CA1072295A - Method of controlling the microstructure of selected sections of a casting - Google Patents
Method of controlling the microstructure of selected sections of a castingInfo
- Publication number
- CA1072295A CA1072295A CA274,045A CA274045A CA1072295A CA 1072295 A CA1072295 A CA 1072295A CA 274045 A CA274045 A CA 274045A CA 1072295 A CA1072295 A CA 1072295A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- molten metal
- flow path
- wire
- casting
- pouring
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D1/00—Treatment of fused masses in the ladle or the supply runners before casting
- B22D1/007—Treatment of the fused masses in the supply runners
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract of the Disclosure A casting mold is provided and has a flow path leading to a casting cavity and is positioned to receive molten metal poured from a pouring device separate from the casting mold. A wire of additive material is red into the molten metal through the flow path after a preselected volume of molten metal has been poured into the flow path and continues to be red simultaneously with the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path so that the wire meltably intermixes only with the molten metal which is poured into the flow path after the preselected volume has been reached.
The feeding of the wire is stopped when the volume of molten metal poured reaches a second preselected volume while the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path is stopped when the casting cavity is filled.
The feeding of the wire is stopped when the volume of molten metal poured reaches a second preselected volume while the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path is stopped when the casting cavity is filled.
Description
Back~round of the Invention -It has been common knowledge for many years that the microstructure of a cast iron casting can be controlled by adding inoculants, nodulizing agents, alloys or other additives to the molten metal immediately before the pouring of the casting. By controlling the microstructure of the casting, the mechanical properties thereof are controlled t-o meet specific criteria such as increasing the strength and toughness, improved machinability, and so forth. Heretofore, the common practice of the foundry industry has been to add the additive material to the entire casting providing uniform mechanical properties throughout the entire casting. Thus, the lmmediate disadvantage of such practice is that it adds ~ to the cost of the casting in that a greater amount of the additive is used than is really necessary to obtain the desired mechanical properties of only a small section. The long range disadvantage of such practice is that the additive materials are normally metals which are becoming scarce such as copper, molybdenum, magnesium, etc., and such practice further depletes the reserves thereof. It would be advanta-geous to control the microstructure of only a selected section of the casting instead of the entire casting.
Summary of the Invention This invention provides an improved method of introducing additive mater~als into a molten metal for controlling the microstructure of selected sections of a castlng formed by the molten metal. The additive material is added only to preselected portions of the molten metal being poured into a castIng mold.
3o According to the present invention9 there is provided a method of controlling the microstructure o~
.
~i . . . .
Summary of the Invention This invention provides an improved method of introducing additive mater~als into a molten metal for controlling the microstructure of selected sections of a castlng formed by the molten metal. The additive material is added only to preselected portions of the molten metal being poured into a castIng mold.
3o According to the present invention9 there is provided a method of controlling the microstructure o~
.
~i . . . .
-2-lUr~ 5 selected sections of a casting, comprising the steps of providing a casting mold having a casting cavity therein and a flow path in communic~tion with the casting cavity, pouring a molten metal into the ~low ~ath from a pouring device separate from the casting mold, beginning the feeding o~ a wire of additive material from a ~ire feeder remote from the casting mold into the molten metal flowing through the flow path when a preselected volume of molten metal has been reached in the casting cavity, continuing the feeding of the wire and the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path simultaneousl~ so that the wire meltably intermixes only with the molten metal which flows through the flow path after the preselected volume is reached, stopping the feeding of the wire when the volume of molten metal in the casting cavity reaches a second preselected volume, and stopping the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path when the casting cavity is filled.
Brief Description of the Drawing The sole figure is a schematic representation of one form of apparatus for controlling the microstructure of selected sections of a casting.
Description One apparatus for accomplishing the method is schematically illustrated in the drawing and includes a ; 25 timlng device operatively connected between a sensor and a wire feed apparatus for starting and stopping the feeding of a ~ire of additive material into the molten metal in the casting mold at preselected times after pouring of the molten metal has commenced.
