EP0084754B2 - Rückflussverhinderer für Druckleitungen - Google Patents

Rückflussverhinderer für Druckleitungen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0084754B2
EP0084754B2 EP82420018A EP82420018A EP0084754B2 EP 0084754 B2 EP0084754 B2 EP 0084754B2 EP 82420018 A EP82420018 A EP 82420018A EP 82420018 A EP82420018 A EP 82420018A EP 0084754 B2 EP0084754 B2 EP 0084754B2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
flow
valve
seat
discharge
air inlet
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP82420018A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0084754A1 (de
EP0084754B1 (de
Inventor
Jean François Comeau
Bernard Neuzeret
Jean Richard
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Socla SAS
Original Assignee
Socla SAS
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Publication date
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Application filed by Socla SAS filed Critical Socla SAS
Priority to DE8282420018T priority Critical patent/DE3266453D1/de
Priority to AT82420018T priority patent/ATE15822T1/de
Priority to EP82420018A priority patent/EP0084754B2/de
Priority to US06/349,748 priority patent/US4478236A/en
Priority to CA000398392A priority patent/CA1210665A/fr
Publication of EP0084754A1 publication Critical patent/EP0084754A1/de
Publication of EP0084754B1 publication Critical patent/EP0084754B1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0084754B2 publication Critical patent/EP0084754B2/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03C—DOMESTIC PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS FOR FRESH WATER OR WASTE WATER; SINKS
    • E03C1/00—Domestic plumbing installations for fresh water or waste water; Sinks
    • E03C1/02—Plumbing installations for fresh water
    • E03C1/10—Devices for preventing contamination of drinking-water pipes, e.g. means for aerating self-closing flushing valves
    • E03C1/106—Devices for preventing contamination of drinking-water pipes, e.g. means for aerating self-closing flushing valves using two or more check valves
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03C—DOMESTIC PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS FOR FRESH WATER OR WASTE WATER; SINKS
    • E03C1/00—Domestic plumbing installations for fresh water or waste water; Sinks
    • E03C1/02—Plumbing installations for fresh water
    • E03C1/10—Devices for preventing contamination of drinking-water pipes, e.g. means for aerating self-closing flushing valves
    • E03C1/108—Devices for preventing contamination of drinking-water pipes, e.g. means for aerating self-closing flushing valves having an aerating valve
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/2496—Self-proportioning or correlating systems
    • Y10T137/2544—Supply and exhaust type
    • Y10T137/2557—Waste responsive to flow stoppage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/3149—Back flow prevention by vacuum breaking [e.g., anti-siphon devices]
    • Y10T137/3185—Air vent in liquid flow line
    • Y10T137/3294—Valved
    • Y10T137/3331—With co-acting valve in liquid flow path

