body, the cylindrical body enclosing a radial partition traversed by said guide tube and delimiting in the cylindrical body two separate chambers which respectively constitute a supply chamber and a discharge chamber for the fluid which are respectively upstream and downstream of the annular flow channel formed between said cylindrical heating element and said guide tube.
  • the electric heating device shown in Figure 1 and generally identified by the reference 1 comprises a cylindrical body 2 which has two end walls 3 and 4 connected together by a cylindrical wall in two cylindrical parts 5 and 6 fixed end to end.
  • a partition 7 which divides the interior of the cylindrical body 2 into two separate chambers 8 and 9 which communicate with the exterior respectively by radial pipes 10 and 11.
  • This heat exchanger 12 comprises a heating element 13 of circular section which passes through the wall 4 and which is carried by the latter, this heating element 13 extending axially inside the cylindrical body 2 and having a free end 14 located at a distance from the end wall 3 of the cylindrical body 2.
  • the heating element 13 is straight and of constant circular section.
  • the heat exchanger 12 also has a guide tube 15 which extends inside the cylindrical body 2 and which surrounds the cylindrical heating element 13 at a constant distance so as to form between the external surface of the cylindrical heating element 13 and the inner surface of the guide tube 15 an annular space 16 of constant thickness.
  • the ends 13a and 13b of the guide tube 15 are located at a distance from the end walls 4 and 3 of the cylindrical body 2 and this guide tube 15 passes through a circular passage 17 of the radial partition 7 and is carried by the latter.
  • the guide tube 15 is carried, on the side of its end 13b adjacent to the wall 3 of the cylindrical body 2 by a radial wall 18 having axial passages 19.
  • the heating element 13 contains an electric heating resistance 20 which extends over part of the length of the cylindrical heating element 13 so as to provide, on the external surface of this cylindrical heating element 13, facing the internal surface from the guide tube 15, from its end 15a to its end 15b, a first non-heating zone 13a, a second heating zone 13b along which the electric heating resistor 20 extends and a third non-heating zone 13c.
  • the fluid to be heated which is introduced into the upstream chamber 9 via the inlet pipe 11 enters the annular space 16 through the end 15a of the guide tube 15, circulates in this annular space 16 up to 1 end 15b of the guide tube 15 and arrives in the downstream chamber 8 from which it is evacuated by the outlet pipe 10.
  • the flow inside the annular space 16 separating the external surface of the cylindrical heating element 13 of the outer surface of the guide tube 15 has particular characteristics which are linked to the dimensions of the heat exchanger 12.
  • the axial dimension of the upstream non-heating zone 13a of the external surface of the cylindrical heating element 13 is preferably equal to at least ten times the hydraulic diameter of the flow channel 15 defined as being equal to four times its section divided by its wet perimeter which is, in this case, equal to the sum of the perimeters of the heating surface 13 and the guide tube 15.
  • the axial dimension of the downstream non-heating zone 13c. of the cylindrical heating element 13 is preferably equal to at least five times the hydraulic diameter of the annular channel 16.
  • the Reynolds number of the fluid flow in the annular channel 16 is preferably at least equal to 20,000 so that this flow is turbulent.
  • the length of the heating surface depends in particular on the desired heat flow.
  • the flow of the fluid in the annular flow channel 16, which enters the latter through the end 13a of the guide tube 13, is first of all stabilized and uniformized in a tranquilization zone situated between the upstream non-heating zone 13a from the outer surface of the cylindrical heating element 13 and the inner wall of the guide tube 15 so that the fluid reaches the heating zone situated between the heating surface 13b of the cylindrical heating element 13 and the inner wall of the guide tube 15 and crosses this heating zone by presenting a uniform circulation speed, parallel to the axis of the flow channel 16, parallel to the surfaces delimiting this channel and constant at all points of the heating surface 13b of the cylindrical heating element 13.
  • the fluid passes through a second downstream tranquilization zone situated between the downstream non-heating surface 13c of the cylindrical heating element 13 and the inner wall d u guide tube 15 so as to avoid any disturbance in the heating zone.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 it can be seen that so as to keep the outer surface of the cylindrical heating tube 13 and the inner surface of the guide tube 15 at a constant distance so that the annular channel 16 has a constant thickness, pins which can extend radially and which are fixed to the guide tube 15, these pins passing through the annular space 16 and bearing on the external surface of the cylindrical heating element 13.
  • an electric heating device has been shown marked in a way general by the reference 23 which has a cylindrical body 24 equivalent to the cylindrical body 2 of the electric heating device 1 and which contains a central heat exchanger 25a and six peripheral heat exchangers 25b to 25g which are equivalent to the heat exchanger 12 of the electric heating device 1.
  • Each heat exchanger 25a to 25g is mounted in the cylindrical body 24 in a manner equivalent to the mounting of the heat exchanger 12 in the cylindrical body 2 of the electric heating device 1 so that their flow channels are in parallel between an upstream chamber 26 supplied by an inlet tube 27 and a downstream chamber 28 having an outlet tube 29, these two chambers being separated by a radial partition 30 passed through and carrying the guide tubes of the exchangers heat 25a to 25g which are also carried by another partition 31 having axial passages 32 while their cylindrical heating elements ues are carried by the end partition 33 of the cylindrical cylindrical body 24 located on the side of the upstream chamber 26.
  • the electric heating device 23 shown in Figures 7 and 8 can then constitute a very high power heat exchanger.
  • the electric heaters 1 and 23 are constructed of elements which can undergo deformations due to heat substantially independently of each other.