~
, , -~o~zz9s Referring now to the drawing, the apparatus includes a casting mold generally indicated by the reference numeral 10 having a pouring basin 11 formed in its upper surface and connected to a casting cavity 12 though a vertically extending downsprue 13 and a horizontal runner 14. The casting mold typically may have several casting cavities formed therein connected to a pair of downsprues by a gating system, but only one casting cavity and a single downsprue has been shown for illustrative convenience. A ladle 16 is positioned ; 10 separate from and positioned for pouring a liquid molten ~ -metal 17, such as molten iron, into the pouring basin where it flows through the downsprue and runner and into the casting cavity.
A wire feeder 18 is dlsposed above the casting mold 10 for ~eeding an additive materlal in the form of a wire 19 into the molten metal flo~ing through the do~nsprue 13. A supply of the wire of additive material is carried on a spool 20 rotatably supported by a b:racket 21. The wire ~eeder includes a pa~r of rollers 22, at least one of which ~;
20 is driven by a variable speed drive motor 23. A photoelectric sensor 24 i5 positioned above the pouring ~asin 11 of the :~
casting mold and is actuated by re~lected light ~rom the --molten metal in the pouring basin ln the usual manner.~ ~he sensor is connected to an electronic timer 26 through a signal line 27 with the timer in turn connected by a signal ; line 28 to a drive motor activating switch 2~ operatively ~ connec~ed to the drive motor. It is to be understood that ,, .
`` the drive motor, electronlc timer and photoelectric senaor are suitably connected to a source of electrical energy, not 3o shoun, in the usual manner.
:
: : .
~ 95 Utilizing the above-described apparatus ~or carrying out the method of controlling the microstructure of selected sections of a casting initially includes the step of providing the casting mold 10 with the casting cavity 12 and the flow path in communication with the casting cavity formed therein wherein the flow path in the illustration includes the - pouring basin 11, downsprue 13 and runner 14. The ladle 16 is then tipped for pouring the molten metal 17 therefrom into the pouring basin of the casting mold initially at a pouring rate to quickly fill the downsprue and pouring basin and thereafter at a ra~e to maintain the molten metal at a substantially constant predetermined level in the pouring basin. The photoelectric sensor 24 senses the presence of the molten metal in the pouling basin by light reflection therefrom and sends a signal through the signal line 27 to start the timer which has been preset to delay actuation of the drlve motor 23 until a preselected time lapse after the pouring of the molten metal has started. ~he flow rate of ~ ~ .
molten metal through identically shaped downsprues Is rela-tIvely constant and predictable so that the time lapse between the starting of the pour and when a preselected volume o~ molten metal is reached-in the casting cavity is readily determined and the time preset into the timer accord- ~ -ingly. Thus~ after a predetermined time lapse comensurate .
with the volume of molten metal reaching a predetermined volume, the timer sends a-sIgnal to ~the switch 29 ~hich activates the drive motor 23 for beginning the feeding o~
the wire 19 of additive material Into the molten metal flowing through the flow path. For-a predetermined time 3o after the activating o~ the drive motor, the ~eeding of the :.
.. ~ . . .
..
. ~ . . . . ~ .. . . -Z:295 wire and the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path continues simultaneously so that the wire meltably intermixes only with the molten metal which is poured into the flow path after the preselected volume is reached. The predeter-mined time is comensurate with the volume of molten metal inthe casting cavity reaching a second predetermined volume.-After such predetermined time, the rate of feed is changed, such as by reducing the rate or stopping the feeding of wire. In the illustrated apparatus, the timer deactivates the drive motor stopping the feeding of the wire. Another possible means of controlling the beginning and stopping of feeding the wire into the molten metal when preselected volumes of molten metal have been poured into the flow path is through the use of a weighing device. ~uch means would include weighing the casting mold prior to pouring the molten metal thereinto and thereafter continuously throughout -the pour. Starting and stopping of the drive motor of the wire feeder would be controlled by the weighing dèvice so that as the weight of the casting mold increases due to the addition of molten metal thereinto, the drive motor ~ould be started and stopped Nhen preselected volumes of molten metal are reached in the casting cavity as determlned by when the casting mold and molten metal therein reaches predetermined ~eights. When the casting cavity is filled to capacity, the -ladle is tilted to stop the pouring of the molten metal into the flo~ path.