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a backflow preventer, intended to equip hydraulic pipes, the pollution of which is to be avoided.
  • the liquid circulating in these pipes can be of all kinds. It can be water, and in particular drinking water or various liquids used in the chemical industry.
  • the backflow preventer freely communicates the circuits located upstream and downstream; if, on the other hand, the direction of circulation of the liquids is reversed, the backflow preventer closes automatically and prevents the liquid from the downstream circuit considered to be polluted, from going back up into the upstream circuit
  • Backflow preventers operating according to this principle are known.
  • the backflow preventer protects the upstream circuit and discharges the liquid from the downstream circuit to the outside.
  • This is used, for example, in the chemical industry for highly polluting waters: polluted water is prohibited from going up to the source of clean water, even if an ordinary valve, which has become defective, ceases to be waterproof.
  • the interior space of the backflow preventer defines a dead zone, it must be guaranteed that the water considered as polluted contained in this dead zone does not risk being sucked back towards the upstream circuit, that is to say towards the clean circuit.
  • Document US-A-2 503 424 describes a backflow preventer comprising a hollow body provided with an upstream connection end piece and a downstream connection end piece equipped respectively with an automatic spring-loaded valve and an automatic spring-loaded valve downstream, while between the seats of these two valves is defined an intermediate chamber in which there is, at the same level as the upstream and downstream valves, a valve body having a fixed seat bordering an opening between the intermediate chamber and the interior of the valve body which communicates with the outside via a lateral opening, the seat of the valve body cooperating with a shutter connected to a membrane held on its periphery by the hollow body and surmounted by a pressure chamber which communicates directly with the upstream connection nipple, the underside of the membrane being subjected to the pressure prevailing in the intermediate chamber, so that the shutter does not 'applies to the valve body seat only if the pressure in the upstream connection nozzle is higher than the pressure in the intermediate chamber.
  • Document FR-A-2 427 532 describes an antireflux device comprising an upstream connection nozzle, a check valve and a safety valve assembly arranged downstream of the check valve, in parallel and outside the connection end piece downstream of the device.
  • the safety valve has in the lower part a separate discharge orifice and an air inlet orifice, each connected to the downstream connection nozzle by a respective passage, the opening or closing of these passages being effected by to a relief valve and an air inlet valve, cooperating with each other and with a membrane maintained on its periphery by the body of the safety valve and surmounted by a pressure chamber which communicates directly with the nozzle of upstream connection, the underside of the diaphragm being subjected to the pressure prevailing in the downstream connection nipple, so that the discharge and air inlet valves only close if the pressure in the nipple upstream connection is greater than the pressure in the downstream connection nozzle.
  • the check valve is of complicated construction, in particular as to the shape of the discharge and air intake passages, and to the manner in which the discharge and air intake seats cooperate, their coupling being effected by a complex equipment of various parts, among which is a third movable seat along a cylindrical wall to ensure the sealed isolation of the discharge and air inlet ducts.
  • the relief valve being located in one of the branches of a U-bend inverted from the discharge passage, polluted liquid may stagnate under it at the bottom of the body of the safety valve, and be sucked back into the pipe. power supply.
  • the object of the present invention is to avoid the drawbacks of prior devices by producing a backflow preventer in which any operating incident gives rise to a visible leak from the outside without however allowing any rebreathing of the polluted downstream liquid.
  • the invention aims to make a backflow preventer of simple construction, using only common type valves and membranes.
  • a hydraulic backflow preventer comprises a hollow body provided with an upstream connection end piece and a downstream connection end piece equipped respectively with an automatic valve with upstream spring and an automatic valve with downstream spring, while '' between the seats of these two valves is defined an intermediate chamber in which there is a fixed seat for a discharge opening which opens towards the outside, this seat cooperating with a discharge shutter connected to a membrane maintained on its periphery by the body and surmounted by a pressure chamber which communicates directly with the upstream connection end piece , the underside of the membrane being subjected to the pressure prevailing in the intermediate chamber;