Abstract

1. Heat exchanger intended for the transfer of heat between at least one electrical heating resistor and a fluid, comprising at least one heating assembly (12) formed of an elongated heating element (13) containing at least one electrical resistor (20) and a guide tube (15) surrounding said heating element and defining with it an annular flow channel (16) for the fluid, the surface of the heating element (13) possessing, in the direction of flow of the fluid in said flow channel (16), a first non-heating zone (13a) forming with the surface of the tube (15) an upstream plenum zone for stabilizing the flow of the fluid and a second zone (13b) forming a heating surface for the fluid, said annular flow channel (16) being rectilinear and of constant thickness, characterized by the fact that it comprises, in addition, a hollow body (5) possessing a feed chamber (9) and a discharge chamber (8) for the fluid, these chambers being separated by a partition (7), and inside which body there is disposed said heating assembly (12) in such a manner that the heating element (13) is supported by a wall (4) of the feed chamber of said body (5) and that the guide tube (15) is supported by said internal partition (7), the ends of this guide tube (15) being open respectively in the feed chamber (9) and in the discharge chamber (8).

Description

La présente invention concerne un procédé de transfert de chaleur entre une surface chauffante et un fluide ainsi qu'un échangeur de chaleur pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé et destiné au transfert de chaleur entre au moins une résistance électrique chauffante et un fluide en vue d'augmenter sa température ou de changer son état physique.The present invention relates to a method of heat transfer between a heating surface and a fluid as well as a heat exchanger for the implementation of this method and intended for the transfer of heat between at least one electric heating resistance and a fluid in view increase her temperature or change her physical state.

Dans les dispositifs connus de ce genre, les résistances chauffantes électriques sont plongées dans un récipient rempli du fluide à chauffer. Ce fluide s'écoule avec une vitesse faible, non uniforme et dont la direction par rapport à la paroi chauffante des résistances varie d'un point à l'autre de celle-ci. Il en résulte que le coefficient d'échanges thermiques entre la paroi chauffante et le fluide est faible et très variable d'un point à l'autre de cette paroi. En conséquence, le flux thermique qu'il est possible de transférer au fluide à réchauffer est très faible et particulièrement difficile à calculer avec précision. Afin de limiter la température de la surface chauffante et d'éviter la dégradation thermique des fluides fragiles qui peuvent subir des surchauffes en certains endroits de la surface chauffante, on est actuellement obligé de concevoir des dispositifs de chauffage électrique qui comprennent des surfaces de chauffe importantes, entraînant la réalisation de dispositifs encombrants, lourds et coûteux.In known devices of this kind, the electric heating resistors are immersed in a container filled with the fluid to be heated. This fluid flows with a low speed, which is not uniform and whose direction relative to the heating wall of the resistors varies from one point to the other thereof. As a result, the coefficient of heat exchange between the heating wall and the fluid is low and very variable from one point to another of this wall. Consequently, the heat flux which it is possible to transfer to the fluid to be heated is very low and particularly difficult to calculate with precision. In order to limit the temperature of the heating surface and to avoid the thermal degradation of fragile fluids which can undergo overheating in certain places of the heating surface, it is currently obliged to design electrical heating devices which include large heating surfaces. , resulting in the production of bulky, heavy and expensive devices.

La présente invention a notamment pour but de remédier et d'éviter les inconvénients ci-dessus. Le procédé de transfert de chaleur entre une surface chauffante et un fluide, selon la présente invention, est tel qu'il consiste à stabiliser et uniformiser un écoulement du fluide de manière à former une lame de fluide d'épaisseur constante et une direction d'écoulement rectiligne et à mettre en contact, perpendiculairement au sens de son épaisseur, cette lame de fluide avec au moins une surface chauffante formant une paroi d'un canal d'écoulement tel que l'écoulement reste d'épaisseur constante et sa direction reste rectiligne, le nombre de Reynolds associé à cet écoulement étant tel que l'écoulement du fluide est turbulent. De préférence, ce nombre de Reynolds est choisi supérieur à 20.000.The present invention aims in particular to remedy and avoid the above drawbacks. The method of heat transfer between a heating surface and a fluid, according to the present invention, is such that it consists in stabilizing and standardizing a flow of the fluid so as to form a fluid blade of constant thickness and a direction of rectilinear flow and to bring into contact, perpendicular to the direction of its thickness, this blade of fluid with at least one heating surface forming a wall of a flow channel such that the flow remains of constant thickness and its direction remains rectilinear , the Reynolds number associated with this flow being such that the flow of the fluid is turbulent. Preferably, this Reynolds number is chosen to be greater than 20,000.

Grâce au procédé selon la présente invention, la vitesse de circulation du fluide dans le canal d'écoulement est uniforme, parallèle à la surface chauffante, et constante en tout point de cette surface chauffante de telle sorte que le flux thermique entre la surface chauffante et le fluide est imposé.Thanks to the method according to the present invention, the speed of circulation of the fluid in the flow channel is uniform, parallel to the heating surface, and constant at all points of this heating surface so that the heat flux between the heating surface and the fluid is imposed.

