EP0127521B1 - Procédé et dispositif de traitement d'un métal liquide moulé sous basse pression, notamment pour l'inoculation de la fonte - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif de traitement d'un métal liquide moulé sous basse pression, notamment pour l'inoculation de la fonte Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0127521B1
EP0127521B1 EP84401001A EP84401001A EP0127521B1 EP 0127521 B1 EP0127521 B1 EP 0127521B1 EP 84401001 A EP84401001 A EP 84401001A EP 84401001 A EP84401001 A EP 84401001A EP 0127521 B1 EP0127521 B1 EP 0127521B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
wire
mould
liquid metal
mold
inoculation
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP84401001A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0127521A1 (fr
Inventor
Rio Bellocci
Claude Bak
Serge Colmet
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Pont a Mousson SA
Original Assignee
Pont a Mousson SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Pont a Mousson SA filed Critical Pont a Mousson SA
Priority to AT84401001T priority Critical patent/ATE28809T1/de
Publication of EP0127521A1 publication Critical patent/EP0127521A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0127521B1 publication Critical patent/EP0127521B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
    • B22D27/20—Measures not previously mentioned for influencing the grain structure or texture; Selection of compositions therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D1/00—Treatment of fused masses in the ladle or the supply runners before casting
    • B22D1/007—Treatment of the fused masses in the supply runners
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D18/00—Pressure casting; Vacuum casting
    • B22D18/04—Low pressure casting, i.e. making use of pressures up to a few bars to fill the mould