  • said fixed seat for a discharge opening is located at a level below the upstream valve and at the lowest level of the intermediate chamber, so that there can be no polluted liquid stagnating in the intermediate chamber and consequently any re-aspiration of this polluted liquid upstream by the upstream nozzle; and in that said discharge shutter is located at the lower part of a vertical movable rod whose upper part is connected to said membrane
  • the lower part of the intermediate chamber is formed of inclined blades so as to cause a vortex to appear within the liquid, which increases the speed of emptying of this intermediate zone when the discharge valve opens.
  • the backflow preventer illustrated in the drawings comprises a hollow body 1 capped with a cover 2, which closes it tightly. Between the hollow body 1 and the cover 2 are clamped the edges of a flexible waterproof membrane 3, the central part of which remains mobile.
  • the hollow body 1 is provided with an upstream connection tip 4 and a downstream connection tip 5.
  • these two upstream 7 and downstream 11 valves are oriented in the same direction, that is to say that they both tend to open under the pressure of a fluid pressure when the liquid normally flows from the upstream nozzle 4 to the downstream nozzle 5, as shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2 by arrows 15 and 16.
  • the intermediate chamber 6 defined between the seats 8 and 12 of the two aforementioned valves also opens outwards thanks to a fixed seat 17 located at its lower part.
  • This fixed discharge seat 17 cooperates with a discharge shutter 18 capable of sealing it.
  • the shutter 18 is located at the lower part of a vertical movable rod 19, the upper part of which is connected to the central part of the membrane 3, by means which will now be described.
  • the vertical rod 19 of the discharge shutter is hollow: an axial bore 20 traverses it over its entire length so as to be permanently in communication with the external atmosphere, by its lower end passing through the center of the seat 17.
  • the upper end of this rod forming a shutter 21 is capable of coming to cooperate with a seat 22 in the lower part of a chamber in communication with the axial bore 20.
  • the hollow rod is provided with radial arms 23 passing through the intermediate seat so as to be fixed on the lower cup 24 so as to secure the action of the membrane with the relief valve 18 and the shutter 21 of air inlet.
  • the lower part of the intermediate cavity is formed of inclined blades 25 so as to make appear within the liquid a vortex or vortex increasing the speed of emptying of the liquid in this zone when the discharge valve 17-18 is open.
  • a compression spring 26 On the upper face of the intermediate seat is supported a compression spring 26, the top of which bears under the lower cup 24. The action of this spring tends to lift the relief valve 18 above its seat, on the other hand to raise the shutter 21 above its seat 22.
  • an upper cup is fixed by a central hole to the membrane on the lower cup.
  • the membrane 3 is thus clamped and shouldered between the cups 24 and 27.
  • the upper cup is provided with an annular seal 28 capable of cooperating with a seat 29 located on the central part of the cover 2.
  • a pressure chamber 30 is thus defined inside the cover above the upper cup 27 on its seat 28. This pressure chamber communicates directly with the upstream connection end piece 4, by a channel 31 which opens upstream of the valve 7.
  • a second chamber 32 is also defined, still inside the cover 2, between the shutter 28 and the membrane 3.
  • the backflow preventer When the backflow preventer is connected between an upstream circuit connected to the nozzle 4 and a downstream circuit connected to the nozzle 5, it retains the rest position illustrated in FIG. 1 if the upstream pressure in the nozzle 4 and in the chamber 30 is insufficient to cause the closure of the shutter of the relief valves 17, 18, 21, 22.
  • downstream circuit tends to push back (arrow 35) while the mem brane 3 is punctured. Upstream fluid therefore tends to penetrate through the membrane 3 into the chamber 6 to flow outward through the seat 17 and attract the attention of users. If the downstream valve 11 is sealed, nothing else happens. If on the contrary, the valve 11 is also deteriorated, the downstream liquid discharging into the chamber 6 also flows through the seat of the relief valve 17, 18, the seal 28 being on its seat 29, increasing the flow rate of the leak visible from the outside, but without risking contaminating the clean liquid in the upstream circuit 4.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Safety Valves (AREA)
  • Check Valves (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Fluid-Driven Valves (AREA)
  • Fluid-Pressure Circuits (AREA)