La présente invention se rapporte également à un échangeur de chaleur pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé ci-dessus et destiné plus particulièrement au transfert de chaleur entre au moins une résistance électrique chauffante et un fluide. Selon la présente invention, cet échangeur de chaleur comprend un élément chauffant renfermant au moins une résistance chauffante et présentant une surface extérieure, et un élément formant guide présentant une surface parallèle à ladite surface extérieure de l'élément chauffant et délimitant avec cette surface extérieure de l'élément chauffant un canal d'écoulement pour le fluide rectiligne et d'épaisseur constante, formant ladite lame de fluide, la surface de l'élément chauffant présentant, dans le sens de l'écoulement du fluide entre la surface de l'élément chauffant et la surface de l'élément guide, une première zone non chauffante formant avec la surface de l'élément guide une zone de tranquilisation amont de l'écoulement du fluide, et une deuxième zone formant une surface chauffante pour le fluide.The present invention also relates to a heat exchanger for the implementation of the above method and intended more particularly for the transfer of heat between at least one electrical heating resistance and a fluid. According to the present invention, this heat exchanger comprises a heating element containing at least one heating resistor and having an external surface, and a guide element having a surface parallel to said external surface of the heating element and delimiting with this external surface of the heating element a flow channel for the rectilinear fluid and of constant thickness, forming said fluid layer, the surface of the heating element having, in the direction of the flow of the fluid between the surface of the element heating and the surface of the guide element, a first non-heating zone forming with the surface of the guide element a tranquilization zone upstream of the flow of the fluid, and a second zone forming a heating surface for the fluid.

Selon la présente invention, la surface de l'élément chauffant comprend également, de préférence, en aval de sa surface chauffante, une troisième zone, non chauffante, formant avec la surface de l'élément guide une zone de tranquilisation aval de l'écoulement du fluide.According to the present invention, the surface of the heating element also preferably comprises, downstream of its heating surface, a third zone, non-heating, forming with the surface of the guide element a zone of tranquility downstream of the flow. fluid.

Selon la présente invention, la longueur de la zone de tranquilisation aval est de préférence au moins égale à cinq fois le diamètre hydraulique du canal d'écoulement, défini comme étant égal à quatre fois sa section divisée par le périmètre mouillé du canal d'écoulement.According to the present invention, the length of the downstream tranquilization zone is preferably at least equal to five times the hydraulic diameter of the flow channel, defined as being equal to four times its section divided by the wet perimeter of the flow channel .

Selon la présente invention, la longueur de la zone de tranquilisation amont est de préférence égale à au moins dix fois le diamètre hydraulique du canal d'écoulement.According to the present invention, the length of the upstream tranquilization zone is preferably equal to at least ten times the hydraulic diameter of the flow channel.

L'échangeur de chaleur selon la présente invention comprend de préférence, en amont et en aval dudit canal d'écoulement pour le fluide, respectivement, une chambre d'admission et une chambre d'évacuation présentant des volumes relativement grands par rapport à celui du canal d'écoulement.The heat exchanger according to the present invention preferably comprises, upstream and downstream of said flow channel for the fluid, respectively, an inlet chamber and an outlet chamber having relatively large volumes. compared to that of the flow channel.

Dans une variante de réalisation particulièrement simple, ledit élément chauffant est formé par un élément cylindrique et ledit élément guide est formé par un tube guide cylindrique coaxial audit élément chauffant cylindrique et délimitant avec ce dernier un canal d'écoulement de section annulaire et d'épaisseur constante entourant ledit élément chauffant cylindrique.In a particularly simple embodiment, said heating element is formed by a cylindrical element and said guide element is formed by a cylindrical guide tube coaxial with said cylindrical heating element and delimiting with the latter a flow channel of annular cross section and thickness constant surrounding said cylindrical heating element.

Selon la présente invention, des moyens sont de préférence prévus pour le centrage dudit élément chauffant cylindrique dans ledit tube guide cylindrique de manière a maintenir à distance constante la surface extérieure de l'élément chauffant cylindrique et la surface extérieure dudit tube guide. Dans une variante, ces moyens de centrage sont formés par des picots de centrage fixés au tube guide et prenant appui sur la surface extérieure dudit élément chauffant cylindrique.According to the present invention, means are preferably provided for centering said cylindrical heating element in said cylindrical guide tube so as to keep the external surface of the cylindrical heating element and the external surface of said guide tube at a constant distance. In a variant, these centering means are formed by centering pins fixed to the guide tube and bearing on the external surface of said cylindrical heating element.

Dans une autre variante de réalisation de la présente invention, ces moyens de centrage peuvent être formés par des déformations locales vers l'intérieur dudit tube guide qui prennent appui sur la surface extérieure dudit élément chauffant cylindrique.In another alternative embodiment of the present invention, these centering means can be formed by local deformations towards the inside of said guide tube which bear on the external surface of said cylindrical heating element.

L'échangeur de chaleur selon la présente invention comprend également, de préférence, un corps cylindrique fermé à ses extrémités, renfermant au moins un ensemble formé par ledit élément chauffant cylindrique et ledit tube guide, cet élément chauffant s'étendant dans le sens de l'axe du corps cylindrique et étant porté par une paroi d'extrémité du corps cylindrique, les extrémités dudit tube guide étant à distance des parois d'extrémité du corps cylindrique, le corps cylindrique renfermant une cloison radiale traversée par ledit tube guide et délimitant dans le corps cylindrique deux chambres séparées qui constituent respectivement une chambre d'alimentation et une chambre d'évacuation pour le fluide qui sont respectivement en amont et en aval du canal d'écoulement annulaire formé entre ledit élément chauffant cylindrique et ledit tube guide.The heat exchanger according to the present invention also preferably comprises a cylindrical body closed at its ends, containing at least one assembly formed by said cylindrical heating element and said guide tube, this heating element extending in the direction of the the axis of the cylindrical body and being carried by an end wall of the cylindrical body, the ends of said guide tube being at a distance from the end walls of the cylindrical body, the cylindrical body enclosing a radial partition traversed by said guide tube and delimiting in the cylindrical body two separate chambers which respectively constitute a supply chamber and a discharge chamber for the fluid which are respectively upstream and downstream of the annular flow channel formed between said cylindrical heating element and said guide tube.

