EP0078869B2 - Filamentartige Struktur - Google Patents

Filamentartige Struktur Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0078869B2
EP0078869B2 EP19810305307 EP81305307A EP0078869B2 EP 0078869 B2 EP0078869 B2 EP 0078869B2 EP 19810305307 EP19810305307 EP 19810305307 EP 81305307 A EP81305307 A EP 81305307A EP 0078869 B2 EP0078869 B2 EP 0078869B2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
filamentary
filaments
fused
cage
sheath component
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP19810305307
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0078869B1 (de
EP0078869A1 (de
Inventor
Anthony James Fowler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
3M Co
Original Assignee
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=8188447&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0078869(B2) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co filed Critical Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co
Priority to DE8181305307T priority Critical patent/DE3171730D1/de
Priority to EP19810305307 priority patent/EP0078869B2/de
Publication of EP0078869A1 publication Critical patent/EP0078869A1/de
Publication of EP0078869B1 publication Critical patent/EP0078869B1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0078869B2 publication Critical patent/EP0078869B2/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
    • D04H3/005—Synthetic yarns or filaments
    • D04H3/007—Addition polymers
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/22—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like with a crimped or curled structure; with a special structure to simulate wool
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/28—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like while mixing different spinning solutions or melts during the spinning operation; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D01D5/30—Conjugate filaments; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D01D5/32—Side-by-side structure; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/28—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like while mixing different spinning solutions or melts during the spinning operation; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D01D5/30—Conjugate filaments; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D01D5/34—Core-skin structure; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
    • D04H3/005—Synthetic yarns or filaments
    • D04H3/009—Condensation or reaction polymers
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
    • D04H3/005—Synthetic yarns or filaments
    • D04H3/009—Condensation or reaction polymers
    • D04H3/011—Polyesters
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
    • D04H3/08—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
    • D04H3/16—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with bonds between thermoplastic filaments produced in association with filament formation, e.g. immediately following extrusion

