EP0125265B1 - Installation and method for cracking and/or distillating of liquid media - Google Patents
Installation and method for cracking and/or distillating of liquid media Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0125265B1 EP0125265B1 EP83903517A EP83903517A EP0125265B1 EP 0125265 B1 EP0125265 B1 EP 0125265B1 EP 83903517 A EP83903517 A EP 83903517A EP 83903517 A EP83903517 A EP 83903517A EP 0125265 B1 EP0125265 B1 EP 0125265B1
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- Prior art keywords
- medium
- cracking
- heating
- heated
- radiating
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
- F24H1/0027—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters using fluid fuel
- F24H1/0045—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters using fluid fuel with catalytic combustion
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G9/24—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by heating with electrical means
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
- F24H1/10—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium
- F24H1/12—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium
- F24H1/124—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium using fluid fuel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1003—Waste materials
- C10G2300/1007—Used oils
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S159/00—Concentrating evaporators
- Y10S159/06—Infrared
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a device for cracking and / or distilling liquid media, in particular those with components that tend to form deposits.
- Liquids or liquid media are usually heated with the help of heating cartridges or heat exchangers. Problems arise here if the liquids contain constituents which tend to form deposits, since these deposits preferentially settle on the surfaces used for heat transfer. This leads to a deterioration in the heat transfer and can also lead to a reduction in the flow cross section or to blockage.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of providing a method and a device for heating liquids in which disruptive deposits, in particular firmly adhering incrustations, are avoided.
- the liquid medium is heated to more than 200 degrees C. by means of radiation and essentially with the exclusion of heat transfer to the medium by conduction and / or convection. It has surprisingly been found that undesired deposits can be avoided with such heating, even if the heating of the medium leads to increased formation or precipitation of solids. Because the amount of energy required for heating is introduced into the medium to be heated in the form of so-called “cold” energy, specifically in the form of rays or waves of suitable wavelength, which are absorbed by the medium to be heated, a high heat difference can be between the medium and the partition walls through which energy is supplied can be avoided.
- the most suitable form of energy are rays whose wavelengths are in the infrared range to the visible range, with short-wave infrared rays being particularly preferred.
- the focus of the wavelength of this short-wave infrared radiation is advantageously between 1000 nm and 800 nm, which corresponds to a radiation temperature between approximately 1500 ° K and 2300 ° K.
- radiator temperatures for example, 1000 ° K
- there is considerable heat development in the radiator which heats the components of the radiator, at least in the region of the radiating element.
- IR radiators can be used which are separated from the medium to be heated by a radiation-permeable insulation.
- Partitions made of quartz glass are particularly suitable for this. Spaces between these partition walls can be filled with an insulating gas and / or at least partially evacuated. It is also possible to cool these spaces, e.g. B. by rolling a cooling gas. In this way it is achieved that the outer wall of the radiator coming into contact with the medium to be heated or a radiolucent partition is kept at a temperature which does not, or does not substantially, exceed the temperature of the medium to be heated, as a result of which the dreaded deposits can be avoided .
- the rays penetrating into the medium to be heated are absorbed by it and thus decrease in intensity with the distance from the radiator. Since rapid heating of the medium is desired, as mentioned at temperatures above 200 ° C., several radiators are advantageously arranged in relation to one another or the medium to be heated is arranged or guided around the radiators in such a way that the radiance in Medium preferably corresponds at all points to at least the radiance at the half-value penetration depth of a radiator. In the case of the aforementioned IR rays in used oil, this is between 20 and 100 mm depending on the wavelength.
- the medium to be heated is irradiated evenly, cold opaque zones are avoided. Furthermore, the medium can be moved, in particular mixed, during the heating.
- the invention is suitable for heating media for a wide variety of purposes, such. B. for chemical reactions and the implementation of distillation processes.
- the medium to be heated can be conducted in a circuit which is exposed to the radiation as a whole or only in part. Desired or undesired products can also be withdrawn from the circuit at suitable points. Heating time and heating temperature depend on the type of treatment of the liquid medium, the advantages at high temperatures, eg. B. above 300 ° C, especially above 400 ° C, show particularly.
- an oily medium is heated, in particular waste oil is worked up to obtain fuel and fuel.
- waste oil is worked up to obtain fuel and fuel.
- the processing of waste oil is of particular economic and environmentally friendly importance.
- the invention has made it possible to create handy and even mobile small systems for reprocessing used oil that are inexpensive and easy to maintain. Such small systems can be operated by companies and authorities with larger fleets, for example.
- the processing temperature of the waste oil is expediently in the range from 350 to 700 ° C., in particular in the range from 400 to 500 ° C. Cracking of the waste oil is possible at these relatively low temperatures even without the special addition of catalysts, even if such, if desired, can be added.
- the hydrocarbon chains of the oil are directly excited by the radiation, the wavelength of which is in the near and visible infrared range, the radiation favoring the cracking process due to its high energy, although the oil temperature, which can be between 400 and 450 ° C, for example, is relatively low is.
- the invention further relates to a device for heating the liquid media, in particular a device for processing used oil.
- This device has at least one container to which at least one, preferably a plurality of jet elements are assigned.
- Particularly well-known IR emitters are suitable as radiation elements, which are provided with radiation-permeable insulation devices against the interior of the container to avoid thermal convection and conduction.
- the beam elements preferably have a substantially linear, electrically heated radiator, for. B. a tungsten wire, which is arranged within at least two, substantially coaxial tubular insulators.
- the emitters can be rod-shaped or curved, for. B. in the form of a spiral.
- the emitters are preferably arranged within the container, an essentially self-supporting arrangement inside the container which allows the emitters to flow around the medium is particularly favorable.
