EP0131816A1 - Modifizierte (1-56) beta-Interferone - Google Patents

Modifizierte (1-56) beta-Interferone Download PDF

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EP0131816A1
EP0131816A1 EP84107498A EP84107498A EP0131816A1 EP 0131816 A1 EP0131816 A1 EP 0131816A1 EP 84107498 A EP84107498 A EP 84107498A EP 84107498 A EP84107498 A EP 84107498A EP 0131816 A1 EP0131816 A1 EP 0131816A1
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Prior art keywords
interferon
beta interferon
amino acids
replaced
modified
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EP0131816B1 (de
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Leslie D. Bell
Paul G. Boseley
John C. Smith
Michael Houghton
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GD Searle LLC
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
    • C07K1/107—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length by chemical modification of precursor peptides
    • C07K1/113—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length by chemical modification of precursor peptides without change of the primary structure
    • C07K1/1133—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length by chemical modification of precursor peptides without change of the primary structure by redox-reactions involving cystein/cystin side chains
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/52—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
    • C07K14/555—Interferons [IFN]
    • C07K14/565—IFN-beta
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/811—Interferon
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S930/00—Peptide or protein sequence
    • Y10S930/01—Peptide or protein sequence
    • Y10S930/14—Lymphokine; related peptides
    • Y10S930/142—Interferon

Definitions

  • This invention describes the use of recombinant DNA technology for the design and synthesis of novel modified interferons. More specifically the invention relates to interferons not known in nature, which are intended for use in viral and neoplastic diseases, and immunosuppressed and immunodeficient conditions.
  • interferons are a class of proteins that occur in vertebrates and act as biological regulators of cell function which include increasing resistance to pathogens, limiting cell growth and modulating the immune system.
  • the most studied property of the interferons is their ability to convert cells into an "antiviral state" during which they are more resistant to virus replication (Lengyel, Annual Review of Biochemistry, 51, 251, 1982).
  • interferon (IFNs) have antiproliferative (antigrowth) properties (Stewart, 1979, The Interferon System, Springer, Berlin). It has clearly been shown that interferons produced naturally act as antiviral and antiproliferative agents (Gresser et al, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 516, 231, 1978; J. Exp. Med., 144, 1316, 1976).
  • the IFNs by virtue of their antigenic, biological and physico-chemical properties, may be divided into three classes: type I, IFN- ⁇ ("leucocyte") and IFN- ⁇ ("fibroblast”); and type II, IFN-Y ("immune") (Stewart et al, Nature, 286, 110, 1980). Both genomic DNA cDNA clones of type I and type II IFNs have been isolated and sequenced, and the potential protein sequences deduced (e.g. Pestka, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 221, 1, 1983). While in man only one IFN- ⁇ and IFN- ⁇ gene are known, human IFN- ⁇ is specified by a multigene family comprising at least 20 genes. The classification of IFN- ⁇ and IFN- ⁇ as type I interferons is in part determined by their significant degree of homology, >23% at the protein level (Taniguchi et al, Nature, 285, 547, 1980).
  • interferons While the mechanism of action of interferons is not completely understood, certain physiological or enzymatic activities respond to the presence of the interferons. These activities include RNA and protein synthesis.
  • RNA and protein synthesis are Among the enzymes induced by interferons is (2'-5') (A)n synthetase generates 2'-5' linked oligonucleotides, and these in turn activate a latent endoribonuclease, RNAse L, which cleaves single-stranded RNA, such as messenger RNA (mRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
  • mRNA messenger RNA
  • rRNA ribosomal RNA
  • IFNs a protein kinase that phosphorylates at least one peptide chain initiation factor and this inhibits protein synthesis (Lengvel.
  • IFNs have been shown to be negative growth regulators for cells bv regulation of the (2'-5') An svnthetase activity (Creasev et al. Mol and Cell Biol.. 3, 780, 1983) IFN- ⁇ was indirectlv shown to be involved in the normal requlation of the cell cycle in the absence of inducers through the use of anti-IFN- ⁇ antibodies. Similarly. IFNs have been shown to have a role in differentiation (Dolei et al J. Gen. Virol . 46. 227. 1980) and in immunomodulation (Gresser. Cell Immunol - 34. 406 1977) Finally IFNs may alter the methylation pattern of mRNAs and alter the proportion of fatty acids in membrane phospholipids thereby changing the riaiditv of cell membranes
  • the three examples were constructed usinq two naturally occurring restriction sites
  • the resulting hybrid interferons were 1) aloha 1 (1-73)-beta (74-166): 2) beta (1-73)-alpha 1 (74-166): and 3) alpha 61A (1-41)-beta (43-166)
  • These three examples differ structurally from the examples of the present invention
  • These three examples were based upon the accidental location of two restriction sites and not upon the intentionally desioned nNA and amino acid sequences of the present invertion
  • T t is envisioned that a modified interferon will display a new advantageous phenotype
  • the design and synthesis of new interferon-like polypeptides composed of portions of IFN- ⁇ and other amino acid sequences is advantageous for the following reasons:
  • modified beta interferon-like polypeptides nucleic acids either DNA or RNA
  • code for these modified beta interferons plasmids containing the DNA coding for the modified beta interferons and procedures for the synthesis of these modified beta interferons
  • Each of the amino acids 1-56 of human beta interferon may individually be replaced bv any other amino acid This replacement may be accomplished in groups of three to fifty-six amino acids
  • One preferred embodiment is the replacement of each amino acid from 2 to 7 and 9 to 56 of human beta interferon bv another amino acid .