Definitions

  • the subject of the present invention is a method and a device for treating a metal-liquid molded under low pressure, for example cast iron to be inoculated, the method being of the type described in the preamble of claim 1.
  • inoculation of cast iron with lamellar graphite or spheroidal graphite, or with vermicular graphite can be carried out using an inoculant such as, for example, silicon, in the form of powder previously introduced into a mold, in the low pressure molding technique, that is to say the technique according to which liquid pig iron is forced into a mold, by ascending casting, under the action of a relatively low gas pressure , of the order of 0.2 to 1.5 bars.
  • an inoculant such as, for example, silicon
  • an inoculation method which consists in using the inoculant in the form of an endless wire.
  • the advantage of wire is that it is easy to handle, lends itself to mechanized handling when it is wound on a reel which suffices to unroll, to ensure precise dosing of the quantity of inoculating material, and finally to easily melt in liquid iron.
  • Patent FR-A-2,278,432 relates to the use of an inoculant in the form of an endless wire unwound from a coil to be introduced in vertical suspension in a basin provided in the mold.
  • This basin is located on the path of the liquid metal to be treated, a path which is accomplished through a pouring channel supplying the actual molding imprint, between the vertical casting jet by gravity and said casting imprint. Due to the rapidity of passage of the liquid metal through this intermediate inoculation basin in which the lower end of the suspended inoculating wire is immersed, it is difficult to obtain good homogeneity of inoculation of the liquid metal, therefore of the mass of metal introduced into the molding impression.
  • the ascending low pressure casting technique does not include a pouring channel or a basin upstream of the molding footprint capable of receiving an inoculating material.
  • the present invention solves this problem of inoculation by means of a wire from a metallic or sand mold, or else partially metallic and partially sand, in the low pressure molding technique.
  • the invention applies equally to cast iron and its inoculation as to other metals and alloys as indicated below and to treatments other than inoculation, for example that of deoxidation.
  • the invention also relates to a device for the implementation of this method, comprising, in accordance with FR-A-2 295 808, a ladle for pouring liquid metal under low gas pressure, a mold having an internal molding imprint , disposed above the pocket and communicating with it by an ascending pouring chimney, a pouring nozzle being interposed in leaktight manner between a lower orifice for supplying the mold and the upper end of the chimney.
  • this device is characterized in that the mold is pierced at its upper part with a passage along the vertical axis of the ascending casting chimney, adapted to receive the wire for processing the liquid metal and opening into the molding imprint.
  • the wire from a spool, on which it is wound passes through the upper part of the mold provided with an orifice for this purpose and the lower part of the mold so that the lower end of the treatment wire protrudes from the underside of the mold substantially below the latter, the treatment wire thus passing right through the mold.
  • the wire passes through the upper part of the mold through a hole so as to lead into the molding impression. Air tightness in the annular space between the through hole and the wire is optional.
  • the conditions for homogeneous inoculation and rapid introduction of the inoculated cast iron into the mold after inoculation are perfectly filled in the low pressure molding technique.
  • the inoculation phase lasts only an instant (a few seconds) before the introduction of the inoculated cast iron into the mold, itself very rapid, but however lasts a time sufficient for the complete melting of the wire immersed in the chimney or the riser tube, so that the cast iron which will enter the mold is completely inoculated.
  • the inoculation time is controllable at will.
  • inoculation in the mold depends on the supply system of the mold and the flow rate of the liquid metal to be inoculated, and it is done at the same time as the filling by gravity of the mold in liquid metal which is solidifies. This results in an often incomplete and heterogeneous inoculation, for lack of time to be fully carried out.
  • the low pressure molding or casting device targeted by the invention comprises a ladle 1 under gas pressure and a blind mold A applied to the pouring nozzle of said poached.
  • the pouring ladle is for example of the teapot type and comprises a chamber 2, almost completely closed, and a pouring chimney or pouring tube 3 communicating with the chamber 2 by an orifice 4 situated at the bottom of the ladle 1.
  • the liquid metal M contained in the bag 1, therefore both in the chamber 2 and the chimney or tube 3, is placed under gas pressure by a conduit 5 for supplying pressurized gas, for example air or argon or nitrogen, opening at the upper part of the chamber 2.
  • This duct 5 can also be connected to a discharge or to an exhaust by a distributor not shown.
  • the introduction of pressurized liquid metal into the pocket 1 takes place through a large opening in the upper part of the chamber 2, this wide opening being closed in leaktight manner by a cover 6.
  • the pocket 1 can be replaced by a pocket crossed approximately in the middle by an ascending pouring tube, and be equipped with a system for regulating the gas pressure and the level N of liquid metal M in the tube upward casting as described in patent FR-A-2367 566.
  • the chimney 3 of axis XX carries at its upper part a nozzle 7 also called pouring nozzle, of frustoconical shape.
  • This nozzle 7 is intended to receive the pouring orifice of a mold A, by application in sealed contact.
  • the mold A for example in two parts 8 and 9 assembled along a horizontal joint plane, comprises a molding cavity 10 and a frustoconical pouring orifice 11 fitting tightly on the nozzle or the nozzle 7 also frustoconical.
  • the two mold parts 8 and 9 are kept in sealed contact, against the pressure of liquid metal which would tend to open the molding impression 10, by all appropriate means known to the founders, for example by a locking by means of clamps shown schematically in 12.