La présente invention sera mieux comprise à l'étude d'échangeurs de chaleur formant chaudières électriques décrits à titre ) d'exemples non limitatifs et illustrés par le dessin sur lequel :

  • - la figure 1 représente, en coupe longitudinale, un dispositif de chauffage électrique selon la présente invention renfermant un échangeur de chaleur comprenant un élément chauffant entouré d'un tube guide ;
  • - la figure 2 représente une coupe radiale selon II-II du dispositif de chauffage électrique représenté sur la figure 1 ;
  • - la figure 3 représente une coupe longitudinale partielle et agrandie de l'échangeur de chaleur du dispositif de chauffage électrique représenté sur la figure 1, montrant un premier moyen de centrage de l'élément chauffant à l'intérieur du tube guide ;
  • la figure 4 représente une coupe radiale selon IV-IV de l'échangeur de chaleur représenté sur la figure 3 ;
  • - la figure 5 représente une coupe longitudinale partielle de l'échangeur de chaleur représenté sur la figure 1, qui montre un deuxième mode de réalisation du moyen de centrage de l'élément chauffant à l'intérieur du tube guide ;
  • - la figure 6 représente une coupe radiale selon VI-VI de l'échangeur de chaleur représenté sur la figure 5 ;
  • - la figure 7 représente, en coupe longitudinale, une variante de réalisation du dispositif de chauffage électrique représenté sur la figure 1 et renfermant plusieurs échangeurs de chaleur,
  • - la figure 8 représente une coupe radiale selon VIII-VIII du dispositif de chauffage électrique représenté sur la figure 7.
The present invention will be better understood from the study of heat exchangers forming electric boilers described under) non-limiting examples and illustrated by the drawing in which:
  • - Figure 1 shows, in longitudinal section, an electric heating device according to the present invention containing a heat exchanger comprising a heating element surrounded a guide tube;
  • - Figure 2 shows a radial section along II-II of the electric heating device shown in Figure 1;
  • - Figure 3 shows a partial and enlarged longitudinal section of the heat exchanger of the electric heating device shown in Figure 1, showing a first means of centering the heating element inside the guide tube;
  • Figure 4 shows a radial section on IV-IV of the heat exchanger shown in Figure 3;
  • - Figure 5 shows a partial longitudinal section of the heat exchanger shown in Figure 1, which shows a second embodiment of the centering means of the heating element inside the guide tube;
  • - Figure 6 shows a radial section along VI-VI of the heat exchanger shown in Figure 5;
  • FIG. 7 represents, in longitudinal section, an alternative embodiment of the electric heating device shown in FIG. 1 and containing several heat exchangers,
  • FIG. 8 represents a radial section along VIII-VIII of the electric heating device shown in FIG. 7.

Le dispositif de chauffage électrique représenté sur la figure 1 et repéré d'une manière générale par la référence 1 comprend un corps cylindrique 2 qui présente deux parois d'extrémité 3 et 4 reliées entre elles par une paroi cylindrique en deux parties cylindriques 5 et 6 fixées bout à bout.The electric heating device shown in Figure 1 and generally identified by the reference 1 comprises a cylindrical body 2 which has two end walls 3 and 4 connected together by a cylindrical wall in two cylindrical parts 5 and 6 fixed end to end.

Entre les deux parties cylindriques 5 et 6 s'étend radialement une cloison 7 qui divise l'intérieur du corps cylindrique 2 en deux chambres séparées 8 et 9 qui communiquent avec l'extérieur respectivement par des tubulures radiales 10 et 11.Between the two cylindrical parts 5 and 6 extends radially a partition 7 which divides the interior of the cylindrical body 2 into two separate chambers 8 and 9 which communicate with the exterior respectively by radial pipes 10 and 11.

A l'intérieur du corps cylindrique 2 s'étend, axialement, un échangeur de chaleur repéré d'une manière générale par la référence 12. Cet échangeur de chaleur 12 comprend un élément chauffant 13 de section circulaire qui traverse la paroi 4 et qui est porté par cette dernière, cet élément chauffant 13 s'étendant axialement à l'intérieur du corps cylindrique 2 et présentant une extrémité libre 14 située à distance de la paroi d'extrémité 3 du corps cylindrique 2.Inside the cylindrical body 2 extends, axially, a heat exchanger generally identified by the reference 12. This heat exchanger 12 comprises a heating element 13 of circular section which passes through the wall 4 and which is carried by the latter, this heating element 13 extending axially inside the cylindrical body 2 and having a free end 14 located at a distance from the end wall 3 of the cylindrical body 2.

A l'intérieur du corps cylindrique 2, l'élément chauffant 13 est rectiligne et de section circulaire constante.Inside the cylindrical body 2, the heating element 13 is straight and of constant circular section.

L'échangeur de chaleur 12 présente également un tube guide 15 qui s'étend à l'intérieur du corps cylindrique 2 et qui entoure à distance constante l'élément chauffant cylindrique 13 de manière à ménager entre la surface extérieure de l'élément chauffant cylindrique 13 et la surface intérieure du tube guide 15 un espace annulaire 16 d'épaisseur constante. Les extrémités 13a et 13b du tube guide 15 sont situées à distance des parois d'extrémité 4 et 3 du corps cylindrique 2 et ce tube guide 15 traverse un passage circulaire 17 de la cloison radiale 7 et est porté par cette dernière. En outre, le tube guide 15 est porté, du côté de son extrémité 13b adjacente à la paroi 3 du corps cylindrique 2 par une paroi radiale 18 présentant des passages axiaux 19.The heat exchanger 12 also has a guide tube 15 which extends inside the cylindrical body 2 and which surrounds the cylindrical heating element 13 at a constant distance so as to form between the external surface of the cylindrical heating element 13 and the inner surface of the guide tube 15 an annular space 16 of constant thickness. The ends 13a and 13b of the guide tube 15 are located at a distance from the end walls 4 and 3 of the cylindrical body 2 and this guide tube 15 passes through a circular passage 17 of the radial partition 7 and is carried by the latter. In addition, the guide tube 15 is carried, on the side of its end 13b adjacent to the wall 3 of the cylindrical body 2 by a radial wall 18 having axial passages 19.