  • Another preferred embodiment is the replacement of each beta interferon amino acid from 9 to 56 by four to forty-seven other amino acids.
  • the beta interferon amino acids 2 to 7 and 9 to 56 may be replaced by correspondinq sequential human alpha interferon amino acids Among the alpha interferons are alpha 1.
  • alpha 2 and alpha H The alpha and beta interferons from any mammal may be used. includinq but not limited to humans or other primates horses- cattle, sheep rabbits- rats and mice.
  • the cvsteine 17 or methionine 31 in human beta interferon may optionally be replaced by serine 17 for leucine 17) and/or lysine 31 Tn some examples e g.
  • IFNX410 (Chart 3d) the cysteine or leucine or serine at position 17 is renumbered as position 16 because the inserted amino acids upstream of position 17 contain one less amino acid.
  • Yet another embodiment of the invention discloses the use of the modified beta interferons where in one or more of the antiviral. cell growth regulatory or immunomodulatory activities is substantially changed from that of the unmodified beta interferon
  • Particularly preferred embodiments are the amino acid sequences of IFNX402. 403 404. 406 407 408- 409- 410 415 419 and 420.
  • Yet another preferred embodiment of the invention is DNA or RNA sequences which code for the synthesis of IFNX402. 403 404- 406 407 408, 409. 410 415 419 or 420.
  • Yet another embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition containing an effective amount of TFNX402. 403- 404. 406 407 408 409. 410. 415. 419. 420
  • a final embodiment of the invention is the use of pharmaceutical compositions containing the modified beta interferons in a method of treatinq viral infections. regulating cell qrowth or regulating the immune system.
  • Novel, modified IFNs with increased biological activitv are disclosed in the present invention which may be more effective in the treatment of viral or neoplastic diseases or immunosuppressed or immunodeficient conditions.
  • Novel- modified IFNs are disclosed which have substantially lost one or other of the activities measurable in vitro (e.g. antiviral. antiproliferative or immunomodulatory).
  • An increased target cell specificity or an increase in IFN activitv can result in an improved therapeutic index This should exclude some of the side effects caused by the use in humans of naturally occurring IFNs.
  • This invention relates to the production in sufficient amounts of novel. highly active. and/or highly specific interferon-like molecules suitable for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of humans - notably for viral infections maliqnancies and immunosuppressed or immunodeficient conditions
  • the IFN- ⁇ qene is a unique gene but shows some siqnificant homologies to the multiaenic IFN- ⁇ family (Rubinstein. Biochim Biophys. Acta, 695. 5. 19821 Rternbera and Cohen (Int. J Biol Macromol.. 4. 137. 1982) have proposed a similar secondary structure for IFN- ⁇ and IFN- ⁇ 1 . Structure prediction studies suggest four ⁇ -helices which can be "packed" into a riaht-handed bundle ( Figure 1) similar to that observed in several unrelated protein structures as determined bv X-rav crystallography. The design of some of the modified interferons described herein is derived from our interpretation of the Sternberg/Cohen model.
  • IFNs ⁇ and ⁇ are believed to bind to the same receptor at the cell surface it is possible to introduce variability into IFN- ⁇ by replacina specific areas with IFN- ⁇ seaments or any other amino acid sequence.
  • the construction of these interferons has resulted in novel, hybrid interferons with altered biological properties. All these interferons were active to some degree- suqqesting a large measure of variabilitv in the nature of the inserted amino acid sequence which would give rise to an active molecule.
  • each amino acid in the 1 to 56 region can be replaced bv any other naturally occurring amino acid
  • the naturally occurring amino acids and their nomenclature are: alanine (Ala or A); valine (Val or V); leucine (Leu or L); isoleucine (Ile or I); proline (Pro or P); phenylalanine (Phe or F); tryptophan (Trp or W); methionine (Met or M); qlycine (Gly or G); serine (Ser or S); threonine (Thr or T); cysteine (Cys or C); tvrosine (Tyr or Y); asparagine (Asn or N); glutamine (Glu or Q); aspartic acid (Asp or D); glutamic acid (Glu or E); lysine (Lys or K); arginine ( A rg or R); and histidine (His or H).
  • the field of the present invention is the design. synthesis and characterization of interferon-like molecules related to IFN- ⁇ which may have IFN- ⁇ amino acid sequences replaced with anv other amino acid sequence- unrelated protein sequence. or seauences similar to those of TFN- ⁇ s, - ⁇ or -Y found in mammals and other vertebrates
  • IFN- ⁇ [ ⁇ (9-56) ⁇ 1 (7-54)] denotes that amino acid residues 9-56 inclusive of IFN- ⁇ are replaced bv residues 7-54 of IFN- ⁇ 1 .