Definitions

  • This invention is concerned with the extrusion of thermoplastic polymers to form a novel filamentary structure.
  • a filamentary structure comprises a helical thermoplastic core filament disposed within a thermoplastic sheath component which is fused to the successive turns of the helical core filament.
  • the sheath component is preferably a cage formed by at least three thermoplastic filaments each of which is fused to the successive turns of the helical core filament.
  • the sheath component may comprise a tube.
  • the invention includes a process for making such a filamentary structure comprising feeding molten thermoplastic polymer to a spinning jet having an inner jet hole ringed by outer jet holes, extruding the polymer through the inner jet hole at a greater velocity than polymer is extruded through the outer jet holes to form a helical extrudate disposed within an extruded sheath component to which its successive turns are fused, and cooling the extrudates to solidify them to a unitary structure.
  • the thermoplastic polymer may be any which can be melt spun into filaments including polyamides, polyesters and polyolefins.
  • the polymer extruded through the inner jet hole to form the helical core may be the same as or different from the polymer extruded through the outer jet holes to form the sheath component. Preferably it is the same in order to simplify spinning and ensure good fusion between the turns of the helical core filament and the sheath component.
  • An elastic filamentary structure may be formed by making the helical core filament from a non- elastomeric polymer and the sheath component from an elastomeric polymer.
  • the polymer extruded through the inner jet hole is required to have a greater velocity than that flowing through the outer jet holes in order that it will take up the desired helical form.
  • this greater velocity may be achieved by having the inner jet hole of greater cross-sectional area and/or of shorter capillary length than each of the outer jet holes.
  • it is of greater cross-sectional area for two reasons: the first being that in the most desirable filamentary structure of the invention the cage filaments which comprise the sheath component are of smaller cross-sectional area than the helical core filament; and the second being that jets having holes of a common capillary length are much easier to make.
  • the sizes and cross-sectional shapes of the jet holes determine the size and shape of the filaments extruded through them.
  • the preferred shape is circular, particularly for the inner jet hole.
  • the pitch of the helical core filament is determined by the relative polymer velocities through the inner and outer holes. That is, the pitch reduces as the velocity differential increases.
  • the axes of the inner and outer jet holes are all parallel to one another so that, in the embodiment where the sheath component comprises a cage of filaments, these filaments are in substantially parallel alignment with the axis of the helical core filament.
  • the diameter of the helix of the core filament is determined by the sheath component which holds it in place and which stabilises it by becoming fused to its successive turns.
  • the sheath component comprises a cage of filaments it has been found that it is necessary to have at least three cage filaments for this purpose otherwise the core filament 'breaks out' and is uncontrolled.
  • each cage filament is spaced apart from its adjacent cage filaments by substantially equal distances. This may be arranged by using a spinning jet with a central inner jet hole ringed by at least three outer jet holes pitched at substantially equal angles to and substantially equidistant from the central inner jet hole.
  • each outer jet hole is positioned sufficiently closely to its adjacent outer jet holes that because of die swell the extruded cage filaments merge to form a tube.
  • the outer jet holes are preferably of circular cross-section, although other suitable cross-sections may be used, for example arcuate slots which may be used to produce a tube as described.
  • the extruded structure may be cooled in air to solidify it, but it is preferred to stabilise it more quickly by quenching it in a liquid bath which is conveniently water.
  • the filamentary structure of the invention may be used as yarn, cord ortwine, or as a reinforcement for a tube.
  • the sheath component comprises a tube, it constitutes a reinforced tube itself. It may also be used to construct an abrasive pad such as a pan scrub.
  • the invention includes a fabric structure comprising a plurality of filamentary structures according to the invention fused to each other with the axes of the helical filaments in substantially parallel relation.
  • This fabric structure may be produced directly by extrusion using a bank of adjacent sets of jet holes from which adjacent filament structures are extruded. These merge and become fused so that after being cooled to solidify them, they remain fused as a unitary fabric structure.
  • the component filamentary structures may be arranged in a planar array by a corresponding arrangement of the adjacent sets of jet holes, to produce a planar fabric structure.
  • Three-dimensional fabric structures may be made using appropriate groupings of the sets of jet holes from which the component filamentary structures are extruded.
  • the fabric structure of the invention has a variety of uses including use as drainage, earth-support and other civil engineering fabrics, and as matting such as door mats.
  • the sheath component comprises a cage of filaments
  • limited stretching of the filamentary structure produces elongation of the cage filaments between the successive points of fusion, with the result that after removal of the stretching forces and contraction of the helical core, the cage filaments balloon out between the points of fusion, giving an expanded structure.
  • the broken cage filaments constitute fibrils which are substantially uniform in length, with the majority of the fibrils being raked in a common direction.
  • the modified filamentary structure has decorative qualities and may be used as fancy yarn, or twine, especially if coloured.
  • the rake of the fibrils gives it a particularly distinctive appearance and also imparts good knot-tying properties.
  • the roughness of the fibrils, particularly at the points of fusion, gives the product abrasive properties making it suitable for the construction of scouring pads, for example.
  • a spinning jet 1 has a circular jet face 2 in which are drilled an inner jet hole 3 encircled by a ring of four outer jet holes 4.
  • the jet holes have the same capillary length and the inner jet hole is shown as about twice the diameter of the outer jet holes.
  • Figure 3 shows a filamentary structure 5 spun from a jet similar to that shown in Figures 1 and 2, but comprising eight outer jet holes instead of four.
  • the filamentary structure 5 comprises a helical core filament 6 held within a cage of eight finer filaments 7 which are fused to the successive turns of the helical core filament at points 8.
  • Figure 4 shows a modified filamentary structure 9 produced by stretching the structure 5, whereby the cage filaments 7 have broken close to the points 8.
  • the resulting fibrils 10 are regularly spaced and uniform in length. As shown they are raked in a common direction.
  • the points at which they are fused to the core filament 6 lie on a generally helical path around the core filament.
  • the filamentary structure 11 shown in Figure 5 comprises a helical core filament 12 held within a tubular sheath 13 which is fused to the successive turns of the helical core filament at points 14.
  • the structure 11 may be spun from a jet of the type shown in Figure 6 in which the jet 15 has a central inner jet hole 16 ringed by two outer jet holes 17 in the form of two arcuate slots. The extrudates from the outer jet holes merge below the jet to form a tube enclosing the helical core filament formed from the higher velocity extrudate from the inner jet hole.
  • Figure 7 shows a filamentary structure of the type shown in Figure 3 after being stretched to a degree which elongates the cage filaments without breaking them. On being allowed to relax, the helical core filament 18 contacts and causes the elongated cage filaments 19 to balloon out as shown to produce an expanded filamentary stucture 20.
  • the fabric structure 21 shown in Figure 8 comprises three filamentary structures of the type shown in Figure 3 with the axes of their helical core filaments 22 parallel and adjacent cage filaments 23 fused together.
  • This fabric structure may be produced by a jet of the type shown in Figure 9 which has a rectangular jet face 24 with three sets 25 of jet holes lying adjacent to each other in a line. Each set 25 comprises an inner jet hole 26 ringed by eight outer jet holes 27 of smaller diameter.
  • the number of sets of jet holes may be extended beyond three to produce wider fabric structures, and may also be grouped other than in line, for example as a grid, to provide three-dimensional fabric structures.
  • the apparatus shown diagrammatically comprises a spinning jet 32 from which a filamentary structure 33 according to the invention is extruded downwardly into a water quench bath 34.
  • the solidified structure is withdrawn from the jet by driven rollers 35 in a 'clover teaf formation and located below the surface of the bath.
  • the structure is withdrawn from the bath by a godet 36 and, if desired, stretched between the godet 36 and a further godet 37 to produce a structure as shown in Figure 4 or Figure 7 depending upon the degree of stretch.
  • Nylon 6 polymer was melted and extruded through various spinning jets as shown in Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings, some with four outer jet holes and some with eight outer jet holes with variations also in the pitch circle diameter (PCD) of the outer jet holes.
  • the extrudates were quenched in a water bath at room temperature and collected either by free fall or by nip rollers. Samples were taken and stretched at two different percentage stretches, one simply to bulk the product and the other a greater stretch to break the cage filaments and produce the modified filamentary structure.