- An arrangement of parallel bars in a cracking tube, e.g. B. in a concentric ring arrangement or a hexagonal configuration enables a uniform coverage of the entire pipe cross section with a sufficient radiation density.
- the diameter and wall thickness of the quartz glass cladding tubes surrounding the heat insulation can be adapted to the respective requirements, depending on whether heating of the tube closest to the medium to be heated by the temperature of the heater is avoided as far as possible or permitted within certain limits can. Such variations are possible because the radiation loss within the insulation pipes is low.
- an additional insulating tube with a diameter of approximately 30 to 40 mm and a wall thickness is sufficient for an IR radiator which has a heated metal wire and which is arranged essentially centrally in a quartz tube with a diameter of 10 mm from approx. 1 to 2 mm. If the system is operated essentially at atmospheric pressure, which is preferred for the sake of simplicity, the radiation elements are not exposed to any particular mechanical loads.
- the embodiment shown in the drawing is a small system for cracking old motor oil from motor vehicles.
- the system has a cracking tube 1 which has an inside diameter of approximately 300 mm and a height of approximately 1300 mm.
- the cracking tube 1 is arranged vertically and connected to a cover 2 at its upper end by means of a flange.
- a cover plate 3 in the form of a perforated plate is provided between the cover hood 2 and the cracking tube 1, which sealingly separates the interior of the cracking tube 1 from the interior of the hood 2.
- the perforated plate 3, as can be seen in Fig. 3, has seven holes, six holes in a hexagonal arrangement around the central center hole.
- the distance of the hexagonally arranged holes from the center of the perforated plate corresponds to approximately half the inner radius of the cracking tube 1.
- Sealed into the perforated plate 3 are quartz tubes 4 which protrude downward into the cracking tube 1 and end at a clear distance above the lower end of the cracking tube. At their lower end, the quartz tubes 4 used for insulation are closed or melted. The interior of the quartz tubes thus does not come into contact with the interior of the cracking tube 1 or the medium contained therein.
- Infrared heating rods 5 are suspended or set in the quartz tubes 4. These IR heating rods consist of a quartz tube in which a helix made of tungsten wire is guided centrally and is held at a distance from the tube wall by means of spacers.
- the tube is preferably designed as a U-shaped curved twin tube through which the filament wire is guided downwards and upwards again, so that two parallel heating wires are provided per heating element.
- the output of the heating elements is designed in such a way that short-wave IR radiation is emitted during operation. In the present case, the heating elements have an output of approx. 2 kW at 220 volts.
- the short-wave IR rays have a half-value penetration depth of approx. 60 mm in oil. Since the distance between two heating rods from the heating rod center to the heating rod center can be kept in the order of magnitude of twice the half-value penetration depth, it is approximately 100 mm in the present embodiment.
- the insulation tubes 4 have an inner diameter of approximately 35 to 40 mm. Since the quartz tubes let the IR radiation and also the visible portion of the radiation pass unhindered, they are not heated by the radiation. As a result of the air space between the heating rods 5 and the insulation tubes 4, heating of the insulation tubes 4 by convection of the air therein is also low or negligible.
- the space between the heating rods 5 and the insulation tube 4 can also be cooled by circulating cooling gas.
- the heating wires in the IR heating rods 5 end below the height which is provided for the maximum or minimum oil level in the cracking tube 1. This ensures that the heating area of the heating elements 5 is always within the medium to be heated and overheating of the parts of the device located above it is avoided.
- the hood 2 is also assigned a cooling device 33 in the form of a fan in order to be able to dissipate excess heat.
- the cracking tube 1 itself is either designed as a double-walled container with a vacuum chamber 34 between the walls or is insulated in some other suitable way in order to avoid heat losses. Furthermore, the cracking tube 1 also has one or more measuring points 35 for monitoring the temperature of the liquid and vaporous medium.
- a so-called preheater 5 in the form of a conventional heat exchanger or a container provided with heating rods.
- the preheater 5 is flanged tightly to the lower end of the cracking tube 1.
- a tube 6 From the upper end of the cracking tube, a tube 6 leads to a cyclone 7, which is fed with the steam escaping from the cracking tube and is used to separate entrained liquid and solid components.
- Another tube 8 leads from the cyclone to a fractionation device, not shown, in which the product obtained can be separated into gaseous constituents as well as gasoline and diesel or heating oil.
- the lower end of the cyclone 7 is connected to a mixing container 9 which serves as a storage container for the waste oil introduced through a feed pipe 10 and at the same time enables the material returned through the cyclone to be mixed with the waste oil feed.
- the lower end 11 of the mixing container 9 is funnel-shaped and has a closable drain 12 for accumulated sludge.
- a connecting tube 13 leads from the mixing container 9 to the preheater 5, so that a closed circuit is present between the cracking tube 1 and the mixing container 9.
- both the cracking tube 1 and the mixing container 9 are charged with liquid oil up to their upper end, whereas the tube 6 above and the cyclone 7 are essentially charged with vaporous hydrocarbons.
- a level sensor 14 arranged on the mixing tank 9 regulates the height of the liquid level in the mixing tank 9 and cracking tube 1 by regulating the used oil flowing in.
- the system is operated continuously, with approximately one part by volume of recycled material being mixed with two parts of newly supplied used oil in the mixing container 9.
- the mixture is brought to about 150 ° C. by the elevated temperature of the recycled material.
- the flow rate of the mixture in the mixing container 9 is relatively slow due to its large cross section, so that solids can settle at the funnel-shaped end.
- the mixture which is essentially free of coarse solids, passes through the connecting pipe 13 into the preheater 5, in which it is heated to approximately 200 ° C. and is introduced into the cracking pipe 1 from below at this temperature. There, the heating elements 5 are used to heat up to approx. 440 ° C. Low-lying components can be withdrawn directly from the preheater 5 (not shown) in order to bypass the cracking tube.