L'élément chauffant 13 renferme une résistance électrique chauffante 20 qui s'étend sur une partie de la longueur de l'élément chauffant cylindrique 13 de manière à ménager, sur la surface extérieure de cet élément chauffant cylindrique 13, en regard de la surface intérieure du tube guide 15, à partir de son extrémité 15a jusqu'à son extrémité 15b, une première zone 13a non chauffante, une deuxième zone 13b chauffante le long de laquelle s'étend la résistance électrique chauffante 20 et une troisième zone 13c non chauffante.The heating element 13 contains an electric heating resistance 20 which extends over part of the length of the cylindrical heating element 13 so as to provide, on the external surface of this cylindrical heating element 13, facing the internal surface from the guide tube 15, from its end 15a to its end 15b, a first non-heating zone 13a, a second heating zone 13b along which the electric heating resistor 20 extends and a third non-heating zone 13c.

Le fluide à chauffer qui est introduit dans la chambre amont 9 par l'intermédiaire de la tubulure d'entrée 11 pénètre dans l'espace annulaire 16 par l'extrémité 15a du tube guide 15, circule dans cet espace annulaire 16 jusqu'à l'extrémité 15b du tube guide 15 et arrive dans la chambre aval 8 de laquelle il est évacué par la tubulure de sortie 10. L'écoulement à l'intérieur de l'espace annulaire 16 séparant la surface extérieure de l'élément chauffant cylindrique 13 de la surface extérieure du tube guide 15 présente des caractéristiques particulières qui sont liées aux dimensions de l'échangeur de chaleur 12.The fluid to be heated which is introduced into the upstream chamber 9 via the inlet pipe 11 enters the annular space 16 through the end 15a of the guide tube 15, circulates in this annular space 16 up to 1 end 15b of the guide tube 15 and arrives in the downstream chamber 8 from which it is evacuated by the outlet pipe 10. The flow inside the annular space 16 separating the external surface of the cylindrical heating element 13 of the outer surface of the guide tube 15 has particular characteristics which are linked to the dimensions of the heat exchanger 12.

Tout d'abord, la dimension axiale de la zone amont non chauffante 13a de la surface extérieure de l'élément chauffant cylindrique 13 est de préférence égale à au moins dix fois le diamètre hydraulique du canal d'écoulement 15 défini comme étant égal à quatre fois sa section divisé par son périmètre mouillé qui est, dans le cas présent, égal à la somme des périmètres de la surface chauffante 13 et du tube guide 15. La dimension axiale de la zone aval non chauffante 13c. de l'élément chauffant cylindrique 13 est de préférence égale à au moins cinq fois le diamètre hydraulique du canal ànnulaire 16. De plus, le nombre de Reynolds-de l'écoulement du fluide dans le canal annulaire 16 est de préférence au moins égal à 20.000 de telle sorte que cet écoulement est turbulent. Bien entendu, la longueur de la surface chauffante dépend en particulier du flux de chaleur souhaité.First of all, the axial dimension of the upstream non-heating zone 13a of the external surface of the cylindrical heating element 13 is preferably equal to at least ten times the hydraulic diameter of the flow channel 15 defined as being equal to four times its section divided by its wet perimeter which is, in this case, equal to the sum of the perimeters of the heating surface 13 and the guide tube 15. The axial dimension of the downstream non-heating zone 13c. of the cylindrical heating element 13 is preferably equal to at least five times the hydraulic diameter of the annular channel 16. In addition, the Reynolds number of the fluid flow in the annular channel 16 is preferably at least equal to 20,000 so that this flow is turbulent. Of course, the length of the heating surface depends in particular on the desired heat flow.

L'écoulement du fluide dans le canal d'écoulement annulaire 16, qui pénètre dans ce dernier par l'extrémité 13a du tube guide 13,est tout d'abord stabilisé et uniformisé dans une zone de tranquilisation située entre la zone non chauffante amont 13a de la surface extérieure de l'élément chauffant cylindrique 13 et la paroi intérieure du tube guide 15 de telle sorte que le fluide atteint la zone chauffante située entre la surface chauffante 13b de l'élément chauffant cylindrique 13 et la paroi intérieure du tube guide 15 et traverse cette zone chauffante en présentant une vitesse de circulation uniforme, parallèle à l'axe du canal d'écoulement 16, parallèle aux surfaces délimitant ce canal et constante en tout point de la surface chauffante 13b de l'élément chauffant cylindrique 13. A la suite de cette zone chauffante, le fluide traverse une deuxième zone de tranquilisation aval située entre la surface non chauffante aval 13c de l'élément chauffant cylindrique 13 et la paroi intérieure du tube guide 15 de manière à éviter toute perturbation dans la zone chauffante.The flow of the fluid in the annular flow channel 16, which enters the latter through the end 13a of the guide tube 13, is first of all stabilized and uniformized in a tranquilization zone situated between the upstream non-heating zone 13a from the outer surface of the cylindrical heating element 13 and the inner wall of the guide tube 15 so that the fluid reaches the heating zone situated between the heating surface 13b of the cylindrical heating element 13 and the inner wall of the guide tube 15 and crosses this heating zone by presenting a uniform circulation speed, parallel to the axis of the flow channel 16, parallel to the surfaces delimiting this channel and constant at all points of the heating surface 13b of the cylindrical heating element 13. A Following this heating zone, the fluid passes through a second downstream tranquilization zone situated between the downstream non-heating surface 13c of the cylindrical heating element 13 and the inner wall d u guide tube 15 so as to avoid any disturbance in the heating zone.