  • Oligodeoxyribonucleotides were synthesized by the phosphoramidite method (M.H. Caruthers in "chemical and enzymatic synthesis of Gene Fragments". ed. E.G. Gasen and A tang Verlag Chemie, 1982. p 71) on controlled pore glass (H. Koster et al. Tetrahedron. 40. 103 1984). Fully protected 2'-deoxyribonucleotide 3'-phosphoramidites were synthesized from the protected deoxvribonucleotide and chloro-N.N-(diisopropylamino)methoxyphosphine (L.J. McBride and M H Caruthers Tetrahedron Lett . 24.
  • the functionalised controlled pore glass (50mg) was treated in a sintered glass funnel at ambient temperature seauentially with:
  • the deprotected oliqonucleotides were purified either bv HPLC on a Partisil 10 SAX column using a gradient from 1M to 4M triethylammonium acetate pH4.9 at 50°C or bv electrophoresis on a denaturing 15% polyacrylamide gel (pH8.3)
  • Blocks (length 30-50 bases) were assembled bv combining 25 pmole of each phosphorylated component with equimolar amounts of the unphosphorylated oliaomers from the complementary strand
  • the mixtures were lyophilized and then taken up in 15pl water and 2 ⁇ l 10 x ligase buffer (500mM Tris-HCl pH7.6, 100mM MgCl 2 ).
  • the blocks were annealed at 100°C for 2 minutes then slowly cooled to room temperature (20°C).
  • 2 ⁇ l 200mM D T T and 0.5 ⁇ l 10mM ATP were added to give final concentrations of 20mM DTT and 250 pM ATP in 20 ⁇ l. 1.25 units of T4 DNA ligase were also added. After 18 hours at 20°C. the products were purified in a 15% polyacrylamide gel under denaturing conditions
  • Two duplex blocks were then constructed from the single-stranded pieces. (These were 150 base pairs and 75 base pairs). 1.5 pmole of each block were taken and the mixtures lyophilized Annealing was carried out in 15 ⁇ l water and 2 ⁇ l 10 x ligase buffer at 100°C for 2 minutes then slowly cooled to 10°C. 2 ⁇ l 200mH DTT 0.5 ⁇ l 10mM ATP and 1.25 units T4 DNA ligase were added. The reaction was left at 10°C for 18 hours. The products were then purified in a 10% native polyacrylamide gel.
  • the final product was assembled by combining 8.4 pmole of the two duplexes.
  • the mixture was lyophilized and then taken up in 15 ⁇ l water and 2pl 18 x ligase buffer. It was annealed at 50°C for 2 minutes and then slowly cooled to 10°C. 2 ⁇ l 20mM DTT 0.5 ⁇ l 10mM ATP and 1.25 units ligase were then added and the reaction left at 10°C for 18 hours.
  • the final product was purified in a 5% native polyacrylamide qel. After elution and ethanol precipitation- the product was taken up in 10pl water. 0.5 ⁇ l were removed for counting to calculate the recovery.
  • This section lists and identifies the vectors employed in the cloning of the synthetic DNA fragments (Chart 2) into the IFN- ⁇ coding region.
  • the IFN- ⁇ (or novel IFN) coding reqion is shown as a heavy line and would be translated from left to riqht.
  • the vector sequences between the BalII (or BamHI) site and the EcoRI site are the same as those in pAT153 (equivalent to pBR322 with a 705bp HaeII fragment deleted - nucleotides 1,646-2,351 on the map)
  • a vector denoted by "m” instead-of "p” refers to M13 mp8 sequences between the RcoRI and BamHI sites.
  • the E.coli tr p promoter (Chart 4) lies between the EcoRI site and ClaI site (or equivalent position in IFNX407, X408 and X409).
  • IFNX402 This is IFNX402 with a change from Cys 17 to Leu 17 and was designed to determine the effect of residue 17 on antiviral and antiproliferative activity.
  • pMN39-1 is identical to pl/24 (UK Patent ⁇ Application GB 2 068 970A) except that the ⁇ 546bp BglTI-BamHI fragment is deleted.
  • a synthetic oliaonucleotide (Chart 2a) was inserted between the HinfI * and HgaI* sites to give the nucleotide seauence shown in Figure 3a.
  • INFX407 is expressed from plasmid pJA29.
  • IFNX408 IFN- ⁇ [ ⁇ 44-56 ⁇ 1 42-54 ][Cys 17 ⁇ Ser]
  • pXX404 is similar to p1/24 (UK Patent Filinq Application GB 2 068 970A). except that the IFN- ⁇ amino acid residues 44-56 are replaced by IFN- ⁇ 1 residues 42-54.