- the flow diagram shown in FIG. 2 shows the further treatment of the cracked oil following the cyclone 7.
- the product freed from liquid and any entrained solid components in the cyclone 7 passes via line 8 into a fraction column 16, above which it is designed as a funnel-shaped cutter lower end 17.
- Three fractions are collected in fraction column 16, namely a gaseous product in the top line 18, a gasoline-like product in the line 19 below and a diesel-like product in the line 20.
- These three products are separated from one another in a cooler 21 cooled, which is connected to a cooling unit 22.
- the products then pass through water separators 23, 24 and 25 assigned to them.
- the gaseous product is then used or flared immediately for heating purposes, as indicated at 26.
- Gasoline and diesel oil are kept in separate collection containers 27 and 28 and can be passed through pumps 29 and 30 through mechanical filters 31 and carbon filters 32 before use.
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Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zum Cracken und/oder Destillieren von flüssigen Medien, insbesondere solchen mit zur Bildung von Ablagerungen neigenden Bestandteilen.The invention relates to a method and a device for cracking and / or distilling liquid media, in particular those with components that tend to form deposits.
Die Erhitzung von Flussigkeiten bzw. flüssigen Medien erfolgt in der Regel mit Hilfe von Heizpatronen bzw. Wärmeaustauschern. Hier treten Probleme auf, wenn die Flüsgigkeiten Bestandteile enthalten, die zur Bildung von Ablagerungen neigen, da sich diese Ablagerungen vorzugsweise an den zur Wärmeübertragung dienenden Flächen absetzen. Dies führt zu einer Verschlechterung der Wärmeübertragung und kann ausserdem zu einer Verminderung des Durchflussquerschnittes bzw. zur Verstopfung führen.Liquids or liquid media are usually heated with the help of heating cartridges or heat exchangers. Problems arise here if the liquids contain constituents which tend to form deposits, since these deposits preferentially settle on the surfaces used for heat transfer. This leads to a deterioration in the heat transfer and can also lead to a reduction in the flow cross section or to blockage.
So haben sich bei Versuchen zur Wiederaufarbeitung von Altöl aus Kraftfahrzeugen durch eine crackende Destillation Schwierigkeiten infolge von bitumen-und kohleartigen Ablagerungen an den Heizstaben ergeben, die in das aufzuarbeitende Altöl ragen. Derartige Ablagerungen zwingen zu einer häufig wiederkehrenden Unterbrechung der Crackreaktion, worunter die Wirtschaftlichkeit einer solchen Aufarbeitung leidet. Häufig sitzen die verkokten Ölreste derartig fest an den Heizstäben, dass sie sich nicht mehr entfernen lassen und beim weiteren Betrieb zu einem Platzen der Heizstäbe führen.In attempts to reprocess waste oil from motor vehicles due to cracking distillation, difficulties have arisen as a result of bitumen and coal-like deposits on the heating elements, which protrude into the waste oil to be processed. Such deposits force a frequently recurring interruption of the cracking reaction, which affects the economy of such a workup. The coked oil residues are often so tight on the heating elements that they can no longer be removed and cause the heating elements to burst during further operation.
Es sind Vorrichtungen bekannt, bei denen Medien mittels Strahlung behandelt werden, ohne dass dabei durch die Bestrahlung eine Erhitzung angestrebt würde. Auch derartige bekannte Vorrichtungen stehen wie die Heizstäbe in direktem Kontakt mit den Medien. Sie gestatten keine ökonomisch sinnvolle Altölcrackung bzw. Destillation, da der Prozess der Crackung durch Photolyse, d.h. durch Einwirkung der Strahlung im kurzwelligen Bereich alleine eine zu lange Einwirkdauer dieser Strahlung erfordert, bzw. da für eine gewünschte Destillation eine zusätzliche Wärmezufuhr erforderlich wäre, die wiederum die oben erwähnten Nachteile aufweisen müsste.Devices are known in which media are treated by means of radiation, without heating being aimed at by the radiation. Such known devices, like the heating elements, are also in direct contact with the media. They do not allow economically viable waste oil cracking or distillation because the process of cracking by photolysis, i.e. due to the action of the radiation in the short-wave range alone, the exposure time of this radiation is too long, or because additional heat would be required for a desired distillation, which in turn would have the disadvantages mentioned above.
Beispiele für solche Vorrichtungen sind insbesondere in der FR-A-549 817 und in der FR-A-790 787 beschrieben.Examples of such devices are described in particular in FR-A-549 817 and in FR-A-790 787.
Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zum Erhitzen von Flüssigkeiten zu schaffen, bei dem störende Ablagerungen, insbesondere fest anhaftende Verkrustungen, vermieden werden.The invention is therefore based on the object of providing a method and a device for heating liquids in which disruptive deposits, in particular firmly adhering incrustations, are avoided.