It is no~ deemed apparent that a wire of additive materlal is selectively ~ed into only a portion of the total ~olume of molten metal being poured into a casting cavity ~or controlling the microstructure of one or more selected t ~ :.
.. . .
- . . , : ~ . :: : . .
10 ' ,.
sections of the casting. The feeding of the wire of additive materlal from the wire feeder remote-from the casting mold into the molten metal flowing through the flow path is begun after a preselected volume of molten metal has been reached in the casting cavi~y. The feeding of the wire and the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path is continued simultaneously so that the wire meltably intermixes only ~ith the molten metal which ia poured into the flow path after the preselected volume is reached. The feeding of the wire is stopped when the volume of molten metal in the casting cavity reaches a second preselected volume, and the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path is stopped when the casting cavity is filled.
The above method is particularly suited for castings in which the molten metal entering the downsprue at a given time in the pouring sequence will flo~ to a specific section ~lthin the casting cavity. Thus, if the wire is fed into the molten metal flowing through the cLownsprue during that particular time, the additive material will intermix with only that molten metal flowing through the downsprue at that given time thereby controlling the microstructure of that particular section of the casting. One possible example of thls type of casting is a c~linder liner formed by the casting caYity æhown in the drawing. The casting cavity is bottom gated so that if mixing within the casting cavity is minimized, then the first metal into the casting cavity rises to the top while the last metal entering the casting cavit~ remains at the bottom. In a cylinder liner, the ~lange is subjected to high thermal stress during engine operation and requires alloylng additions of molybdenum and .~`1 .
. ~ ~ 7 .. , ~ - ~ ~ . . .
lOqZZ95 copper to attain the strength levels sufficient to resist cracking. Using the method of the present invention, the molybdenum and copper are added toward the end of each pQU~
so that the treated molten metal ends up in the casting cavity in the area of the flange which~ as shown in the drawing, is disposed at the lower end of the casting cavity.
- The above described method of controlling the microstructure of selected sections of a casting may be utilized for achieving totally different microstructures in different areas of the casting. This could involve the use of two wire feeders and two wires, each of which is formed with a dlfferent additive material. Again using the cylinder liner as an example, one type of additive material may be added to the molten metal immediately at the start of the pour and until the volume of molten metal in the casting cavity reaches a preselected volume at which time the first wire ~eeder is stopped and the second wire feeder ls started to ~eed the second wire into the molten metal until the end o~ the pour.
The invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific steps and embodiments herein shown and described, but departures may be made therefrom without .
; departing from the principles of the invention and without ,.... . ...
sacrificing its chief advantages.
2~
. .
'~ :
` ~ ~
.. . . .
~ -8~
, . , . ~ : . . . .
Brief Description of the Drawing The sole figure is a schematic representation of one form of apparatus for controlling the microstructure of selected sections of a casting.
Description One apparatus for accomplishing the method is schematically illustrated in the drawing and includes a ; 25 timlng device operatively connected between a sensor and a wire feed apparatus for starting and stopping the feeding of a ~ire of additive material into the molten metal in the casting mold at preselected times after pouring of the molten metal has commenced.
~
, , -~o~zz9s Referring now to the drawing, the apparatus includes a casting mold generally indicated by the reference numeral 10 having a pouring basin 11 formed in its upper surface and connected to a casting cavity 12 though a vertically extending downsprue 13 and a horizontal runner 14. The casting mold typically may have several casting cavities formed therein connected to a pair of downsprues by a gating system, but only one casting cavity and a single downsprue has been shown for illustrative convenience. A ladle 16 is positioned ; 10 separate from and positioned for pouring a liquid molten ~ -metal 17, such as molten iron, into the pouring basin where it flows through the downsprue and runner and into the casting cavity.