  • TFNX409 is an analogue of IFNX408 (and IFNX404) and was desiqned to replace the Glu at amino acid residue 42 with Gln to test the effect of changing the predicted secondary structure, since the Glu-Glu-Glu sequence (at residues 42-441 was considered unfavourable
  • This phaqe M13 vector contains the entire coding sequence of IFNX408 on an EcoRI-BamHI fragment.
  • Glu 42 ⁇ Gln change to mJA9 was accomplished by oliqohucleotide-directed mutagenesis as above using the primer 5'-AAACTCTTCTTGAGGGATGTC-3'. with the modification described by Norris et al, Nucl. Acids ' Res.. 11. 5103 1983. Clones with the codon 42 Sequence 5'-CAA-3' (Gln) were isolated and an EcoRI-BglII ⁇ 620bp fragment subcloned in the EcoRI-BamHI vector fragment of pXX404 to give pJA31. the plasmid expressinq IFNX409 (Chart 3c).
  • IFNX410 IFN-[ ⁇ [ ⁇ 2-7 ⁇ 2 1-5 ][ ⁇ 9-56 ⁇ 1 7-54 ]
  • This modified, novel IFN was constructed to investigate the additive, synergistic or other effect of combining in one molecule sequences from two different IFN- ⁇ 's.
  • IFNX410 is related to IFNX402.
  • This vector contains an entirely synthetic IFN- ⁇ gene (Chart 3j) inserted between the ClaI and BamHI sites of pl/24C (pl/24C is identical to pl/24 except for the underlined sequences in Chart 4).
  • IFNX415 IFN- ⁇ [ ⁇ 28-46 ⁇ 1 28-46 ][Cys- 17 ⁇ Ser][Met 31 ⁇ Lys]
  • This novel, nodified IFN was designed to test the generality and extent of substitutions in the 9-56 reaion of IFN- ⁇ causing decreased antiviral activity, and to enhance or depress other IFN activities.
  • pAP4 expresses IFN- ⁇ and is identical to pGC10 except that the serines at amino acid residues 74 and 75 are coded bv TCC and TCG, respectivelv. These serine codons were changed from TCA and TCT in order to introduce an unique XhoI site to facilitate the insertion of synthetic DNA.
  • a synthetic oliaonucleotide (Chart 2c) was inserted between the ClaI * and XhoT * sites of pAP4 to give the nucleotide sequence shown in Chart 3e. IFNX415 is expressed from plasmid pAP7.
  • IFNX 402 IFN- ⁇ [ ⁇ 9-56 ⁇ 1 7-54 ][Leu 17 ⁇ Cys 17 ]
  • This novel, modified IFN was designed to examine the effect of substituting a region from IFN- ⁇ 1 into IFN- ⁇ on relative antiviral. antiproliferative and immunostimulating activities.
  • Tt contains the mature, natural human IFN- ⁇ gene which is expressed under trp promoter control.
  • a synthetic oliaonucleotide (Chart 2d) was inserted between the HinfI * and HgaI* sites of pl/24 to give the nucleotide sequence shown in Chart 3f.
  • I F N X A02 is expressed from plasmid pXX402.
  • the ⁇ 546bp BgIII-BamHI fragment is then deleted to obtain hiqh level expression.
  • This novel, modified IFN was designed to test the aenerality and extent of substitutions in the 9-56 reqion of IFN- ⁇ causing decreased antiviral activity and to enhance other IFN activities.
  • the positioning of the substitution reflects the difference between IFNX402 and IFNX404.
  • a synthetic oliaonucleotide (Chart 2e) was liqated between the ClaI * and PvuTI * sites of pGC10 to give the nucleotide sequence shown in Chart 3g. IFNX419 is expressed from plasmid pAP6.
  • IFNx420 IFN- ⁇ [ ⁇ 21-42 ⁇ 1 19-40 ][Cys 17 ⁇ Ser]
  • IFNX415 The rationale for construction was the same as for IFNX415; the changed amino acid sequence was a subset of the changed amino acid sequence in IFNX419( ⁇ 1 7-40).
  • a synthetic oli q onucleotide (Chart 2f) was liqated between the ClaI * and PvuII * sites of pMN47 to give the nucleotide sequence shown in Chart 3h.
  • IFNX420 is expressed from plasmid pNW25.
  • IFNX404 IFN- ⁇ [ ⁇ 44-56 ⁇ 1 42-54 ]
  • This novel, modified IFN was designed to examine the effect of substituting a region from IFN- ⁇ 1 into IFN- ⁇ on relative antiviral, antiproliferative and immunostimulating activities.
  • a synthetic oliqonucleotide (Chart 2q) was inserted between the Ddel * and HgaI* sites of pl/24 to give the nucleotide sequence shown in Chart 3i.
  • IFNX404 is expressed from plasmid pXX404.
  • the ⁇ 546bp BalII-BamHI fragment is then deleted to obtain high level expression.
  • the medium contained: M9 salts, 0 5% glucose, 0.1mM CaCl 2 . 0.5 % Casamino acids. 1mM MgSO 4 , 0.1mg/ml vitamin B 1 , 2.5pg/ml tryptophan and 100 ⁇ g/ml carbenecillin.