Diese Aufgabe wird dadurch gelöst, dass das flüssige Medium mit Hilfe von Strahlungsenergie im wesentlichen unter Ausschluss einer Wärmeübertragung auf das Medium durch Konduktion und/oder Konvektion auf über 200 Grad C erhitzt wird. Es hat sich überraschenderweise gezeigt, dass bei einer derartigen Erhitzung unerwünschte Ablagerungen vermieden werden können und zwar auch dann, wenn es infolge der Erhitzung des Mediums zur verstärkten Bildung bzw. Ausfällung von Feststoffen kommt. Dadurch, dass die zum Erhitzen erforderliche Energiemenge in Form von sog. "kalte" Energie in das zu erhitzende Medium eingebracht wird, und zwar in Form von Strahlen bzw. Wellen geeigneter Wellenlänge, die vom zu erhitzenden Medium absorbiert werden, kann eine hohe Wärmedifferenz zwischen dem Medium und den Trennwänden, durch die Energie zugeführt wird, vermieden werden.This object is achieved in that the liquid medium is heated to more than 200 degrees C. by means of radiation and essentially with the exclusion of heat transfer to the medium by conduction and / or convection. It has surprisingly been found that undesired deposits can be avoided with such heating, even if the heating of the medium leads to increased formation or precipitation of solids. Because the amount of energy required for heating is introduced into the medium to be heated in the form of so-called “cold” energy, specifically in the form of rays or waves of suitable wavelength, which are absorbed by the medium to be heated, a high heat difference can be between the medium and the partition walls through which energy is supplied can be avoided.
Als Energieform eignen sich neben Mikrowellen vor allem Strahlen, deren Wellenlänge im Infrarotbereich bis sichtbaren Bereich liegen, wobei kurzwellige Infrarotstrahlen besonders bevorzugt sind. Der Schwerpunkt der Wellenlänge dieser kurzwelligen Infrarotstrahlung liegt mit Vorteil zwischen 1000 nm und 800 nm, was einer Strahlentemperatur zwischen ca. 1500° K und 2300° K entspricht. Aber auch bei niedrigeren Strahlertemperaturen von beispielsweise 1000° K findet eine erhebliche Wärmeentwicklung im Strahler statt, die die Bauteile des Strahlers, zumindest im Bereich des Strahlelementes erhitzt. Um nun eine Wärmeübertragung durch Konvektion oder Konduktion bei IR-Strahlung zu vermeiden, konnen IR-Strahler verwendet werden, die vom zu erhitzenden Medium durch eine strahlungsdurchlässige Isolation abgetrennt sind. Hierzu eignen sich besonders Trennwände aus Quarzglas. Dabei können Zwischenräume zwischen diesen Trennwänden mit einem isolierenden Gas gefüllt und/oder mindestens teilweise evakuiert sein. Es ist auch möglich, diese Zwischenräume zu kühlen, z. B. durch Umwalzen eines Kühlgases. Auf diese Weise wird erreicht, dass die mit dem zu erhitzenden Medium in Berührung kommende Aussenwandung des Strahlers bzw. eine strahldurchlässige Trennwand auf einer Temperatur gehalten wird, die die Temperatur des zu erhitzenden Mediums nicht oder nicht wesentlich überschreitet, wodurch die gefürchteten Ablagerungen vermieden werden können.In addition to microwaves, the most suitable form of energy are rays whose wavelengths are in the infrared range to the visible range, with short-wave infrared rays being particularly preferred. The focus of the wavelength of this short-wave infrared radiation is advantageously between 1000 nm and 800 nm, which corresponds to a radiation temperature between approximately 1500 ° K and 2300 ° K. But even at lower radiator temperatures of, for example, 1000 ° K, there is considerable heat development in the radiator, which heats the components of the radiator, at least in the region of the radiating element. In order to avoid heat transfer by convection or conduction in the case of IR radiation, IR radiators can be used which are separated from the medium to be heated by a radiation-permeable insulation. Partitions made of quartz glass are particularly suitable for this. Spaces between these partition walls can be filled with an insulating gas and / or at least partially evacuated. It is also possible to cool these spaces, e.g. B. by rolling a cooling gas. In this way it is achieved that the outer wall of the radiator coming into contact with the medium to be heated or a radiolucent partition is kept at a temperature which does not, or does not substantially, exceed the temperature of the medium to be heated, as a result of which the dreaded deposits can be avoided .
Die in das zu erhitzende Medium eindringenden Strahlen werden von diesem absorbiert und nehmen dadurch mit der Entfernung vom Strahler in der Intensität ab. Da eine schnelle Erhitzung des Mediums erwünscht ist und zwar wie erwähnt auf Temperaturen über 200°C, werden mehrere Strahler mit Vorteil so zueinander angeordnet bzw. wird das zu erhitzende Medium in einer solchen Weise um die Strahler angeordnet bzw. geführt, dass die Strahldichte im Medium vorzugsweise an allen Stellen mindestens der Strahldichte an der Halbwertseindringtiefe eines Strahlers entspricht. Diese liegt bei den genannten IR-Strahlen in Altöl in Abhängigkeit von der Wellenlänge zwischen 20 und 100 mm.The rays penetrating into the medium to be heated are absorbed by it and thus decrease in intensity with the distance from the radiator. Since rapid heating of the medium is desired, as mentioned at temperatures above 200 ° C., several radiators are advantageously arranged in relation to one another or the medium to be heated is arranged or guided around the radiators in such a way that the radiance in Medium preferably corresponds at all points to at least the radiance at the half-value penetration depth of a radiator. In the case of the aforementioned IR rays in used oil, this is between 20 and 100 mm depending on the wavelength.
Auf diese Weise wird das zu erhitzende Medium gleichmässig durchstrahlt, kalte undurchstrahlte Zonen werden vermieden. Weiterhin kann das Medium während des Erhitzens bewegt, insbesondere gemischt werden.In this way, the medium to be heated is irradiated evenly, cold opaque zones are avoided. Furthermore, the medium can be moved, in particular mixed, during the heating.