En se reportant. aux figures 3 et 4, on voit que de manière à maintenir à distance constante la surface extérieure du tube chauffant cylindrique 13 et la surface intérieure du tube guide 15 pour que le canal annulaire 16 présente une épaisseur constante, on peut prévoir des picots qui s'étendent radialement et qui sont fixés au tube guide 15, ces picots traversant l'espace annulaire 16 et prenant appui sur la surface extérieure de l'élément chauffant cylindrique 13.By referring. in FIGS. 3 and 4, it can be seen that so as to keep the outer surface of the cylindrical heating tube 13 and the inner surface of the guide tube 15 at a constant distance so that the annular channel 16 has a constant thickness, pins which can extend radially and which are fixed to the guide tube 15, these pins passing through the annular space 16 and bearing on the external surface of the cylindrical heating element 13.

Dans la variante représentée sur les figures 5 et 6, le centrage de l'élément chauffant cylindrique 13 à l'intérieur du tube guide 15 est obtenu par des déformations locales 22, vers l'intérieur, du tube guide 15 qui viennent en appui contre la surface extérieure de l'élément chauffant cylindrique 13.In the variant shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the centering of the cylindrical heating element 13 inside the guide tube 15 is obtained by local deformations 22, inwards, of the guide tube 15 which come to bear against the outer surface of the cylindrical heating element 13.

En se reportant aux figures 7 et 8, on voit qu'on a représenté un dispositif de chauffage électrique repéré d'une manière générale par la référence 23 qui présente un corps cylindrique 24 équivalent au corps cylindrique 2 du dispositif de chauffage électrique 1 et qui renferme un échangeur de chaleur 25a central et six échangeurs de chaleur 25b à 25g périphériques qui sont équivalents à l'échangeur de chaleur 12 du dispositif de chauffage électrique 1. Chaque, échangeur de chaleur 25a à 25g est monté dans le corps cylindrique 24 de manière équivalente au montage de l'échangeur de chaleur 12 dans le corps cylindrique 2 du dispositif de chauffage électrique 1 de telle sorte que leurs canaux d'écoulement sont en parallèle entre une chambre amont 26 alimenté par une tubulure d'entrée 27 et une chambre aval 28 présentant une tubulure de sortie 29, ces deux chambres étant séparées par une cloison radiale 30 traversée et portant les tubes guide des échangeurs de chaleur 25a à 25g qui sont par ailleurs portés par une autre cloison 31 présentant des passages axiaux 32 tandis que leurs éléments chauffants cylindriques sont portés par la cloison d'extrémité 33 du corps cylindrique cylindrique 24 située du côté de la chambre amont 26. Le dispositif de chauffage électrique 23 représenté sur les figures 7 et 8 peut alors constituer un échangeur de chaleur de très forte puissance.Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, it can be seen that an electric heating device has been shown marked in a way general by the reference 23 which has a cylindrical body 24 equivalent to the cylindrical body 2 of the electric heating device 1 and which contains a central heat exchanger 25a and six peripheral heat exchangers 25b to 25g which are equivalent to the heat exchanger 12 of the electric heating device 1. Each heat exchanger 25a to 25g is mounted in the cylindrical body 24 in a manner equivalent to the mounting of the heat exchanger 12 in the cylindrical body 2 of the electric heating device 1 so that their flow channels are in parallel between an upstream chamber 26 supplied by an inlet tube 27 and a downstream chamber 28 having an outlet tube 29, these two chambers being separated by a radial partition 30 passed through and carrying the guide tubes of the exchangers heat 25a to 25g which are also carried by another partition 31 having axial passages 32 while their cylindrical heating elements ues are carried by the end partition 33 of the cylindrical cylindrical body 24 located on the side of the upstream chamber 26. The electric heating device 23 shown in Figures 7 and 8 can then constitute a very high power heat exchanger.

On peut remarquer que les dispositifs de chauffage électriques 1 et 23 sont construits d'éléments qui peuvent subir des déformations dues à la chaleur sensiblement indépendamment des uns des autres.It can be noted that the electric heaters 1 and 23 are constructed of elements which can undergo deformations due to heat substantially independently of each other.

La présente invention ne se limite pas aux exemples décrits ci-dessus. Bien d'autres variantes de réalisation sont possibles sans sortir du cadre défini par les revendications annexées.The present invention is not limited to the examples described above. Many other alternative embodiments are possible without departing from the scope defined by the appended claims.