  • dilutions immediately assayed for IFN antiviral activity bv monitoring the protection conferred on Vero cells against the cytopathic effect (cpe) of EMC virus in an in vitro micro-plate assay system (e.g see Dahl and Degre. Acta. Path. Microbiol. Scan . 1380. 863. 1972).
  • the diluent was 50mM Tris-HCl pH7.5. 30mM NaCl. 1% human serum albumin (HSA).
  • Cells from 1ml of culture were mixed with 10pl per 0.1 OD 600 per ml of final sample buffer: 5M urea, 1% SDS, 1% 2-mercaptoethanol. 50mM Tris-HCl pH7.5, 30mM NaCl and 0.05% bromophenol blue. The mixture was heated at 90°C for 5 min., centrifuged for 10 min. and 5-7pl loaded on a 15% acrylamide/0.4% bisacrylamide "Laemmli” gel. Electrophoresis was at 70V for 18 hours. The gel was fixed and stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. then dried and photoqraphed.
  • the IFNs were fractionated on a 2.35cm x 70cm column of LKB AcA44 in 0.1% SDS, 50mM Tris-HCl pH8.0. and the peak fractions containinq 1-2mg IFN were pooled.
  • the eluted IFN was dialysed aqainst water to remove formate and then into GuHCl (6M)- 100mM Tris-BCl pH8.0. To renature the IFN. the sample was reduced in 10mM DTT at 100°C. then diluted 100-fold into 100mM Tris-HCl pH8.0, 200mM KCl. 1mM EDTA and either 0.1% Tween-20 or 1% RSA. Protein was estimated prior to biological assay.
  • a sinqle virus (encephalomyocarditis -EMC) was used to determine antiviral activity in primate cells. Determinations were made with a virus cytopathic effect (cpe) assay following challenge of cells of Monkey (Vero) and human (Chang conjunctiva and Searle 17/1 fibroblast) origin (Dahl and Degre. ibid.).
  • Daudi cells in log phase were cultured for 6 days in 96 well plates in the presence of various dilutions of interferon. The phenol red indicator in the medium changes from red to yellow (more acid) with progressive cell growth. Liquid paraffin was added to prevent pH change on exposure to the atmosphere and the pH change in the medium measured colorimetrically on a Dvnatech plate reader.
  • ADCC represents a cellular system which is immunologically specific- the effect being mediated by antibodv.
  • 51 Cr-labelled human red cells GpA. Rh +ve
  • sensitised with anti-A antibody using the serum from a Group 0 individual were incubated with buffy coat cells from a Group 0 individual.
  • Interferon was assessed by prior overnight incubation with buffy coat cells and its effects compared with those of parallel untreated controls ( M cCullagh et al. J. IFN Res-, 3, 97, 1983).
  • Table 1 sets out the expression levels and antiproliferative and antiviral activities of the group II novel, modified IFNs in crude bacterial extracts. A range of activities may be given reflecting natural variation in a biological system or assay. The activity quoted is that which is regained after SDS/urea/mercaptoethanol treatment- by diluting the extract in 1% human serum albumin. as above.
  • IFN- ⁇ for the control, IFN- ⁇ , antiviral (AV) and antiproliferative (AP) activity vary over not more than a 4-fold range (>20 experiments).
  • Examples of reduced AV activity in relation to AP activity and expression are IFNX407 and IFNX419 when compared with TFN- ⁇ .
  • IFNX407 has -2 to 9-fold lower AV activity and a ⁇ 2-fold lower AP activity than IFN- ⁇ .
  • An even greater differential is
  • IFNX419. which has 7.7 to 57-fold lower AV activity than IFN- ⁇ , and a virtually unchanged AP activity.
  • novel, modified IFNs present in bacterial extracts display marked differences in relative AP and AV activity when compared with each other and with IFN- ⁇ .
  • certain of the above examples were subjected to protein purification.
  • the following assays were also designed to determine whether any of the novel IFNs displayed altered cell specificity.
  • Table 2 compares the in vitro antiviral activity of purified IFNX415 with IFN- ⁇ and IFNX805, aqainst EMC virus in three different cell lines.
  • IFNX415 displays an increase in antiviral activity only in the CHANG cell line (6 to 7-fold).
  • Table 3 gives the result of a separate experiment in which purified IFNX407 and IFNX408 are compared with IFN- ⁇ .
  • IFNX407 has substantially lower specific antiviral activity than IFN- ⁇ on all three cell lines, while IFNX408 is similar to IFN- ⁇ .
  • Table 4 compares the in vitro antiproliferative activity of purified IFNX415 with IFN- ⁇ and IFNX805, on three different transformed cell lines TFNXR05 and IFN- ⁇ display similar activities in all three cell lines, while IFNX415 has a significantly increased activity in the Daudi cell.
  • the in vitro antiproliferative specificity of IFNX415 may be different from that of IFN- ⁇ and IFNX805.