Die Erfindung eignet sich für die Erhitzung von Medien für verschiedenartigste Zwecke, so z. B. für chemische Reaktionen und die Durchführung von Destillationsvorgängen. Weiterhin kann das zu erhitzende Medium in einem Kreislauf geführt werden, der als ganzer oder nur zu einem Teil der Bestrahlung ausgesetzt ist. Auch können aus dem Kreislauf an geeigneten Stellen erwünschte oder unerwünschte Produkte abgezogen werden. Erhitzungsdauer und Erhitzungstemperatur richten sich dabei nach Art der Behandlung des flüssigen Mediums, wobei sich die Vorteile bei hohen Temperaturen, z. B. über 300° C, insbesondere über 400° C, besonders zeigen.The invention is suitable for heating media for a wide variety of purposes, such. B. for chemical reactions and the implementation of distillation processes. Furthermore, the medium to be heated can be conducted in a circuit which is exposed to the radiation as a whole or only in part. Desired or undesired products can also be withdrawn from the circuit at suitable points. Heating time and heating temperature depend on the type of treatment of the liquid medium, the advantages at high temperatures, eg. B. above 300 ° C, especially above 400 ° C, show particularly.
Bei einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung wird ein öliges Medium erhitzt, insbesondere Altöl zur Gewinnung von Brenn-und Treibstoff aufgearbeitet. Die Aufarbeitung von Altöl hat besondere wirtschaftliche und umweltschonende Bedeutung. Durch die Erfindung ist es möglich geworden, handliche und sogar fahrbare Kleinanlagen zur Wiederaufarbeitung von Altöl zu erstellen, die kostengünstig und wartungsfreundlich sind. Derartige Kleinanlagen können beispielsweise von Firmen und Behörden mit grösseren Fuhrparks betrieben werden.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an oily medium is heated, in particular waste oil is worked up to obtain fuel and fuel. The processing of waste oil is of particular economic and environmentally friendly importance. The invention has made it possible to create handy and even mobile small systems for reprocessing used oil that are inexpensive and easy to maintain. Such small systems can be operated by companies and authorities with larger fleets, for example.
Es ist überraschend, dass Altöl mit Hilfe von Strahlungsenergie bei relativ niedrigen Temperaturen gecrackt werden kann. Die Aufarbeitungstemperatur des Altöls liegt zweckmässigerweise im Bereich von 350 bis 700° C, insbesondere im Bereich von 400 bis 500° C. Eine Crackung des Altöls ist bei diesen relativ niedrigen Temperaturen sogar ohne besonderen Zusatz von Katalysatoren möglich, auch wenn solche, falls erwünscht, zugesetzt werden können. Die Kohlenwasserstoffketten des Öls werden durch die Strahlung, deren Wellenlänge im nahen und sichtbaren Infrarotbereich liegt, direkt angeregt, wobei die Strahlung aufgrund ihrer hohen Energie den Crackprozess begünstigt, obwohl die Öltemperatur, die dabei beispielsweise zwischen 400 und 450°C liegen kann, relativ niedrig ist.It is surprising that used oil can be cracked using radiation energy at relatively low temperatures. The processing temperature of the waste oil is expediently in the range from 350 to 700 ° C., in particular in the range from 400 to 500 ° C. Cracking of the waste oil is possible at these relatively low temperatures even without the special addition of catalysts, even if such, if desired, can be added. The hydrocarbon chains of the oil are directly excited by the radiation, the wavelength of which is in the near and visible infrared range, the radiation favoring the cracking process due to its high energy, although the oil temperature, which can be between 400 and 450 ° C, for example, is relatively low is.
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist weiterhin eine Vorrichtung zur Erhitzung der flüssigen Medien, insbesondere eine Vorrichtung zum Aufarbeiten von Altöl. Diese Vorrichtung weist mindestens einen Behälter auf, dem mindestens ein, vorzugsweise mehrere Strahlelemente zugeordnet sind. Als Strahlelemente eignen sich besonders an sich bekannte IR-Strahler, die gegen den Behälterinnenraum zur Vermeidung von Wärmekonvektion und -konduktion mit strahlungsdurchlässigen Isolationseinrichtungen versehen sind. Dabei besitzen die Strahlelemente vorzugsweise einen im wesentlichen linienförmigen, elektrisch beheizten Abstrahler, z. B. einen Wolframdraht, der innerhalb von mindestens zwei, im wesentlichen koaxialen rohrförmigen Isolatoren angeordnet ist. Die Strahler können stabartig ausgebildet oder auch gebogen sein, so z. B. in Form einer Wendel. Vorzugsweise sind die Strahler innerhalb des Behälters angeordnet, wobei eine im wesentlichen freitragende Anordnung innerhalb des Behälters, die ein Umströmen der Strahler durch das Medium erlaubt, besonders günstig ist. Eine Anordnung von parallelen Stäben in einem Crackrohr, so z. B. in einer konzentrischen Ringanordnung oder einer hexagonalen Konfiguration ermöglicht eine gleichmässige Bedeckung des gesamten Rohrquerschnittes mit einer ausreichenden Strahlungsdichte.The invention further relates to a device for heating the liquid media, in particular a device for processing used oil. This device has at least one container to which at least one, preferably a plurality of jet elements are assigned. Particularly well-known IR emitters are suitable as radiation elements, which are provided with radiation-permeable insulation devices against the interior of the container to avoid thermal convection and conduction. The beam elements preferably have a substantially linear, electrically heated radiator, for. B. a tungsten wire, which is arranged within at least two, substantially coaxial tubular insulators. The emitters can be rod-shaped or curved, for. B. in the form of a spiral. The emitters are preferably arranged within the container, an essentially self-supporting arrangement inside the container which allows the emitters to flow around the medium is particularly favorable. An arrangement of parallel bars in a cracking tube, e.g. B. in a concentric ring arrangement or a hexagonal configuration enables a uniform coverage of the entire pipe cross section with a sufficient radiation density.