  • the mold A is blind in the sense that it poses, for any opening, at its lower part 8 the pouring orifice 11 intended to be applied to the nozzle 7.
  • Its upper part 9 has no opening, its ceiling, c that is to say the upper part of the mold cavity 10, being completely closed.
  • the ceiling of its upper part 9 is perforated with an orifice 9a for the passage of an inoculating metal wire 13 in the axis XX of the orifice 11.
  • the device of the invention is completed by an inoculation means consisting of an inoculating metal wire 13 brought for example by a reel 14 (coil 14).
  • the inoculating wire 13 passes right through mold A, therefore the molding imprint 10, along the vertical axis XX of the chimney or pouring pipe 3 of the ladle 1.
  • the wire 13 d inoculation therefore crosses the ceiling or the upper part of the mold cavity 10, through the part 9 of mold A, is suspended through the mold cavity 10 and the pouring orifice 11, and is extended vertical suspension along the axis XX below the mold A, over a certain height, inside the casting chimney 3.
  • the wire 13 thus extends over a total length L below the upper face of the mold A, greater than the height h of the mold A measured above the base of the nozzle 7.
  • the length of wire descending below the lower face of the lower part 8 of the mold A is such that the length of wire immersable in the liquid metal inside the chimney 3 of upward casting, corresponds to the quantity of inoculant necessary to inoculate the liquid metal to be introduced into the molding impression 10.
  • the length of wire immersed in the liquid metal is marked H in FIG. 1.
  • the inoculation wire 13 crosses the ceiling of the upper part 9 by providing a needle hole through this ceiling, corresponding to the diameter of the wire 13.
  • the mold A is metallic ( Figures 1 and 3)
  • either its upper part is crossed by an orifice 9a for the passage of the wire 13 ( Figure 1), or else its upper part comprises an orifice 15 closed by a plug 16 in sand Or other refractory material agglomerated by a binder, and the plug 16 is itself crossed by a passage hole 9a for the inoculating wire 13 (FIG. 3).
  • the liquid metal M may be spheroidal graphite cast iron or lamellar graphite cast iron or else a steel to be deoxidized or else a super alloy (that is to say an austenitic alloy containing more than 20% of iron, as well as nickel and chromium or else nickel, chromium and cobalt, or an alloy which contains less than 20% of iron and which is based on nickel or based on cobalt).
  • the liquid metal M can also be aluminum or an aluminum alloy or a copper alloy.
  • the inoculation wire 13 is based on an inoculating product such as ferro-silicon (at 75%, the rest being a steel support) in the case of spheroidal graphite or ductile iron, and in the case of lamellar graphite cast iron. It is also possible to use an inoculating wire based on ferro-silicon in the case where the liquid metal M is steel.
  • the inoculating wire 13 can be a steel wire coated with inoculating products or else a cored wire, that is to say a tubular element internally containing the inoculating product.
  • the treatment wire 13 may be made of magnesium, of an iron-silicon-magnesium alloy, of rare earths, of titanium, of bismuth.
  • the wire 13 can also be made of aluminum, silico-calcium, silicon, manganese, rare earths.
  • the inoculating wire 13 may also contain, in addition to ferro-silicon, rare earths which improve the nodularization process of free graphite by promoting the production of nodules of round shape, and may also contain bismuth which increases the number of graphite nodules.
  • the treatment wire 13 can be strontium, or sodium.
  • chamber 2 is still not under pressure.
  • the level N remains the same as in 1) but the wire 13 passes right through the mold A along the axis XX of the chimney 3 and is suspended in the chimney 3 over a length corresponding to the quantity of wire to be used for inoculation.
  • the lower end of the wire 13 is close to the level N, above it.
  • a mold A is in place under the pouring nozzle 7 of the pouring chimney 3 as illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • gas pressure is introduced above the liquid iron M until the PO value called "pre-pressure".
  • This pre-pressure raises the cast iron in the chimney 3 to the level N, that is to say just below the upper part of the chimney 3, as close as possible to the underside of the mold A, c ' that is to say as close as possible to the molding footprint 10.
  • the inoculation wire 13 is in place in the ascending casting chimney 3, along its axis XX, through the mold A traversed right through, to an immersion depth H in the chimney 3, below of level N.
  • the depth H corresponds to the quantity of wire which must be dissolved in the cast iron N for a perfect inoculation of the cast iron which will solidify subsequently inside the mold cavity 10. If the quantity inoculant of height H is insufficient, the wire 13 can be unwound from the coil 14 until the quantity of wire 13 dissolved in the liquid metal M is sufficient.
  • This pre-pressure Po is maintained for a time corresponding to the segment or bearing ab of the diagram in FIG. 11 until the wire 13 immersed in the liquid iron M at a height N is completely dissolved.
  • the inoculation time under prepressure Po corresponding to the level ab does not exceed a few seconds (2 to 3 seconds on average). This time is also controllable.
  • the PC casting pressure is maintained in the ladle 1 for a certain time to allow the solidification of the cast iron contained inside the mold cavity 10 of mold A.
  • This maintenance of the casting pressure PC corresponds to the upper bearing cd of FIG. 12.
  • the gas pressure in the chamber 2 of the pocket 1 is dropped from the value PC of the casting pressure has a pre-pressure value Pol slightly higher than the pre-pressure Po of Figure 11.
  • the inoculation wire 13 When the cast iron is solidified inside the molding cavity 10, after return of the excess liquid cast iron in the chimney 3, by fallout, the inoculation wire 13 is partly melted, partly embedded in the solid state in the solidified part.
  • the wire 13 can be cut flush with the upper face of the mold A before the evacuation, however during the demolding of the molded part, the wire inoculation 13 which could possibly be protruding from the outer wall of the molded part can also be cut flush with the latter.