  • Table 5 gives the result of a separate experiment in which purified IFNX407 and IFNX408 are compared with IFN- ⁇ . IFNX407 has substantially lower antiproliferative activity than IFN- ⁇ against HEP-2 and RD cell lines but similar activity to IFN- ⁇ against the Daudi cell line IFNX408 is similar to IFN- ⁇ .
  • Table 6 compares the in vitro activity of purified IFNX415 with IFN- ⁇ and IFNX805. as an effector of Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cvtoxicity (ADCC) against human red cells.
  • IFNX415, I F NX805 and IFN- ⁇ did not differ significantly in their ability to stimulate ADCC activity of buffy coat preparations from 5 group 0 donors. This is in contrast with the increased AV activity in CHANG cells and the increased AP activity in Daudi cells of IFNX415 (Tables 2 and 3).
  • Table 7 qives the result of a separate experiment in which IFNX407 and IFNX408 are compared The ADCC activity of IFNX407 was too low for accurate assessment
  • IFNX408 had slightly reduced specific activity compared with IFN- ⁇ .
  • IFNX401 had estimated purities of 70-90% based on polyacrylamide qel electrophoretic (PAGE) analysis.
  • the novel interferons were tested to determine its specific antiviral, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activities.
  • the following assay systems were employed:
  • Daudi cells in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM) were seeded at 2x10 5 /ml (200pl) in 96 well tissue culture plates. Interferons were added at the time of seeding and cells incubated at 37° in a humidified 5% C0 2 atmosphere. After 22 hours tritiated thymidine was added and the cells incubated for a further 2 hours after which they were harvested on a Flow cell harvester washed and treated with 5% trichloroacetic acid. Acid insoluble radioactivity was counted and inhibition of thymidine incorporation was taken as a measure of the antiproliferative activity of interferon.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium
  • Buffy coat cells separated from human peripheral blood by Ficoll/Hypaque sedimentation were suspended in supplemented RPMI 1640 medium and incubated overnight at 37° with interferon dilutions After washing to remove interferon. These effector cells were incubated at 37 0 for a further 4 hours with 51 Cr-labelled K562 cells at effector to target cell ratios of 20:1 or 10:1. (K562 is a human tumour-derived cell line). After centrifugation an aliquot of the supernatant was removed for measurement of released radioactivity. Maximum 51 Cr release was obtained by repeated freeze-thawing of a tarqet cell suspension and a background control obtained by measurement of 51 Cr release from tarqet cells incubated without effector cells. Results were expressed as percentage specific 51 Cr release: Test sample_- background x 100 Maximum release - background
  • Table 8 lists the assay means for hybrid X401 and the recombinant-derived IFN- ⁇ measured against EMC virus in Vero and the four human cell lines. The activities are expressed in units/mg protein
  • the pooled mean antiviral activity shown in the analysis of variance for IFNX402 is less than 1% that of IFN-f.
  • the activity of IFNX404 is 5-15% of IFN- ⁇ .
  • IFN- ⁇ and IFN- ⁇ against HSV-2 in these 3 cell lines is shown in Table 11. again expressed as units/ml rather than as specific activity as a result of impure IFNs.
  • IFN- ⁇ reacts reasonably well with our MDRK cell line, producinq antiviral activity at about the same dilution as Vero or Chang cells.
  • the IFN- ⁇ standard reacted substantially better with MDBK cells than with either Vero or Chang cells. Tn view of this control data, the reduced activity of IFNX402 in Chang and Vero cells and retained activity in MDBK cells represents a pattern of response in these cell lines which is similar to that obtained with natural IFN- ⁇ .
  • Table 12 lists the activities of the recombinant and natural interferons against EMC and HSV-2 in Chang and Vero cells (data from Tables 8-11). There is no indication from these results of preferential activity of IFNX402 against one or other of the 2 virus types. The results from the 2 sets of assays are remarkably similar and are not significantly different. Thus the pooled mean antiviral activity against EMC virus shown in the analysis of variance to Table R is equally valid as an estimate of antiherpes activity and can be used as an overall indicator of specific antiviral activity of IFNX402.
  • Chang conjunctival cells maintained in hi q h passage (approx. X 160) has undergone a mutational change such that it is approximately 3 times more sensitive to IFN- ⁇ than the normal low passage Chang cells which we have used in routine assays.
  • the atypical high passage Chang cells recognize and respond to IFN- ⁇ with a 100-fold increase in sensitivity compared to the parental low passage Chang cells.
  • Comparative ratios of antiviral activity in high and low passage Chang cells can therefore be used to indicate a degree of ⁇ -like property in a particular recombinant.
  • the various recombinant interferons were assayed. for growth inhibitory activity against Daudi lymphoblastoid cells. in at least 4 replicate assays with each interferon. The mean results of these assays are given in Table 14, activities being expressed as the protein concentration required to produce a 50% inhibition of maximum thymidine incorporation in untreated control cells (Inhibitory Dose 50 ).
  • the poorly antiviral IFNX402 can be seen to have an identical growth regulating activity to the IFN- ⁇ parent. In contrast IFNX404 has lost growth regulating activity.
  • NK natural killer
  • NK stimulating activity is about 35-fold less active than IFN- ⁇ parent.