Claims (12)

1. Procédé de transfert de chaleur entre une surface chauffante et un fluide, caractérisé par le fait qu'il consiste à stabiliser et uniformiser un écoulement du fluide de manière à former une lame de fluide d'épaisseur constante et à direction d'écoulement rectiligne et à mettre en contact, orthogonalement au sens de son épaisseur, cette lame de fluide avec au moins une surface chauffante formant une paroi d'un canal d'écoulement tel que la direction d'écoulement reste rectiligne et d'épaisseur constante, le nombre de Reynolds associé à cet écoulement étant tel que l'écoulement du fluide est turbulent.1. A method of heat transfer between a heating surface and a fluid, characterized in that it consists in stabilizing and standardizing a flow of the fluid so as to form a fluid blade of constant thickness and with a rectilinear flow direction and to bring into contact, orthogonally in the direction of its thickness, this blade of fluid with at least one heating surface forming a wall of a flow channel such that the direction of flow remains rectilinear and of constant thickness, the number of Reynolds associated with this flow being such that the flow of the fluid is turbulent. 2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait qu'il consiste à choisir pour l'écoulement du fluide un nombre de Reynolds supérieur à 20.000.2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it consists in choosing for the flow of the fluid a Reynolds number greater than 20,000. 3. Echangeur de chaleur pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 et 2, et destiné au transfert de chaleur entre au moins une résistance électrique chauffante et un fluide, caractérisé par le fait qu'il comprend un élément chauffant (13) renfermant au moins une résistance chauffante (20) et présentant une surface extérieure et un élément formant guide (15) présentant une surface parallèle à ladite surface extérieure de l'élément chauffant et délimitant avec cette surface extérieure de l'élément chauffant un canal d'écoulement (16) pour le fluide rectiligne et d'épaisseur constante, formant ladite lame de fluide, la surface de l'élément chauffant (13) présentant dans le sens de l'écoulement entre la surface de l'élément chauffant (13) et la surface de l'élément guide (15), une première zone (13a) non chauffante formant avec ladite surface de l'élément guide (15) une zone de tranquilisation amont de l'écoulement du fluide et une deuxième zone (13b) formant une surface chauffante pour le fluide.3. Heat exchanger for implementing the method according to one of claims 1 and 2, and intended for the transfer of heat between at least one electrical heating resistor and a fluid, characterized in that it comprises a heating element (13) containing at least one heating resistor (20) and having an external surface and a guide element (15) having a surface parallel to said external surface of the heating element and delimiting with this external surface of the heating element a flow channel (16) for the rectilinear fluid and of constant thickness, forming said fluid layer, the surface of the heating element (13) having in the direction of flow between the surface of the heating element ( 13) and the surface of the guide element (15), a first non-heating zone (13a) forming with said surface of the guide element (15) a calm zone upstream of the flow of the fluid and a second zone ( 13b) forming a su heating surface for the fluid. 4. Echangeur de chaleur selon la revendication 2, caractérisé par le fait que ladite surface de l'élément chauffant (13) comprend, en aval de sa surface chauffante (13b) une troisième zone (13c) non chauffante, formant, avec ladite surface de l'élément guide (15), une zone de tranquilisation aval de l'écoulement du fluide.4. Heat exchanger according to claim 2, characterized in that said surface of the heating element (13) comprises, downstream of its heating surface (13b) a third non-heating zone (13c), forming, with said surface of the guide element (15), a tranquilization zone downstream of the flow of the fluid. 5. Echangeur de chaleur selon la revendication 4, caractérisé par le fait que la longueur de ladite zone de tranquilisation aval est au moins égale à cinq fois le diamètre hydraulique du canal d'écoulement.5. Heat exchanger according to claim 4, characterized in that the length of said tranquilization zone downstream is at least five times the hydraulic diameter of the flow channel. 6. Echangeur de chaleur selon l'une quelconque des reven-. dications 3 à 5, caractérisé par le fait que la longueur de la zone de tranquilisation amont est au moins égale à dix fois le diamètre hydraulique du canal d'écoulement.6. Heat exchanger according to any one of the res-. dications 3 to 5, characterized in that the length of the upstream tranquilization zone is at least equal to ten times the hydraulic diameter of the flow channel. 7. Echangeur de chaleur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 3 à 6, caractérisé par le fait qu'il comprend en amont et en aval dudit canal d'écoulement, respectivement une chambre d'admission et une chambre d'évacuation pour le fluide.7. Heat exchanger according to any one of claims 3 to 6, characterized in that it comprises upstream and downstream of said flow channel, respectively an inlet chamber and an outlet chamber for the fluid . 8. Echangeur de chaleur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 3 à 7, caractérisé par le fait que ledit élément chauffant est formé par un élément cylindrique (13) et ledit élément guide est formé par un tube guide cylindrique (15) coaxial audit élément chauffant cylindrique (13) et délimitant avec ce dernier un canal d'écoulement (16) de section annulaire et d'épaisseur constante entourant ledit élément chauffant cylindrique (13).8. Heat exchanger according to any one of claims 3 to 7, characterized in that said heating element is formed by a cylindrical element (13) and said guide element is formed by a cylindrical guide tube (15) coaxial with said element cylindrical heater (13) and defining therewith a flow channel (16) of annular section and constant thickness surrounding said cylindrical heater (13). 9. Echangeur de chaleur selon la revendication 8, caractérisé par le fait que des moyens sont prévus pour le centrage dudit élément chauffant cylindrique (13) dans ledit tube guide cylindrique (15) de manière à maintenir à distance constante la surface extérieure de l'élément chauffant cylindrique et la surface intérieure dudit tube guide (15).9. Heat exchanger according to claim 8, characterized in that means are provided for centering said cylindrical heating element (13) in said cylindrical guide tube (15) so as to keep the outer surface of the constant cylindrical heating element and the inner surface of said guide tube (15). 10. Echangeur de chaleur selon la revendication 9, caractérisé par le fait que lesdits moyens de centrage sont formés par des picots de centrage (21) fixés audit tube guide (15) et prenant appui sur la surface extérieure dudit élément chauffant cylindrique (13).10. Heat exchanger according to claim 9, characterized in that said centering means are formed by centering pins (21) fixed to said guide tube (15) and bearing on the outer surface of said cylindrical heating element (13) . 11. Echangeur de chaleur selon la revendication 9, caractérisé par le fait que lesdits moyens de centrage sont formés par des déformations locales (22) vers l'intérieur dudit tube guide (15) qui prennent appui sur la surface extérieure dudit élément chauffant cylindrique (13).11. Heat exchanger according to claim 9, characterized in that said centering means are formed by local deformations (22) towards the inside of said guide tube (15) which bear on the external surface of said cylindrical heating element ( 13). 12. Echangeur de chaleur selon l'une quelconque des revendications 8 à 11, caractérisé par le fait qu'il comprend un corps cylindrique (5) fermé à ses extrémités, renfermant au moins un ensemble formé par ledit élément chauffant cylindrique (13) et ledit tube guide (15), cet élément chauffant s'étendant dans le sens de l'axe dudit corps cylindrique (5) et étant porté par une paroi d'extrémité (4) du corps cylindrique (5), les extrémités dudit tube guide (15) étant à distance des parois d'extrémité (3, 4) dudit corps cylindrique (5), le corps cylindrique renfermant une cloison radiale (7) traversée par ledit tube guide (15) et délimitant dans le corps cylindrique deux chambres (8, 9) séparées qui constituent respectivement une chambre d'alimentation et une chambre d'évacuation pour le fluide qui sont respectivement en amont et en aval du canal d'écoulement annulaire (16) formé entre ledit élément chauffant cylindrique (13) et ledit tube guide (15).12. Heat exchanger according to any one of claims 8 to 11, characterized in that it comprises a cylindrical body (5) closed at its ends, containing at least one assembly formed by said cylindrical heating element (13) and said guide tube (15), this heating element extending in the direction of the axis of said cylindrical body (5) and being carried by an end wall (4) of the cylindrical body (5), the ends of said guide tube (15) being spaced from the end walls (3, 4) of said cylindrical body (5), the cylindrical body containing a radial partition (7) through which said guide tube ( 15) and delimiting in the cylindrical body two separate chambers (8, 9) which respectively constitute a supply chamber and an evacuation chamber for the fluid which are respectively upstream and downstream of the annular flow channel (16) formed between said cylindrical heating element (13) and said guide tube (15).
EP85102051A 1984-02-27 1985-02-25 Heat exchanger Expired EP0154878B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT85102051T ATE30635T1 (en) 1984-02-27 1985-02-25 HEAT EXCHANGER.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8402972 1984-02-27
FR8402972A FR2560362B1 (en) 1984-02-27 1984-02-27 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR TRANSFERRING HEAT BETWEEN AT LEAST ONE HEATING ELECTRIC RESISTOR AND A FLUID