Die die Strahler zur Wärmeisolation umgebenden Hüllrohre aus Quarzglas können in ihrem Durchmesser und ihrer Wandstärke den jeweiligen Erfordernissen angepasst werden, je nachdem ob eine Erwärmung des dem zu erhitzenden Medium am nächsten kommenden Rohres durch die Temperatur des Strahlers möglichst weitgehend vermieden oder in gewissen Grenzen zugelassen werden kann. Solche Variationen sind möglich, weil der Strahlungsverlust innerhalb der Isolationsrohre gering ist. In der Regel reicht bei einem IR-Strahler, der einen beheizten Metalldraht aufweist und der in einem Brennrohr aus Quarz mit einem Durchmesser von 10 mm im wesentlichen zentrisch angeordnet ist, ein zusätzliches Isolationsrohr mit einem Durchmesser von ca. 30 bis 40 mm und einer Wandstärke von ca. 1 bis 2 mm aus. Wird das System im wesentlichen bei atmosphärischem Druck betrieben, was der Einfachheit halber bevorzugt ist, dann sind die Strahlelemente keinen besonderen mechanischen Belastungen ausgesetzt.The diameter and wall thickness of the quartz glass cladding tubes surrounding the heat insulation can be adapted to the respective requirements, depending on whether heating of the tube closest to the medium to be heated by the temperature of the heater is avoided as far as possible or permitted within certain limits can. Such variations are possible because the radiation loss within the insulation pipes is low. As a rule, an additional insulating tube with a diameter of approximately 30 to 40 mm and a wall thickness is sufficient for an IR radiator which has a heated metal wire and which is arranged essentially centrally in a quartz tube with a diameter of 10 mm from approx. 1 to 2 mm. If the system is operated essentially at atmospheric pressure, which is preferred for the sake of simplicity, the radiation elements are not exposed to any particular mechanical loads.
Weitere Merkmale der Erfindung ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung von bevorzugten Ausführungsformen in Verbindung mit der Zeichnung und den Ansprüchen. In der Zeichnung zeigen:
- Fig. 1 eine schematische Darstellung einer Vorrichtung zum Cracken von Altöl,
- Fig. 2 ein Fliesschema, das die weitere Aufarbeitung und Gewinnung des gecrackten Produktes zeigt und
- Fig. 3 einen schematisch dargestellten Querschnitt durch das Crackrohr.
- 1 is a schematic representation of a device for cracking waste oil,
- Fig. 2 is a flow diagram showing the further processing and recovery of the cracked product and
- Fig. 3 shows a schematically illustrated cross section through the cracking tube.
Die in der Zeichnung dargestellte Ausführungsform ist eine Kleinanlage zum Cracken von altem Motoröl von Kraftfahrzeugen. Die Anlage weist ein Crackrohr 1 auf, das einen Innendurchmesser von etwa 300 mm und eine Höhe von ca. 1300 mm besitzt. Das Crackrohr 1 ist vertikal angeordnet und an seinem oberen Ende mit Hilfe eines Flansches mit einer Abdeckhaube 2 verbunden. Zwischen Abdeckhaube 2 und Crackrohr 1 ist eine Abdeckplatte 3 in Form einer Lochplatte vorgesehen, die den Innenraum des Crackrohres 1 vom Innenraum der Haube 2 dichtend abtrennt. Die Lochplatte 3 weist, wie in Fig. 3 ersichtlich, sieben Löcher auf, wobei sechs Löcher in einer hexagonalen Anordnung um das zentrale Mittelloch liegen. Die Entfernung der hexagonal angeordneten Löcher vom Mittelpunkt der Lochplatte entspricht etwa dem halben Innenradius des Crackrohres 1. Abdichtend eingesetzt in die Lochplatte 3 sind Quarzrohre 4, die nach unten in das Crackrohr 1 ragen und in einem deutlichen Abstand oberhalb des unteren Endes des Crackrohres enden. An ihrem unteren Ende sind die zur Isolation dienenden Quarzrohre 4 verschlossen bzw. zugeschmolzen. Der Innenraum der Quarzrohre kommt somit nicht in Berührung mit dem Innenraum des Crackrohres 1 bzw. dem darin enthaltenen Medium.The embodiment shown in the drawing is a small system for cracking old motor oil from motor vehicles. The system has a cracking tube 1 which has an inside diameter of approximately 300 mm and a height of approximately 1300 mm. The cracking tube 1 is arranged vertically and connected to a
In die Quarzrohre 4 eingehängt bzw. eingestellt sind Infrarotheizstäbe 5. Diese IR-Heizstäbe bestehen aus einem Quarzrohr, in dem eine Wendel aus Wolframdraht zentrisch geführt ist und mit Abstandhaltern im Abstand von der Rohrwandung gehalten wird. Das Rohr ist vorzugsweise als U-förmig gebogenes Zwillingsrohr ausgebildet, durch das der Wendeldraht nach unten und wieder nach oben geführt ist, so dass pro Heizstab zwei parallele Heizdrähte vorgesehen sind. Die Leistung der Heizstäbe ist so ausgelegt, dass im Betrieb eine kurzwellige IR-Strahlung ausgestrahlt wird. Im vorliegenden Fall haben die Heizstäbe eine Leistung von ca. 2 kW bei 220 Volt. Die kurzwelligen IR-Strahlen haben in Öl eine Halbwertseindringtiefe von ca. 60 mm. Da der Abstand zwischen zwei Heizstäben von Heizstabmitte zu Heizstabmitte in der Grössenordung des doppelten der Halbwertseindringstiefe gehalten werden kann, liegt er bei der vorliegenden Ausführungsform bei ca. 100 mm.