A wire feeder 18 is dlsposed above the casting mold 10 for ~eeding an additive materlal in the form of a wire 19 into the molten metal flo~ing through the do~nsprue 13. A supply of the wire of additive material is carried on a spool 20 rotatably supported by a b:racket 21. The wire ~eeder includes a pa~r of rollers 22, at least one of which ~;
20 is driven by a variable speed drive motor 23. A photoelectric sensor 24 i5 positioned above the pouring ~asin 11 of the :~
casting mold and is actuated by re~lected light ~rom the --molten metal in the pouring basin ln the usual manner.~ ~he sensor is connected to an electronic timer 26 through a signal line 27 with the timer in turn connected by a signal ; line 28 to a drive motor activating switch 2~ operatively ~ connec~ed to the drive motor. It is to be understood that ,, .
`` the drive motor, electronlc timer and photoelectric senaor are suitably connected to a source of electrical energy, not 3o shoun, in the usual manner.
:
: : .
~ 95 Utilizing the above-described apparatus ~or carrying out the method of controlling the microstructure of selected sections of a casting initially includes the step of providing the casting mold 10 with the casting cavity 12 and the flow path in communication with the casting cavity formed therein wherein the flow path in the illustration includes the - pouring basin 11, downsprue 13 and runner 14. The ladle 16 is then tipped for pouring the molten metal 17 therefrom into the pouring basin of the casting mold initially at a pouring rate to quickly fill the downsprue and pouring basin and thereafter at a ra~e to maintain the molten metal at a substantially constant predetermined level in the pouring basin. The photoelectric sensor 24 senses the presence of the molten metal in the pouling basin by light reflection therefrom and sends a signal through the signal line 27 to start the timer which has been preset to delay actuation of the drlve motor 23 until a preselected time lapse after the pouring of the molten metal has started. ~he flow rate of ~ ~ .
molten metal through identically shaped downsprues Is rela-tIvely constant and predictable so that the time lapse between the starting of the pour and when a preselected volume o~ molten metal is reached-in the casting cavity is readily determined and the time preset into the timer accord- ~ -ingly. Thus~ after a predetermined time lapse comensurate .
with the volume of molten metal reaching a predetermined volume, the timer sends a-sIgnal to ~the switch 29 ~hich activates the drive motor 23 for beginning the feeding o~
the wire 19 of additive material Into the molten metal flowing through the flow path. For-a predetermined time 3o after the activating o~ the drive motor, the ~eeding of the :.
.. ~ . . .
..
. ~ . . . . ~ .. . . -Z:295 wire and the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path continues simultaneously so that the wire meltably intermixes only with the molten metal which is poured into the flow path after the preselected volume is reached. The predeter-mined time is comensurate with the volume of molten metal inthe casting cavity reaching a second predetermined volume.-After such predetermined time, the rate of feed is changed, such as by reducing the rate or stopping the feeding of wire. In the illustrated apparatus, the timer deactivates the drive motor stopping the feeding of the wire. Another possible means of controlling the beginning and stopping of feeding the wire into the molten metal when preselected volumes of molten metal have been poured into the flow path is through the use of a weighing device. ~uch means would include weighing the casting mold prior to pouring the molten metal thereinto and thereafter continuously throughout -the pour. Starting and stopping of the drive motor of the wire feeder would be controlled by the weighing dèvice so that as the weight of the casting mold increases due to the addition of molten metal thereinto, the drive motor ~ould be started and stopped Nhen preselected volumes of molten metal are reached in the casting cavity as determlned by when the casting mold and molten metal therein reaches predetermined ~eights. When the casting cavity is filled to capacity, the -ladle is tilted to stop the pouring of the molten metal into the flo~ path.