  • IFNX404 has also less activity but only by a factor of 4. These differences are significant as shown in the analysis of variance.
  • novel. modified interferons of the present invention can be formulated by methods well known for pharmaceutical compositions. wherein the active interferon is combined in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substance. the nature of which depends on the particular mode of administration being used. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E W. Martin, hereby incorporated by reference. describes compositions and formulations suitable for delivery of the interferons of the present invention.
  • parenteral formulations are usually injectable fluids that use physiologically acceptable fluids such as saline, balanced salt solutions. or the like as a vehicle.
  • Oral formulations may be solid. e,g. tablet or capsule, or liquid solutions or suspensions.
  • the novel. modified interferons of the invention may be administered to humans or other animals on whose cells they are effective in various ways such as orally. intravenously. intramuscularly- intraperitoneally, intranasally. intradermally or subcutaneously Administration of the interferon composition is indicated for patients with malignancies or neoplasms- whether or not immumosuppressed or in patients requiring immunomodulation. or antiviral treatment. Dosage and dose rates may parallel those employed in conventional therapy with naturally occurring interferons - approximately 10 5 to 10 8 units daily. Dosages significantly above or below these levels may be indicated in long term administration or during acute short term treatment A novel. modified interferon may be combined with other treatments or used in association with other chemotherapeutic or chemopreventive agents for providing therapy against the above mentioned diseases and conditions-or other conditions against which it is effective.

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EP0146413A2 (de) * 1983-12-21 1985-06-26 G.D. Searle & Co. Interferon mit Cysteinmuster
EP0163993A2 (de) * 1984-05-17 1985-12-11 G.D. Searle & Co., Ltd. Struktur und Eigenschaften von modifizierten Interferonen
US4588585A (en) * 1982-10-19 1986-05-13 Cetus Corporation Human recombinant cysteine depleted interferon-β muteins
EP0260350A1 (de) * 1986-09-05 1988-03-23 Cetus Oncology Corporation Oxidationsresistente Muteine von beta-Interferon, deren Herstellung und diese Muteine enthaltende Präparate
US4752585A (en) * 1985-12-17 1988-06-21 Cetus Corporation Oxidation-resistant muteins
US4885166A (en) * 1985-06-11 1989-12-05 Ciba-Geigy Corporation Hybrid interferons
US5545723A (en) * 1994-03-15 1996-08-13 Biogen Inc. Muteins of IFN-β

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ZA844082B (en) * 1983-06-01 1985-09-25 Hoffmann La Roche Polypeptides having interferon activity
GB8317880D0 (en) * 1983-07-01 1983-08-03 Searle & Co Structure and synthesis of interferons
US4530787A (en) * 1984-03-28 1985-07-23 Cetus Corporation Controlled oxidation of microbially produced cysteine-containing proteins
US5963288A (en) * 1987-08-20 1999-10-05 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Liquid crystal device having sealant and spacers made from the same material
US4904584A (en) * 1987-12-23 1990-02-27 Genetics Institute, Inc. Site-specific homogeneous modification of polypeptides
US6682896B1 (en) * 1988-10-14 2004-01-27 Schering Aktiengesellschaft Peptides representing epitopic sites on r-IFN-β, antibodies thereto and uses thereof
US6753165B1 (en) * 1999-01-14 2004-06-22 Bolder Biotechnology, Inc. Methods for making proteins containing free cysteine residues
CN1269805A (zh) * 1997-07-14 2000-10-11 博尔德生物技术公司 生长激素和相关蛋白的衍生物
US20080076706A1 (en) 1997-07-14 2008-03-27 Bolder Biotechnology, Inc. Derivatives of Growth Hormone and Related Proteins, and Methods of Use Thereof
US6525185B1 (en) 1998-05-07 2003-02-25 Affymetrix, Inc. Polymorphisms associated with hypertension
US8288126B2 (en) 1999-01-14 2012-10-16 Bolder Biotechnology, Inc. Methods for making proteins containing free cysteine residues
US6514729B1 (en) * 1999-05-12 2003-02-04 Xencor, Inc. Recombinant interferon-beta muteins
AU2002233314A1 (en) * 2001-02-05 2002-09-19 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Regulation of human histone acetyltransferase
IL156059A0 (en) 2001-02-27 2003-12-23 Maxygen Aps NEW INTERFERON beta-LIKE MOLECULES
EP1368377A2 (de) * 2001-03-15 2003-12-10 MERCK PATENT GmbH Modifiziertes interferon beta mit verminderter immunogenität
US6887462B2 (en) 2001-04-09 2005-05-03 Chiron Corporation HSA-free formulations of interferon-beta
US8071321B2 (en) * 2002-08-29 2011-12-06 Cytocure Llc Methods for up-regulating antigen expression in tumors
CA2498319A1 (en) * 2002-09-09 2004-03-18 Nautilus Biotech Rational evolution of cytokines for higher stability, the cytokines and encoding nucleic acid molecules
US20050054053A1 (en) * 2002-10-01 2005-03-10 Xencor, Inc. Interferon variants with improved properties
US20040175359A1 (en) * 2002-11-12 2004-09-09 Desjarlais John Rudolph Novel proteins with antiviral, antineoplastic, and/or immunomodulatory activity
US20070179113A1 (en) * 2005-05-19 2007-08-02 Schering Aktiengesellachaft GM-CSF gene therapy for Crohn's disease using an improved regulated expression system
US20080076729A1 (en) * 2005-05-19 2008-03-27 Schering Aktiengesellachaft Interferon-beta gene therapy using an improved, regulated expression system
PE20061416A1 (es) * 2005-05-19 2007-01-26 Schering Ag Sistema de expresion genetica que comprende un interferon-beta
DOP2006000116A (es) * 2005-05-19 2007-01-31 Schering Ag Sistema mejorado de expresión regulada y sus usos.
WO2007110231A2 (en) * 2006-03-28 2007-10-04 Nautilus Biotech, S.A. MODIFIED INTERFERON-β (IFN-β) POLYPEPTIDES
WO2008125222A2 (en) * 2007-04-11 2008-10-23 Bayer Schering Pharma Aktiengesellschaft New modulation molecules for an improved regulated expression system
WO2008137471A2 (en) * 2007-05-02 2008-11-13 Ambrx, Inc. Modified interferon beta polypeptides and their uses
WO2009045553A1 (en) * 2007-10-05 2009-04-09 Barofold, Inc. High pressure treatment of aggregated interferons
US8946148B2 (en) 2007-11-20 2015-02-03 Ambrx, Inc. Modified insulin polypeptides and their uses
JP4911373B2 (ja) 2009-11-26 2012-04-04 横河電機株式会社 Ｘ線測定装置
SG10201506443TA (en) 2010-08-17 2015-10-29 Ambrx Inc Modified relaxin polypeptides and their uses

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WO1983002461A1 (en) * 1982-01-19 1983-07-21 Cetus Corp Multiclass hybrid interferons
US4414150A (en) * 1980-11-10 1983-11-08 Genentech, Inc. Hybrid human leukocyte interferons

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US4588585A (en) * 1982-10-19 1986-05-13 Cetus Corporation Human recombinant cysteine depleted interferon-β muteins
GB8317880D0 (en) * 1983-07-01 1983-08-03 Searle & Co Structure and synthesis of interferons

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WO1983002461A1 (en) * 1982-01-19 1983-07-21 Cetus Corp Multiclass hybrid interferons

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4588585A (en) * 1982-10-19 1986-05-13 Cetus Corporation Human recombinant cysteine depleted interferon-β muteins
EP0146413A2 (de) * 1983-12-21 1985-06-26 G.D. Searle & Co. Interferon mit Cysteinmuster
EP0146413A3 (de) * 1983-12-21 1986-07-09 G.D. Searle & Co. Interferon mit Cysteinmuster
EP0163993A2 (de) * 1984-05-17 1985-12-11 G.D. Searle & Co., Ltd. Struktur und Eigenschaften von modifizierten Interferonen
EP0163993A3 (de) * 1984-05-17 1988-03-16 G.D. Searle & Co., Ltd. Struktur und Eigenschaften von modifizierten Interferonen
US4885166A (en) * 1985-06-11 1989-12-05 Ciba-Geigy Corporation Hybrid interferons
US5071761A (en) * 1985-06-11 1991-12-10 Ciba-Geigy Corporation Hybrid interferons
US4752585A (en) * 1985-12-17 1988-06-21 Cetus Corporation Oxidation-resistant muteins
EP0260350A1 (de) * 1986-09-05 1988-03-23 Cetus Oncology Corporation Oxidationsresistente Muteine von beta-Interferon, deren Herstellung und diese Muteine enthaltende Präparate
US5545723A (en) * 1994-03-15 1996-08-13 Biogen Inc. Muteins of IFN-β

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AU577791B2 (en) 1988-10-06
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AU2998384A (en) 1985-01-03
EP0130566A1 (de) 1985-01-09
GB8317880D0 (en) 1983-08-03
AU2998284A (en) 1985-01-03
AU577789B2 (en) 1988-10-06
EP0130565A1 (de) 1985-01-09
EP0130565B1 (de) 1987-05-06
JPS60143000A (ja) 1985-07-29
DE3463511D1 (en) 1987-06-11
EP0131816B1 (de) 1987-10-28
AU577790B2 (en) 1988-10-06
JPS60105700A (ja) 1985-06-11
EP0130566B1 (de) 1987-10-28
JPS60100599A (ja) 1985-06-04
EP0130564A1 (de) 1985-01-09
DE3466993D1 (en) 1987-12-03
US4738845A (en) 1988-04-19
EP0130564B1 (de) 1987-07-01
AU2998184A (en) 1985-01-03
US4793995A (en) 1988-12-27
DE3466992D1 (en) 1987-12-03
AU2998484A (en) 1985-01-03
AU577792B2 (en) 1988-10-06

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