  • the wire 13 is withdrawn as the level M rises in the cavity 10, keeping the lower end of the wire 13 out of the liquid iron M.
  • the level N2 illustrated corresponds to a point b1 of a pressure Pb1 on the pressure rise diagram ( Figure 16) of the chamber 2.
  • the wire 13 is located outside the mold A, as close as possible to it, ready to be reused for the next inoculation.
  • the wire 13 can be removed from the mold A even before the start of filling of the mold A.
  • the ascending segment bc illustrates a rise in pressure in the chamber 2 of the pocket 1 to introduce the liquid iron into the cavity 10 up to the upper face of the mold B.
  • the bearing cc1 illustrates the maintenance of this pressure until the cast iron solidifies in the vents 17, which transforms the mold B into a blind mold. This solidification is rapid. The cc1 bearing is therefore very short.
  • the ascending segment c1-c2 illustrates an increase in higher pressure in the chamber 2 of the pocket 1 to introduce into the molding cavity 10 an additional hot cast iron and thus compensate for the shrinkage and possible shrinkage which are then filled.
  • FIG. 20 is illustrated the application of the invention to a mold C with a vertical joint plane, the trace of which merges with the axis XX, with mold impression 18 and with core 19 admitting the axis XX as axis of symmetry.
  • the mold C for example that of a pipe for an automobile engine, is in two parts 20 and 21 symmetrical with respect to the axis XX and with respect to the vertical joint plane.
  • the two parts 20 and 21 are clamped against each other, for example by two press plates 22, 23.
  • the core 19 is for example suspended in the mold cavity 18 by an upper surface 24.
  • the mold C has an axial casting hole 11b on its underside. On the orifice 11b, the nozzle 7 of the ladle 1 is applied.
  • the core 19, for example in molding sand, is traversed right through by the inoculation wire 13 which descends along the axis XX of the chimney 3 for casting.
  • the core 19 is advantageously crossed right through a passage conduit 25 in the axis XX.
  • the useful part of the wire 13 for inoculation is not that which passes through the mold C, that is to say the core 19, but that which, below the mold C, is immersed in the cast iron M contained in the chimney 3, before introduction of the cast iron into the annular molding cavity 18.
  • the inoculation and then the filling of the mold take place as before.
  • the wire 13 can be left trapped in the solidified cast iron at least at the bottom of the mold C or else the wire 13 can be removed as the cast iron rises in the mold C or even before the filling begins. mold C.
  • the effect of mixing the cast iron and the dissolved inoculating product, during the transfer of the cast iron inoculated from the chimney 3 to the cavity of the mold cavity 10, ensures excellent homogeneity of the inoculation in the mass of cast iron filling fingerprint 10.
  • the wire 13 can continue to descend into the chimney 3 as it melts, in the case where the wire segment 13 of height H does not would not be quantitatively sufficient to inoculate all the cast iron intended to be introduced into the molding impression 10.
  • the inoculation according to the invention also makes it possible to lower the proportion of perlite in the structure of the molded part, which is advantageous for the manufacture of tubular parts for automobile engines.
  • the method and its implementation device make it possible to manufacture molded parts in large series and at high speed with a minimum of time for inoculation.
  • the inoculation time which corresponds to the pre-pressure section Oab of FIG. 11 is that of the fusion of a certain length of inoculating wire 13 in the chimney 3, when the mold is already in place and in contact. watertight with the pouring nozzle 7 of the chimney 3.
  • This process being based on the inoculation of the only mass of liquid iron (or the treatment of the only mass of liquid metal) contained in the chimney 3 and intended to be introduced into the mold A, B, C, it is applicable to molded parts weighing a few kilograms (for example 4 kg).
  • inoculation treatment for example, tubular exhaust manifolds for automobile engines will be poured.
  • This inoculation and casting process allows uniform inoculation of thin pieces as well as pieces of complicated shapes, while ensuring perfect uniformity of graphitization resulting from the uniformity of inoculation since the mode of inoculation of the chimney 3 is independent of the shape of the molded part and the feed rate of the mold in liquid metal.
  • the metal wire 13 can be suspended from the ceiling of the molding footprint 10, for example by giving the upper end of the wire 13 the shape of a hook and by providing a small ring on the ceiling of the metal mold cavity, the ring and the hook having to be embedded in the mold cavity after solidification of the cast iron.
  • the inoculation wire must extend well below the underside of the mold A in order to be immersed in the chimney 3 of upward casting, as illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • a wire thus suspended can be used with a blind mold in sand A.
  • the only difference with the metal mold is that the upper end of the inoculation wire 13 can be hung and retained on the upper face of the mold, by example by widening in the form of a flat loop in a horizontal plane resting on said upper face, after crossing of the ceiling of the molding footprint by the wire 13.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Hard Magnetic Materials (AREA)
EP84401001A 1983-05-30 1984-05-16 Procédé et dispositif de traitement d'un métal liquide moulé sous basse pression, notamment pour l'inoculation de la fonte Expired EP0127521B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT84401001T ATE28809T1 (de) 1983-05-30 1984-05-16 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum behandeln eines unter niederdruck gegossenen metalls, insbesondere zum impfen der schmelze.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8308942A FR2546783B1 (fr) 1983-05-30 1983-05-30 Procede et dispositif de traitement d'un metal liquide moule sous basse pression, notamment pour l'inoculation de la fonte
FR8308942 1983-05-30