It is no~ deemed apparent that a wire of additive materlal is selectively ~ed into only a portion of the total ~olume of molten metal being poured into a casting cavity ~or controlling the microstructure of one or more selected t ~ :.
.. . .
- . . , : ~ . :: : . .
10 ' ,.
sections of the casting. The feeding of the wire of additive materlal from the wire feeder remote-from the casting mold into the molten metal flowing through the flow path is begun after a preselected volume of molten metal has been reached in the casting cavi~y. The feeding of the wire and the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path is continued simultaneously so that the wire meltably intermixes only ~ith the molten metal which ia poured into the flow path after the preselected volume is reached. The feeding of the wire is stopped when the volume of molten metal in the casting cavity reaches a second preselected volume, and the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path is stopped when the casting cavity is filled.
The above method is particularly suited for castings in which the molten metal entering the downsprue at a given time in the pouring sequence will flo~ to a specific section ~lthin the casting cavity. Thus, if the wire is fed into the molten metal flowing through the cLownsprue during that particular time, the additive material will intermix with only that molten metal flowing through the downsprue at that given time thereby controlling the microstructure of that particular section of the casting. One possible example of thls type of casting is a c~linder liner formed by the casting caYity æhown in the drawing. The casting cavity is bottom gated so that if mixing within the casting cavity is minimized, then the first metal into the casting cavity rises to the top while the last metal entering the casting cavit~ remains at the bottom. In a cylinder liner, the ~lange is subjected to high thermal stress during engine operation and requires alloylng additions of molybdenum and .~`1 .
. ~ ~ 7 .. , ~ - ~ ~ . . .
lOqZZ95 copper to attain the strength levels sufficient to resist cracking. Using the method of the present invention, the molybdenum and copper are added toward the end of each pQU~
so that the treated molten metal ends up in the casting cavity in the area of the flange which~ as shown in the drawing, is disposed at the lower end of the casting cavity.
- The above described method of controlling the microstructure of selected sections of a casting may be utilized for achieving totally different microstructures in different areas of the casting. This could involve the use of two wire feeders and two wires, each of which is formed with a dlfferent additive material. Again using the cylinder liner as an example, one type of additive material may be added to the molten metal immediately at the start of the pour and until the volume of molten metal in the casting cavity reaches a preselected volume at which time the first wire ~eeder is stopped and the second wire feeder ls started to ~eed the second wire into the molten metal until the end o~ the pour.
The invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific steps and embodiments herein shown and described, but departures may be made therefrom without .
; departing from the principles of the invention and without ,.... . ...
sacrificing its chief advantages.
2~
. .
'~ :
` ~ ~
.. . . .
~ -8~
, . , . ~ : . . . .
Claims (8)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method of controlling the microstructure of selected sections of a casting, comprising the steps of:
providing a casting mold having a casting cavity therein and a flow path in communication with the casting cavity, pouring a molten metal into the flow path from a pouring device separate from the casting mold, beginning the feeding of a wire of additive material from a wire feeder remote from the casting mold into the molten metal flowing through the flow path when a preselected volume of molten metal has been reached in the casting cavity, continuing the feeding of the wire and the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path simultaneously so that the wire meltably intermixes only with the molten metal which flows through the flow path after the preselected volume is reached, stopping the feeding of the wire when the volume of molten metal in the casting cavity reaches a second preselected volume, and stopping the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path when the casting cavity is filled.