Claims (11)

1. Hydraulischer Rückflußverhinderer zum Zwischenschalten zwischen einen eingangsseitigen und einen ausgangsseitigen Kreis, mit einem Hohlkörper (1), der mit einem eingangsseitigen (4) und einem ausgangsseitigen Anschlußstutzen (5) versehen ist, die jeweils eine eingangsseitige (8,9,10) und eine ausgangsseitige automatische Federklappe (12,13,14) aufweisen, wogegen zwischen den Sitzen (8,12) dieser beiden Klappen eine Zwischenkammer (6) umgrenzt ist, in der sich ein ortsfester Sitz (17) für eine sich nach außen öffnende Abflußöffnung befindet, welcher Sitz (17) mit einem Abflußverschluß (18) zusammenwirkt, der mit einer Membrane (3) verbunden ist, die über ihren umfang vom Körper (1) gehalten ist und über der eine Druckkammer (30) liegt, die unmittelbar mit dem eingangsseitigen Anschlußstutzen (4) verbunden ist, wobei die untere Fläche der Membrane (3) dem in der Zwischenkammer (6) herrschenden Druck ausgesetzt ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sich der ortsfeste Sitz (17) für eine Abflußöffnung auf einem unterhalb der eingangsseitigen Federklappe (8,9,10) befindlichen Niveau und auf dem untersten Niveau in der Zwischenkammer (6) befindet, sodaß keine ruhende verschmutzte Flüssigkeit in der Zwischenkammer (6) und infolge dessen auch keine Rücksaugung einer solchen verschmutzten Flüssigkeit zur Eingangsseite über den Stutzen (4) vorliegen kann, daß der Abschlußverschluß (18) im unteren Abschnitt einer beweglichen vertikalen Stange (18) gelegen ist, deren oberer Abschnitt mit der Membran (3) verbunden ist, wobei die Stange (19) mit einer axialen Bohrung (20) versehen ist, deren unteres Ende andauernd nach außen bzw. zur Umgebung offen ist, wogegen ihr oberes Ende, welches den Verschluß (21) für den Lufteintritt in die Zwischenkammer (5) bildet, einen mit dem Körper (1) fest verbundenen Sitz (22) für den Lufteintritt abzuschließen vermag.
2. Hydraulischer Rückflußverhinderer nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Sitz (22) für den Lufteintritt im unteren Abschnitt einer Kammer gelegen ist, die mit dem Körper (1) fest verbunden und mit dem oberen Ende der axialen Bohrung (20) in Verbindung steht.
3. Hydraulischer Rückflußverhinderer nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die bewegliche Stange (19) mit radialen Armen (23) versehen ist, die einen zwischenliegenden ortsfesten, mit dem Körper (1) fest verbundenen Sitz durchqueren, und sich an einem unteren Teller (24) festlegen bzw. abstützen, die unter der Membran (3) derart angeordnet ist, daß die Tätigkeit der Membran (3) und die des Abflußverschlusses (18) gemeinsam erfolgt, welcher als Abflußverschluß und Verschluß (21) für die Luftzufuhr dient, und daß eine Feder (26) zwischen dem zwischenliegenden Sitz und dem unteren Teller (24) angeordnet ist und den die Abflußklappe (18) in die Offenstellung drückt und den Verschluß (21) für den Lufteintritt von seinem mit dem Körper (1) verbundenen Sitz (22) entfernt.
4. Hydraulischer Rückflußverhinderer nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Membran (3) horizontal angeordnet ist und auf einem Niveau oberhalb des eingangsseitigen Anschlußstutzens (4) gelegen ist, wodurch eine Ablagerung von im wesentlichen vom Eingang über den Stutzen (4) herkommenden Teilchen durch ihre Schwere vermieden wird.
5. Hydraulischer Rückflußverhinderer nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verschluß (21) für den Lufteintritt und die Abflußklappe (18) mit derselben Stange (19) verbunden sind, derart, daß sie sich gleichzeitig öffnen und schließen.
6. Hydraulischer Rückflußverhinderer nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der fixe bzw. ortsfeste Sitz (17) der Abflußklappe (18) horizontal verläuft
7. Hydraulischer Rückflußverhinderer nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der untere Abschnitt des Körpers (1) in der Höhe des Sitzes (17) des Abflußventiles (18) derart geneigte bzw. schräg vedaufende radiale Arme (25) besitzt, so daß jeder davon eine den beweglichen Teil des Abflußverschlusses bzw. der Abflußklappe (18) im Inneren der Zwischenkammer (6) des Körpers (I) umgebende starre Schaufel (25) bildet, so daß sich innerhalb der Flüssigkeit eine Wirbelbahn ausbildet, die die Entleerungsgeschwindigkeit in dieser Zwischenzone erhöht, wenn sich die Abflußklappe (18) öffnet.
8. Hydraulischer Rückflußverhinderer nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß an der oberen Fläche der Membrane (3) ein Teller (27) befestigt ist, der eine Ringdichtung (28) umfaßt und mit einem ortsfesten, mit der eingangsseitigen Druckkammer (30) kommunizierend verbundenen Sitz (29) zusammenwirkt.
9. Hydraulischer Rückflußverhinderer nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, gekennzeichnet durch die Wahl der jeweiligen Dimensionen der den verschiedenen eingangs- und ausgangsseitigen Drücken ausge= setzten Teile sowie durch die Wahl der Einstellung derAbflußfeder(26) in derWeise, daß bei Auftreten einer Druckdifferenz zwischen der Eingangsseite (4) und der Ausgangsseite (5), die zu einer normalen Funktion führt, in der die Flüssigkeit in Richtung Eingangsseite-Ausgangsseite strömt:
a) - der Verschluß (21) für den Lufteintritt und die Abflußklappe (18) ihre Sitze (22,17) gleichzeitig dicht abschließen,
b) - die eingangsseitige Klappe (8,9,10) sich öffnet, und
c) - die ausgangsseitige Klappe (12,13,14) sich öffnet.
10. Hydraulischer Rückflußverhinderer nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, gekennzeichnet durch die Wahl der jeweiligen Dimensionen der den verschiedenen eingangs- und ausgangsseitigen Drücken ausgesetzten Teile sowie durch die Wahl der Einstellung der Abflußfeder (26) in der Weise, daß:
a) - sich im Falle eines eingangsseitigen Unterdruckes der Verschluß (21) für den Lufteintritt und das Abflußventil (18) von ihren Sitzen (22,17) entfernen und der Luftzutritt über den Sitz (22) für den Lufteintritt eine beschleunigte Entleerung der Zwischenkammer erlaubt, und
b) - sich im Falle eines ausgangsseitigen Überdruckes und eines Lecks an der ausgangsseitigen Klappe (11) der Verschluß (21) für den Lufteintritt und das Abflußventil (18) von ihren Sitzen (22,17) entfernen und die verschmutzte Flüssigkeit über den ortsfesten Sitz (17) des Abflußventiles (18) abfließt, wobei das Abfließen bei einem bedeutenden eingangsseitigen Überdruck erleichtert ist, da die verschmutzte Flüssigkeit auch über den Sitz (22) für den Lufteintritt abfließt
EP82420018A 1982-01-26 1982-01-26 Rückflussverhinderer für Druckleitungen Expired - Lifetime EP0084754B2 (de)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE8282420018T DE3266453D1 (en) 1982-01-26 1982-01-26 Back flow preventer for hydraulic conduits
AT82420018T ATE15822T1 (de) 1982-01-26 1982-01-26 Rueckflussverhinderer fuer druckleitungen.
EP82420018A EP0084754B2 (de) 1982-01-26 1982-01-26 Rückflussverhinderer für Druckleitungen
US06/349,748 US4478236A (en) 1982-01-26 1982-02-18 Disconnector for hydraulic circuits
CA000398392A CA1210665A (fr) 1982-01-26 1982-03-15 Disjoncteur a vidage automatique pour de canalisations hydrauliques

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP82420018A EP0084754B2 (de) 1982-01-26 1982-01-26 Rückflussverhinderer für Druckleitungen

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0084754A1 EP0084754A1 (de) 1983-08-03
EP0084754B1 EP0084754B1 (de) 1985-09-25
EP0084754B2 true EP0084754B2 (de) 1991-12-11

Family

ID=8189963

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP82420018A Expired - Lifetime EP0084754B2 (de) 1982-01-26 1982-01-26 Rückflussverhinderer für Druckleitungen

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US4478236A (de)
EP (1) EP0084754B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE15822T1 (de)
CA (1) CA1210665A (de)
DE (1) DE3266453D1 (de)

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FR2634268B1 (fr) * 1988-07-15 1990-11-16 Socla Vanne, organe de commande pour fluide et appareil de protection contre les retours de fluide la comportant
US4984306A (en) * 1989-04-17 1991-01-15 Sumerix Carl L Chemical injector assembly
DE3936962A1 (de) * 1989-11-07 1991-05-08 Waletzko Armaturen Gmbh Rueckflussverhinderer, insbesondere zum einbau in trinkwasserleitungen
US5103856A (en) * 1991-02-11 1992-04-14 Kohler Co. Anti-siphoning valve assembly
DE4204386C2 (de) * 1992-02-14 1994-01-20 Honeywell Braukmann Gmbh Systemtrenner
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US5279324A (en) * 1992-11-20 1994-01-18 Kwc Ag Anti-siphoning valve assembly and plumbing fixture including same
DE4409104B4 (de) * 1993-03-20 2004-10-28 Desch, Kurt Michael, Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Hydraulisches Drei-Kammer-Systemtrenngerät
DE4309085C1 (de) * 1993-03-20 1995-01-05 Schubert & Salzer Ag Systemtrenner
EP0671514A3 (de) * 1993-11-02 1996-03-06 Desch Kurt Michael Kombinierte Badewannen- Ein- und Überlauf-Armatur mit Dusch-Umschaltung und integriertem Systemtrenngerät (BA).
US6021805A (en) * 1998-06-09 2000-02-08 Watts Investment Company Backflow preventer assembly
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GB2453127A (en) 2007-09-26 2009-04-01 Intelligent Energy Ltd Fuel Cell System
GB2453126B (en) * 2007-09-26 2013-02-06 Intelligent Energy Ltd Fuel cell system
JP5189399B2 (ja) * 2008-04-07 2013-04-24 国立大学法人信州大学 逆止弁
JP5189403B2 (ja) * 2008-05-08 2013-04-24 国立大学法人信州大学 逆流防止装置
DE102010024786A1 (de) * 2010-06-23 2011-12-29 Honeywell Technologies S.A.R.L. Systemtrenner
JP6183648B2 (ja) * 2013-07-25 2017-08-23 株式会社ノーリツ 逆流防止装置
CN103511686B (zh) * 2013-09-17 2016-07-06 天津市倒流防止器制造有限公司 一种倒流防止器结构

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0084754A1 (de) 1983-08-03
DE3266453D1 (en) 1985-10-31
US4478236A (en) 1984-10-23
CA1210665A (fr) 1986-09-02
EP0084754B1 (de) 1985-09-25
ATE15822T1 (de) 1985-10-15

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