Die Isolationsrohre 4 haben einen Innendurchmesser von ca. 35 bis 40 mm. Da die Quarzrohre die IR-Strahlung und auch den sichtbaren Anteil der Strahlung ungehindert durchlassen, werden sie durch die Strahlung nicht erhitzt. Infolge des Luftraumes zwischen den Heizstäben 5 und den Isolationsrohren 4 ist auch eine Erwärmung der Isolationsrohre 4 durch Konvektion der darin befindlichen Luft gering bzw. vernachlässigbar. Auch kann der Raum zwischen den Heizstäben 5 und dem Isolationsrohr 4 durch Umwälzen von Kühlgas gekühlt werden. Die Heizdrähte in den IR-Heizstäben 5 enden unterhalb der Höhe, die für den maximalen bzw. minimalen Ölspiegel im Crackrohr 1 vorgesehen ist. Dadurch ist gewährleistet, dass der heizende Bereich der Heizstäbe 5 stets innerhalb des zu erhitzenden Mediums liegt und eine Überhitzung der darüber befindlichen Teile der Einrichtung vermieden wird. Zusätzlich ist der Haube 2 noch eine Kühleinrichtung 33 in Form eines Gebläses zugeordnet, um überschüssige Wärme abführen zu können.The
Das Crackrohr 1 selbst ist entweder als doppelwandiger Behälter mit einer Vakuumkammer 34 zwischen den Wänden ausgebildet oder in sonstiger geeigneter Weise isoliert, um Wärmeverluste zu vermeiden. Weiterhin weist das Crackrohr 1 noch eine oder mehrere Meßstellen 35 zur Überwachung der Temperatur des flüssigen und dampfförmigen Mediums auf.The cracking tube 1 itself is either designed as a double-walled container with a
Unterhalb des Crackrohres 1 befindet sich ein sog. Vorwärmer 5 in Form eines üblichen Wärmetauschers bzw. eines mit Heizstäben versehenen Behälters. Der Vorwärmer 5 ist an das untere Ende des Crackrohres 1 dicht angeflanscht. Vom oberen Ende des Crackrohres führt ein Rohr 6 zu einem Zyklon 7, der mit dem aus dem Crackrohr entweichenden Dampf beschickt wird und zur Abscheidung von mitgerissenen flüssigen und festen Bestandteilen dient. Vom Zyklon führt ein weiteres Rohr 8 zu einer nichtdargestellten Fraktionierungseinrichtung, in der das erhaltene Produkt in gasförmige Bestandteile sowie Benzin und Diesel- bzw. Heizöl aufgetrennt werden kann. Das untere Ende des Zyklons 7 ist mit einem Mischbehälter 9 verbunden, der als Vorratsbehälter für das durch ein Zuführungsrohr 10 eingeführte Altöl dient und gleichzeitig eine Durchmischung des durch den Zyklon rückgeführten Materials mit der Altölbeschickung ermöglicht. Das untere Ende 11 des Mischbehälters 9 ist trichterförmig ausgebildet und weist einen verschliessbaren Ablass 12 für angesammelten Schlamm auf. Oberhalb des trichterförmigen Endes 11 führt ein Verbindungsrohr 13 vom Mischbehälter 9 zum Vorwärmer 5, so dass zwischen Crackrohr 1 und Mischbehälter 9 ein geschlossener Kreislauf vorliegt. Im Betrieb der Anlage sind sowohl das Crackrohr 1, als auch der Mischbehälter 9 bis zu deren oberen Ende mit flüssigem Öl beschickt, wogegen das darüber befindliche Rohr 6 und der Zyklon 7 im wesentlichen mit dampfförmigen Kohlenwasserstoffen beschickt sind. Ein am Mischbehälter 9 angeordneter Nieveaugeber 14 regelt die Höhe des Flüssigkeitsspiegels im Mischbehälter 9 und Crackrohr 1 durch Regelung des zufliessenden Altöls.Below the cracking tube 1 there is a so-called
Im Betrieb wird die Anlage kontinuierlich betrieben, wobei im Mischbehälter 9 etwa ein Volumenteil rückgeführtes Material mit zwei Teilen neu zugeführtem Altöl vermischt werden. Dabei wird die Mischung durch die erhöhte Temperatur des rückgeführten Materials auf etwa 150°C gebracht. Der Fliessgeschwindigkeit der Mischung ist im Mischbehälter 9 aufgrund seines grossen Querschnittes relativ gering, so dass sich Feststoffe am trichterförmigen Ende absetzen können. Die von groben Feststoffen im wesentlichen freie Mischung gelangt durch das Verbindungsrohr 13 in den Vorwärmer 5, in dem es auf ca. 200° C aufgewärmt wird und mit dieser Temperatur von unten her in das Crackrohr 1 eingeleitet wird. Dort wird mit Hilfe der Heizstäbe 5 auf ca. 440°C erhitzt. Niedersiegende Bestandteile konnen direkt aus dem Vorwärmer 5 abgezogen werden (nicht dargestellt), um das Crackrohr zu umgehen. Höhersiedende Bestandteile des Altöls werden im Crackrohr 1 einer Crackreaktion unterworfen und entweichen gas- bzw. dampfförmig. Im Rohr 6 und im Zyklon 7 kühlt der Dampf wiederum etwas ab, so dass das rückgeführte Material etwa mit einer Temperatur von ca. 350 bis 400° C von oben her in den Mischbehälter 9 gelangt. Die gesamte Crackreaktion wird vorzugsweise im wesentlichen drucklos durchgeführt, wodurch der bauliche Aufwand sehr gering gehalten werden kann. Durch die Verwendung der isolierten Heizstrahler zum Aufheizen des Altöls auf die Cracktemperatur werden Ablagerungen von bitumenartigen Stoffen im Crackrohr und insbesondere an den Heizstäben vermieden, so dass die Anlage über längere Zeit wartungsfrei laufen kann.In operation, the system is operated continuously, with approximately one part by volume of recycled material being mixed with two parts of newly supplied used oil in the mixing
Das in Fig. 2 dargestellte Fließschema zeigt die weitere Behandlung des gecrackten Öles im Anschluss an den Zyklon 7. Das im Zyklon 7 von flüssigen und etwa mitgerissenen festen Bestandteilen befreite Produkt gelangt über die Leitung 8 in eine Fraktionskolonne 16 und zwar oberhalb deren als trichterförmigerAbschneider ausgebildetes unteres Ende 17. In der Fraktionskolonne 16 werden drei Fraktionen aufgefangen und zwar ein gasförmiges Produkt in der obersten Leitung 18, ein benzinähnliches Produkt in der darunter liegenden Leitung 19 und ein dieselartiges Produkt in der Leitung 20. Diese drei Produkte werden getrennt voneinander in einem Kühler 21 gekühlt, der mit einem Kühlaggregat 22 verbunden ist. Danach gelangen die Produkte durch ihnen zugeordnete Wasserabscheider 23, 24 und 25. Das gasförmige Produkt wird danach unmittelbar zu Heizzwecken verwendet bzw. abgefackelt, wie dies bei 26 angedeutet ist. Benzin und Dieselöl werden in getrennten Sammelbehältern 27 und 28 auf bewahrt und können vor dem Gebrauch mittels Pumpen 29 und 30 durch mechanische Filter 31 bzw. Kohlefilter 32 geleitet werden.The flow diagram shown in FIG. 2 shows the further treatment of the cracked oil following the
Claims (10)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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AT83903517T ATE29900T1 (en) | 1982-11-16 | 1983-11-12 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CRACKING AND/OR DISTILLING LIQUID MEDIA. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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DE3242298 | 1982-11-16 | ||
DE19823242298 DE3242298A1 (en) | 1982-11-16 | 1982-11-16 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR HEATING LIQUID MEDIA |
Publications (2)
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EP0125265A1 EP0125265A1 (en) | 1984-11-21 |
EP0125265B1 true EP0125265B1 (en) | 1987-09-23 |
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EP83903517A Expired EP0125265B1 (en) | 1982-11-16 | 1983-11-12 | Installation and method for cracking and/or distillating of liquid media |
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US (1) | US4800252A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0125265B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS60500269A (en) |
AU (1) | AU569716B2 (en) |
DE (2) | DE3242298A1 (en) |
DK (1) | DK327784A (en) |
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US4875407A (en) * | 1986-08-27 | 1989-10-24 | Jitsuo Inagaki | Sterilizing method for treatment of fresh fruits and apparatus used for the method |
DE3800143C1 (en) * | 1988-01-06 | 1989-02-16 | Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt, De | |
US5340089A (en) * | 1990-06-08 | 1994-08-23 | Bgk Finishing Systems, Inc. | Coolant controlled IR heat treat apparatus |
CA2085365C (en) * | 1990-06-08 | 1996-03-12 | James E. Heath | Fluidized bed with submerged infrared lamps |
US5332139A (en) * | 1990-06-08 | 1994-07-26 | Bgk Finishing Systems, Inc. | Fluidized bed apparatus and method using same |
US5551670A (en) * | 1990-10-16 | 1996-09-03 | Bgk Finishing Systems, Inc. | High intensity infrared heat treating apparatus |
US5189813A (en) * | 1991-02-22 | 1993-03-02 | Samuel Strapping Systems Ltd. | Fluidized bed and method of processing material |
US5371830A (en) * | 1993-08-12 | 1994-12-06 | Neo International Industries | High-efficiency infrared electric liquid-heater |
US20150219361A1 (en) * | 2012-08-16 | 2015-08-06 | Top Electric Appliances Industrial Ltd | Device for heating and/or vaporizing a fluid such as water |
EP4179044B1 (en) * | 2020-07-09 | 2024-05-15 | BASF Antwerpen N.V. | Method for steam cracking |
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FR867504A (en) * | 1940-10-18 | 1941-11-10 | Electric heater | |
GB553200A (en) * | 1941-09-23 | 1943-05-12 | James Arthur Reavell | Improvements in or relating to methods of effecting the evaporation of water or other liquids |
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1983
- 1983-11-12 US US06/829,784 patent/US4800252A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1983-11-12 AU AU22677/83A patent/AU569716B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1983-11-12 WO PCT/EP1983/000299 patent/WO1984001994A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1983-11-12 JP JP58503690A patent/JPS60500269A/en active Pending
- 1983-11-12 EP EP83903517A patent/EP0125265B1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-11-12 DE DE8383903517T patent/DE3373826D1/en not_active Expired
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1984
- 1984-07-04 DK DK327784A patent/DK327784A/en unknown
- 1984-07-13 NO NO842888A patent/NO842888L/en unknown
- 1984-07-13 FI FI842841A patent/FI77527C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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DE3242298A1 (en) | 1984-05-17 |
AU2267783A (en) | 1984-06-04 |
NO842888L (en) | 1984-07-13 |
JPS60500269A (en) | 1985-02-28 |
FI842841A (en) | 1984-07-13 |
AU569716B2 (en) | 1988-02-18 |
WO1984001994A1 (en) | 1984-05-24 |
FI77527B (en) | 1988-11-30 |
EP0125265A1 (en) | 1984-11-21 |
DE3373826D1 (en) | 1987-10-29 |
DK327784D0 (en) | 1984-07-04 |
FI842841A0 (en) | 1984-07-13 |
DK327784A (en) | 1984-07-04 |
FI77527C (en) | 1989-03-10 |
US4800252A (en) | 1989-01-24 |
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