providing a casting mold having a casting cavity therein and a flow path in communication with the casting cavity, pouring a molten metal into the flow path from a pouring device separate from the casting mold, beginning the feeding of a wire of additive material from a wire feeder remote from the casting mold into the molten metal flowing through the flow path when a preselected volume of molten metal has been reached in the casting cavity, continuing the feeding of the wire and the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path simultaneously so that the wire meltably intermixes only with the molten metal which flows through the flow path after the preselected volume is reached, stopping the feeding of the wire when the volume of molten metal in the casting cavity reaches a second preselected volume, and stopping the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path when the casting cavity is filled.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of beginning the feeding of the wire comprises controlling the wire feeder with a timer, including the steps of presetting the timer to start the wire feeder after a predetermined time lapse from the start of the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path and commensurate with the volume of molten metal in the casting cavity reaching the preselected volume, and starting the timer at the start of pouring the molten metal into the flow path.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of starting the timer includes the step of sensing the presence of molten metal in the flow path with a photoelectric sensor, and transmitting a signal from the photoelectric sensor to activate the timer.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the step of stopping the feeding of the wire includes the steps of stopping the wire feeder with the timer, and presetting the timer to stop the wire feeder after a predetermined time lapse from the start of the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path and commensurate with the volume of molten metal in the casting cavity reaching the second preselected volume.
5. A method of controlling the microstructure of selected sections of a casting, comprising the steps of:
providing a casting mold having a casting cavity therein and a flow path leading to the casting cavity;
pouring a molten metal into the flow path;
beginning the feeding of a wire of additive material from a wire feeder remote from the casting mold into the molten metal flowing through the flow path after a preselected volume of molten metal has been poured into the flow path;
continuing the feeding of the wire and the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path simultaneously so that the wire meltably intermixes only with the molten metal which flows through the flow path after the preselected volume is reached; and changing the rate of feed of the wire when the volume of molten metal poured reaches a second preselected volume.
providing a casting mold having a casting cavity therein and a flow path leading to the casting cavity;
pouring a molten metal into the flow path;
beginning the feeding of a wire of additive material from a wire feeder remote from the casting mold into the molten metal flowing through the flow path after a preselected volume of molten metal has been poured into the flow path;
continuing the feeding of the wire and the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path simultaneously so that the wire meltably intermixes only with the molten metal which flows through the flow path after the preselected volume is reached; and changing the rate of feed of the wire when the volume of molten metal poured reaches a second preselected volume.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the step of changing the rate of feed of the wire includes the step of stopping the feeding of the wire.
7. The method of claim 6 including the step of beginning the feeding of a second wire of additive material from a second wire feeder into the molten metal flowing through the flow path after the volume of molten metal poured reaches the second preselected volume.
8. The method of claim 5 wherein the step of beginning the feeding of the wire includes presetting a timer to start the wire feeder after a predetermined time lapse from the start of the pouring of the molten metal into the flow path and commensurate with the volume of molten metal in the casting cavity reaching the preselected volume, and starting the timer at the start of pouring the molten metal into the flow path.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US69112476A | 1976-05-28 | 1976-05-28 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1072295A true CA1072295A (en) | 1980-02-26 |
Family
ID=24775252
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA274,045A Expired CA1072295A (en) | 1976-05-28 | 1977-03-15 | Method of controlling the microstructure of selected sections of a casting |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS52145339A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1072295A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2719032A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2352614A2 (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1115328B (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2546783B1 (en) * | 1983-05-30 | 1985-07-12 | Pont A Mousson | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR TREATING LOW-PRESSURE MOLDED LIQUID METAL, PARTICULARLY FOR INOCULATING CAST IRON |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3746070A (en) * | 1971-06-25 | 1973-07-17 | Nat Steel Corp | Method for improving continuously cast strands |
-
1977
- 1977-03-15 CA CA274,045A patent/CA1072295A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-04-28 DE DE19772719032 patent/DE2719032A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1977-05-02 JP JP5004577A patent/JPS52145339A/en active Pending
- 1977-05-16 FR FR7714978A patent/FR2352614A2/en active Granted
- 1977-05-24 IT IT2390377A patent/IT1115328B/en active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT1115328B (en) | 1986-02-03 |
| FR2352614A2 (en) | 1977-12-23 |
| FR2352614B2 (en) | 1981-12-04 |
| DE2719032A1 (en) | 1977-12-15 |
| JPS52145339A (en) | 1977-12-03 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |