EP0118548A1 - Coprecipitant d'ammoniac - Google Patents

Coprecipitant d'ammoniac

Info

Publication number
EP0118548A1
EP0118548A1 EP19830903058 EP83903058A EP0118548A1 EP 0118548 A1 EP0118548 A1 EP 0118548A1 EP 19830903058 EP19830903058 EP 19830903058 EP 83903058 A EP83903058 A EP 83903058A EP 0118548 A1 EP0118548 A1 EP 0118548A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
product
water
phosphate
slurry
value
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP19830903058
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Craig R. Hof
Robert B. Polak
Ralph Preston Thompson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Organon Teknika Corp
Original Assignee
Organon Teknika Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US06/416,771 external-priority patent/US4650587A/en
Priority claimed from US06/526,311 external-priority patent/US4460555A/en
Application filed by Organon Teknika Corp filed Critical Organon Teknika Corp
Publication of EP0118548A1 publication Critical patent/EP0118548A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/281—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using inorganic sorbents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/04—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
    • B01J20/048—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium containing phosphorus, e.g. phosphates, apatites, hydroxyapatites
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J20/28014—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form
    • B01J20/28026—Particles within, immobilised, dispersed, entrapped in or on a matrix, e.g. a resin
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/3085—Chemical treatments not covered by groups B01J20/3007 - B01J20/3078
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
    • C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
    • C01B25/26—Phosphates
    • C01B25/32—Phosphates of magnesium, calcium, strontium, or barium
    • C01B25/34—Magnesium phosphates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
    • B01J2220/50—Aspects relating to the use of sorbent or filter aid materials
    • B01J2220/62—In a cartridge

Definitions

  • AMMONIA SCAVENGER BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION * 1.
  • Field of the Invention relates to the preparation of (in certain instances novel) magnesium phosphates (MGP) and their exploitation in the medical field, to-wit, their use in recirculating dialysis systems and other systems having the purpose of removing urea/ammonia from body fluids and in waste water treatment to remove ammonium ions (NH. ) .
  • MGP magnesium phosphates
  • the novel magnesium phosphate product can be utilized as a replacement for the older zirconium phosphate (ZP) materials which • in combination with an artificial kidney can be used to effect removal of urea/ammonia from the dialysate solution employed within the artificial kidney prior to the dialysate solution being reconducted through the artificial kidney.
  • ZP zirconium phosphate
  • the instant invention also relates to the field of encapsulated medical products for human consumption in eliminating urea present in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Uremia is present in blood, intestinal contents and other body fluids of normal as well as uremic patients. Uremia is a clinical term describing the condition in which the level of urea in a patient's blood is elevated above the normal levels of about 20 to about 40 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) . Uremia is due to the nephron function being inadequate to excrete the urea generated by protein metabolism.
  • Excess urea can be removed by: (1) mass transfer across a membrane from blood to another low urea content fluid as in hemodialysis; (2) mass transfer across the membranes of the peritoneum into a low urea content fluid as in peritoneal dialysis; or (3) strongly
  • urea/ammonia from the blood and other body tissues and organs we mean more precisely the removal of ammonium ions from solution, the source of the NH. ions being the hydrolysis of urea, either catalyzed by an exogenous urease enzyme such as jack bean meal urease or by an endogenous urease or by non-catalyzed hydrolysis of urea. Also, NH. is produced by bacterial activity in
  • the progeny of the '880 patent discloses much investigation toward the preparation of various zirconium hydrous oxide ion exchangers comprising amorphous or microcrystalline solids containing zirconium or zirconium plus other oxides or hydroxides in various amounts of water.
  • the recirculating dialysis systems utilize disposable cartridges containing layers of urease and ZP separate from other layers of aluminum oxide and magnesium silicate. See U.S. Patent No. 3,989,622 and Figure No.
  • a very recent development to the gastrointestinal approach utilizes an enzyme urease from jack beans, encapsulated along with an ammonia absorber, ZP.
  • the capsules are swallowed by the uremic patient and act to remove urea as ammonia. The removal of urea is completed when the capsules are voided in the patient's stools.
  • This treatment while not a complete replacement for dialysis, is useful to postpone the onset or reduce the number of expensive and debilitating extracorporeal treatments. See Carl M. Kjellstrand et al. , “On the Clinical Use of Microencapsulated Zirconium Phosphate-Urease, the Treatment of Chronic Uremia", TRANS. AMER. SOC ARTIF. INT. ORGANS 27 at 24-29, (1981) and the pioneering microencapsulation work of Gardner and coworkers at Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, in articles cited therein. In these articles, ZP is again the ammonia absorber of choice.
  • ZP/urease capsules needs to be ingested by the patient because of low-binding capacity for ammonia and the low specificity for ammonium ions of the ZP material.
  • the need to take such large quantities of this material may lead to stomach upset and the patient's refusal to adhere to this therapy regimen.
  • a new and useful particulate magnesium phosphate product has been found which acts as a remarkably effective scavenger to bind ammonia (here, "ammonia” in our context shall mean, of course, ammonia ions) in aqueous systems.
  • ammonia in our context shall mean, of course, ammonia ions
  • the novel particulate magnesium phosphate product is substantially water insoluble (by
  • substantially water insoluble we mean in an aqueous solution that when the MGP product . is added to said aqueous solution at a pH of about 4 to 9, the solubility of the MGP is less than about 70 g/dl.) , and when slurried, yields a pH of approximately 7.4, said product having an empirical composition exclusive of water of hydration, as follows:
  • MGP magnesium phosphate
  • MGP has the advantage of reacting chemically with the ammonia as opposed to less specific ion exchange as is traditionally criticized with the use of zirconium phosphate.
  • Use of MGP would, therefore, lead to the advantage of avoiding calcium, magnesium, and potassium absorbance from the patient as is the case with zirconium phosphate.
  • MGP unlike zirconium phosphate, does not release any sodium ions back into the dialysate solution, or when employed in encapsulated product, back into the patient.
  • a method for treating a solution containing ammonium ions comprising contacting said solution with an ammonium-removing effective amount of the novel particulate magnesium phosphate product of the above formula.
  • Urea is normally present in the intestinal contents in the concentration of 40-60 mg/dl, and it is recommended that the instant novel MGP product be utilized in amounts roughly one-third that of the traditional zirconium phosphate for removal of the hydrolysis product NH. + from urea. In like fashion, this MGP can also replace ZP in recirculating dialysate systems.
  • magnesium phosphate product made in accordance with the present invention include use for sewage waste water treatment and process water effluents. After such treatments the resulting MgNH.PO. may be removed and used as a fertilizer.
  • a method for the preparation of the novel particulate magnesium phosphate product comprising the steps of:
  • the novel magnesium phosphate product is dried at about 150°F overnight to obtain a readily commercially useful product for encapsulation or for replacement of ZP in disposable cartridges.
  • the present invention relates to a method for producing a particulate substantially water-soluble magnesium phosphate product, which when slurried has a pH of from about 6.5 to about 8.5, having an empirical composition exclusive of water of hydration of the formula:
  • step (b) slowly adding H-PO. to the slurry of step (a) to form a particulate substantially water-insoluble magnesium phosphate product having an empirical composition exclusive of water of hydration of the formula: wherein x is from about 0.75 to about 1.4, y is from about 0.2 to about 1.5, and z is 1; and
  • substantially water-soluble means that the magnesium phosphate product has a solubility of less than about 70 mg/dl when the product is added to an aqueous solution at a pH of about 4 to about 9.
  • the phosphate ion-containing buffer is normally an alkali metal phosphate such as sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, or lithium phosphate. Sodium phosphate is preferred. Any phosphate ion-containing buffer can be used as long as it is capable of providing phosphate ions in an aqueous solution and can provide by itself or by adjustment a pH ranging from about 6.5 to about 8.5. A pH of about 7.4 is preferred.
  • the phosphate ion-containing buffer may also contain an alkali metal hydroxide to provide for pH range control.
  • Typical alkali metal hydroxides include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide is preferred.
  • the phosphate ion-containing buffer having a pH of from about 6.5 to about 8.5 in the second step of the process may be added in this step to assure a control on the pH range.
  • the make-up of the phosphate ion-containing buffer in this step may be the same as the make-up in the first step and again the preferred pH is 7.4.
  • the H-PO. must be slowly added in the second step of the process since the reaction is highly exothermic and the reaction temperature should be kept under control. This is best achieved by removing heat from the reaction vessel and this can be accomplished by surrounding the reaction vessel with a water bath.
  • the process of the present invention is especially useful in forming a magnesium phosphate product where x and y are both 1.0.
  • the product is normally dried at a temperature of about 50°C to about 55°C Drying is usually carried out overnight.
  • the magnesium phosphate product of the present invention is a useful alternative to ZP in removing urea, actually ammonium ions, from body fluids.
  • a microencapsulated product for removing ammonia and/or urea from aqueous solutions comprising one or more particles, each having a water-insoluble, membranous wall which is permeable to urea, ammonia, and water and impermeable to urease enzyme, which membranous wall surrounds a core of a composition comprising urease and the novel particulate magnesium phosphate product of the empirical formula mentioned above.
  • the particles are enterically coated on the outside in the manner traditionally done for medically consumable icrocapsules to prevent solubilization of the novel particulate magnesium phosphate product while passing through the stomach which has a pH of about 2.
  • the ratio of the novel magnesium phosphate product to the jack bean meal be at least in the weight ratio of 10:1.
  • the novel microencapsulated MGP removes urea from the gut by absorbing ammonium ions simultaneously generated by the hydrolysis of urea by urease contained in the jack bean meal, as well as removing NH. generated by other means.
  • novel magnesium phosphate product includes its usage for sewage waste water treatment and process water effluents, as well as in systems for the treatment of the recirculated dialysate liquids, e.g., the REDY TM system by Organon
  • FIG. 1 comprises an illustration showing the effectiveness of the novel magnesium phosphate (MGP) product for our encapsulated embodiment.
  • MGP novel magnesium phosphate
  • Figure No. 2 shows the efficiency of MGP in treating urea in terms of time.
  • Figure No. 3 comprises an illustration showing the test to prove the effectiveness of microencapsulated MGP.
  • Figure No. 4 comprises a chart showing the effectiveness of the microencapsulated MGP.
  • Our enteric system consists of urease in jack bean meal or purified urease and MGP encased in capsules of a partially permeable membrane.
  • the permeability of the capsule wall or membrane must be such that urea can readily permeate the membrane but larger molecules such as urease (about 240,000 daltons) or trypsin (about 24,000 daltons) cannot permeate.
  • One suitable membrane is a polycarbonate dialysis membrane supplied by Enka A.G.
  • a magnesium phosphate (“MGP") scavenger is generally prepared by reacting magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 - Cat. No. MS55 obtained from MCB ("MCB”) Manufacturing Chemists, Inc. , (associate of E. Merck, Darmstadt, West Germany, 2909 Highland Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45212) or magnesium oxide (MgO - Cat. No. ' 1-2480, J. T. Baker Chem. Co., Phillipsburg, New Jersey 08865) with orthophosphoric acid (H_PO. -MCB, Cat. No. PX100) in the presence of excess water.
  • a slurry of insoluble MGP is formed from this reaction and the pH of the slurry is adjusted with the above reagents until the final pH is from 7.4 to 7.5.
  • the reaction vessel shouli be cover>i ⁇ i to prevent atmospheric carbon dioxide frcrn dissolving in and reacting with the product MGP and the basic reagents. If carbon dioxide is not excluded, the pH will continue to drift downward and the M.GP quality may be compromised.
  • o_..r ⁇ is stabilized, stirring is stopped and the solids are allowed to settle out. The supernatant is decanted and the solids are collected on several layers of absorbant paper. When the bulk of the water has been absorbed, the solid MGP is transferred to another fresh layer of paper and dried in an oven at about 150°F.
  • magnesium orthophosphate from Pfaltz & Bauer (exact composition unknown Cat. No. M00540, Pfaltz & Bauer, Inc., Research Chemicals Division, Stamford, Connecticut 06902) was dissolved in water with a resulting pH of about 3.
  • the pH was adjusted to 7.4 with sodium hydroxide, the resulting product lacked ammonia scavenging capacity.
  • the pH adjustment was made with magnesium hydroxide, the insoluble product formed had very good ammonia scavenging properties.
  • Figure No. 1 illustrates the effectiveness of the novel magnesium phosphate product of Example I for ammonium ion scavenging.
  • a polycarbonate dialysis membrane pouch (Enka GmbH, Wuppertal, West Germany) was made by heat-sealing "shrunk” polycarbonate membrane.
  • the pouch contained 500 mg of the novel magnesium phosphate product of Example I and 50 mg of the novel magnesium phosphate product of Example I and 50 mg of jack bean meal (Cat. No. J-0125 - Sigma Chemical Co., P. 0. Box 124508, St. Louis, Missouri 63178) as the urease source.
  • the pouch was placed into 250 ml of a 0.01M phosphate buffer (sodium plus potassium phosphate) at a pH of about 7.4.
  • the solution also contained about 50mg/dl of urea, ASC Reagent - (MCB above. Cat. No. UX65) for total of about 125 mg of urea. The entire contents were maintained at about 37°C with stirring. Samples were taken periodically and analyzed for urea using a blood urea nitrogen ("BUN") test kit. Cat. No. 64667 Provided by HARLECO , a division of EM Industries, Inc., Gibbstown, New Jersey 08027, and for ammonia using Nessler's Reagent (See pages 9095 of Capps Colorimetric Chemical Analytical Methods, Ninth Edition, by L. C Thomas, et al..
  • EXAMPLE V Preparation of microencapsulated MGP: (a) A 5-percent solution of ethyl cellulose in toluene was prepared. This was further diluted to 3 percent ethyl cellulose with additional toluene so that about 200 ml of solution were used for the process. This phase represented the organic, wall material containing phase.
  • the capsules are resuspended in fresh phosphate buffered saline and held until testing was performed.
  • microencapsulated MGP and jack bean meal for removing urea from solution is demonstrated.
  • Microcapsules were prepared as in Example V except that 0.5 grams of MGP and 0.05 grams of jack bean meal were used.
  • Figure No. 3 shows the laboratory setup.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

Sont décrits un nouveau produit de phosphate de magnésium (MGP) particulaire et son procédé d'utilisation afin d'extraire l'ammoniac de solutions aqueuses, par exemple, des solutions de dialyses recyclantes et des fluides intra-gastrointestinaux pouvant résulter de l'hydrolyse de l'urée. Ce produit de phosphate de magnésium (MGP) particulaire agit comme un coprécipitant d'une efficacité remarquable; sous des conditions d'équilibre, quelque six (6) grammes du nouveau produit suffisent à lier l'ammoniac (plus exactement les ions ammoniums) libéré d'un (1) gramme d'urée, résultat bien supérieur aux matériaux traditionnels de phosphate de zirconium (ZP) de l'art antérieur qui, sous des conditions idéales, nécessitent entre 17 et 20 grammes de ZP par gramme d'urée. Dans un mode de réalisation, on peut exploiter le nouveau produit de phosphate de magnésium particulaire comme produit de remplacement pour les anciens matériaux de ZP utilisés pour extraire l'ammoniac produit par l'hydrolyse enzymatique de l'urée dans des systèmes de dialyse recyclante utilisant des cartouches jetables. Un autre mode de réalisation décrit un nouveau produit encapsulé (comprenant une paroi à membrane, insoluble dans l'eau, perméable à l'urée et/ou à l'ammoniac et à l'eau et imperméable à l'enzyme uréase, dont la paroi entoure un coeur formé d'uréase et du nouveau produit de phosphate de magnésium particulaire) que l'on peut aussi utiliser comme coprécipitant in vivo ou in vivo. On peut aussi employer ce produit MGP particulaire pour extraire les ions ammonium soit produits par hydrolyse enzymatique ou non-enzymatique de l'urée ou par des protéines ou des amino acides, soit disponibles en tant que NH4+ provenant de sa source d'origine. Sont également décrits deux procédés de préparation du produit de phosphate de magnésium particulaire.
EP19830903058 1982-09-09 1983-09-09 Coprecipitant d'ammoniac Withdrawn EP0118548A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/416,771 US4650587A (en) 1982-09-09 1982-09-09 Ammonia scavenger
US416771 1982-09-09
US526311 1983-08-25
US06/526,311 US4460555A (en) 1983-08-25 1983-08-25 Ammonia scavenger

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0118548A1 true EP0118548A1 (fr) 1984-09-19

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19830903058 Withdrawn EP0118548A1 (fr) 1982-09-09 1983-09-09 Coprecipitant d'ammoniac

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0118548A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1984000885A1 (fr)

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DE3732896A1 (de) * 1986-11-07 1988-08-25 Schulze Rettmer Rainer Verfahren zur eliminierung von ammonium und phosphat aus abwasser und prozesswasser
US4962228A (en) * 1987-03-09 1990-10-09 Mobil Oil Corporation Layered divalent metal phosphates containing pendent substituent groups and their preparation
DE3834543A1 (de) * 1988-10-11 1990-04-12 Passavant Werke Verfahren zur entsorgung von einen hohen gehalt an ammoniumstickstoff aufweisenden abwaessern
DE4040067C2 (de) * 1990-12-14 1994-04-07 Nalco Chemie Gmbh Deutsche Verfahren zur Entfernung und Gewinnung der Ammoniumgehalte aus Prozeß- und Abwässern
US5409903A (en) * 1992-02-18 1995-04-25 Urecap Corporation Method and compositions for the treatment of H. pylori and dermatitis
NL1017250C1 (nl) * 2001-01-31 2002-08-01 Dsm Nv Werkwijze voor de bereiding van enantiomeer verrijkte aminozuren.
US8715221B2 (en) 2006-03-08 2014-05-06 Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. Wearable kidney
US8012118B2 (en) 2006-03-08 2011-09-06 Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. Artificial kidney dialysis system
WO2008024434A1 (fr) 2006-08-24 2008-02-28 Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. Dispositif servant à retirer du fluide à partir du sang chez un patient
JP5551709B2 (ja) 2008-11-03 2014-07-16 フレゼニウス メディカル ケア ホールディングス インコーポレイテッド 携帯型腹膜透析システム

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1984000885A1 (fr) 1984-03-15

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