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0127521A1 EP0127521A1 (fr) 1984-12-05
EP0127521B1 true EP0127521B1 (fr) 1987-08-12

Family

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EP84401001A Expired EP0127521B1 (fr) 1983-05-30 1984-05-16 Procédé et dispositif de traitement d'un métal liquide moulé sous basse pression, notamment pour l'inoculation de la fonte

Country Status (17)

Country Link
US (1) US4527608A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
EP (1) EP0127521B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS59225856A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
KR (1) KR890004167B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AT (1) ATE28809T1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU551768B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BG (1) BG49045A3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BR (1) BR8402570A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1218514A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH657296A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE3465261D1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DK (1) DK162198C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES8502891A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FI (1) FI72664C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2546783B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT1179696B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NO (1) NO162847C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Families Citing this family (11)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4659002A (en) * 1985-08-08 1987-04-21 Pace, Incorporated Apparatus for replacement of through-hole mounted PCB components
US8352400B2 (en) 1991-12-23 2013-01-08 Hoffberg Steven M Adaptive pattern recognition based controller apparatus and method and human-factored interface therefore
US10361802B1 (en) 1999-02-01 2019-07-23 Blanding Hovenweep, Llc Adaptive pattern recognition based control system and method
US7966078B2 (en) 1999-02-01 2011-06-21 Steven Hoffberg Network media appliance system and method
EP2060340A1 (de) * 2007-11-06 2009-05-20 Georg Fischer Automotive AG Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Niederdruckgiessen von Metallschmelzen
CN102039394B (zh) * 2010-11-25 2013-04-17 西北工业大学 一种低压铸造液面悬浮控制方法及其装置
CN104493125B (zh) * 2014-12-02 2017-02-08 中国科学院力学研究所 一种应用于金属构件移动微压铸成型方法的双仓式精炼炉
KR101962871B1 (ko) 2017-11-02 2019-03-28 삼영기계(주) 주물 접종장치
CN108188360B (zh) * 2018-02-11 2020-02-07 常州中车汽车零部件有限公司 一种手工浇注包可控随流孕育装置
CN110270667B (zh) * 2019-06-21 2024-06-28 唐山钢铁集团有限责任公司 一种铸造孕育剂添加装置
CN114517270B (zh) * 2022-04-12 2022-07-26 亚新科国际铸造（山西）有限公司 一种低成本提高发动机缸体缸盖铸件性能的铸造工艺

Family Cites Families (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2060309A1 (en) * 1969-09-30 1971-06-18 Sidelux Luxembourgeoise Introduction of additions during steel - casting
GB1386803A (en) * 1971-10-28 1975-03-12 Bnf Metals Tech Centre Pressure casting
US3991808A (en) * 1974-07-15 1976-11-16 Caterpillar Tractor Co. Method and apparatus for the introduction of additives into a casting mold
US3991810A (en) * 1974-07-15 1976-11-16 Caterpillar Tractor Co. Method and apparatus for introducing additives into a casting mold
CA1072295A (en) * 1976-05-28 1980-02-26 Karl B. Rundman Method of controlling the microstructure of selected sections of a casting
CA1086961A (en) * 1976-05-28 1980-10-07 John R. Nieman Method and apparatus for introducing an additive material into a molten metal at a variable rate
GB2069898A (en) * 1980-02-26 1981-09-03 Metal Research Corp Inoculation to a molten cast iron during pouring

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CH657296A5 (fr) 1986-08-29
AU551768B2 (en) 1986-05-08
JPS6225463B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1987-06-03
FR2546783A1 (fr) 1984-12-07
CA1218514A (fr) 1987-03-03
NO162847B (no) 1989-11-20
EP0127521A1 (fr) 1984-12-05
DK262084D0 (da) 1984-05-28
FI72664B (fi) 1987-03-31
IT8467547A0 (it) 1984-05-29
FI842135A0 (fi) 1984-05-28
JPS59225856A (ja) 1984-12-18
KR890004167B1 (ko) 1989-10-23
NO842112L (no) 1985-03-06
DE3465261D1 (en) 1987-09-17
FI72664C (fi) 1987-07-10
DK162198B (da) 1991-09-30
US4527608A (en) 1985-07-09
FI842135A7 (fi) 1984-12-01
DK262084A (da) 1984-12-01
BG49045A3 (bg) 1991-07-15
ATE28809T1 (de) 1987-08-15
KR840009233A (ko) 1984-12-26
FR2546783B1 (fr) 1985-07-12
BR8402570A (pt) 1985-04-23
IT1179696B (it) 1987-09-16
AU2875584A (en) 1984-12-06
NO162847C (no) 1990-02-28
DK162198C (da) 1992-03-16
ES532913A0 (es) 1985-02-01
ES8502891A1 (es) 1985-02-01
IT8467547A1 (it) 1985-11-29

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