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0154878A1 true EP0154878A1 (en) 1985-09-18
EP0154878B1 EP0154878B1 (en) 1987-11-04

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EP85102051A Expired EP0154878B1 (en) 1984-02-27 1985-02-25 Heat exchanger

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EP (1) EP0154878B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE30635T1 (en)
CA (1) CA1260924A (en)
DE (2) DE154878T1 (en)
FR (1) FR2560362B1 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5872890A (en) * 1994-10-27 1999-02-16 Watkins Manufacturing Corporation Cartridge heater system
CN104913506A (en) * 2015-06-03 2015-09-16 无锡恒业电热电器有限公司 Multifunctional electric heat exchanger
EP3183525A4 (en) * 2014-08-20 2018-04-25 Nestec S.A. Continuous-flow water heating assembly and production method

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2599486B1 (en) * 1986-05-27 1989-09-29 Innovations Thermiques METHOD AND DEVICE FOR TRANSFERRING HEAT BETWEEN A HEATING SURFACE AND A FLUID TO BE HEATED
FR3048494B1 (en) * 2016-03-04 2018-03-02 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE BY PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL INCLUDING AN INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL CHARGE IN THE CIRCUIT OF THE HEAT TRANSFER FLUID

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1873820A (en) * 1930-07-25 1932-08-23 Webster I Carpenter Fluid warmer
GB462930A (en) * 1936-03-07 1937-03-18 William Charles Gee Apparatus for heating liquids
GB750915A (en) * 1953-07-10 1956-06-20 Hygrotherm Eng Ltd Improvements in or relating to electric fluid heaters
FR1584479A (en) * 1968-02-14 1969-12-26

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1873820A (en) * 1930-07-25 1932-08-23 Webster I Carpenter Fluid warmer
GB462930A (en) * 1936-03-07 1937-03-18 William Charles Gee Apparatus for heating liquids
GB750915A (en) * 1953-07-10 1956-06-20 Hygrotherm Eng Ltd Improvements in or relating to electric fluid heaters
FR1584479A (en) * 1968-02-14 1969-12-26

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5872890A (en) * 1994-10-27 1999-02-16 Watkins Manufacturing Corporation Cartridge heater system
EP3183525A4 (en) * 2014-08-20 2018-04-25 Nestec S.A. Continuous-flow water heating assembly and production method
US10563889B2 (en) 2014-08-20 2020-02-18 Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. Continuous-flow water heating assembly and production method
CN104913506A (en) * 2015-06-03 2015-09-16 无锡恒业电热电器有限公司 Multifunctional electric heat exchanger

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA1260924A (en) 1989-09-26
EP0154878B1 (en) 1987-11-04
DE154878T1 (en) 1986-07-03
DE3560924D1 (en) 1987-12-10
FR2560362A1 (en) 1985-08-30
ATE30635T1 (en) 1987-11-15
FR2560362B1 (en) 1986-07-04

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