Claims (16)

1. Filamentartige Struktur, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie ein schraubenförmiges thermoplastisches Kernfilament (6, 12) aufweist, das innerhalb einer thermoplastischen Mantelkomponente (7, 13) angeordnet ist, die mit aufeinanderfolgenden Windungen (8, 14) des schraubenförmigen Kernfilaments verschmolzen ist.
2. Filamentartige Struktur nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Mantelkomponente aus einem durch mindestens drei thermoplastische Filamente (7) gebildeten Käfig besteht, die jeweils mit aufeinanderfolgenden Windungen (8) des schraubenförmigen Kernfilaments verschmolzen sind.
3. Filamentartige Struktur nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Käfigfilamente (7) jeweils mit weitgehend gleichen Abständen von ihren benachbarten Käfigfilamenten abliegen.
4. Filamentartige Struktur nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Käfigfilamente (7) weitgehend parallel zur Achse des schraubenförmigen Kernfilaments (6) ausgerichtet sind.
5. Filamentartige Struktur nach einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Käfigfilamente (7) jeweils eine k'einere Querschnittsfläche als das schraubenförmige Kernfilament (6) aufweisen.
6. Filamentartige Struktur nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Mantelkomponente aus einem Rohr (13) besteht.
7. Filamentartige Struktur nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das schraubenförmige Kernfilament (6, 12) und die Mantelkomponente (7, 13) aus demselben thermoplastischen Polymeren bestehen.
8. Gewebestruktur, gekennzeichnet durch eine Mehrzahl filamentartiger Strukturen nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, die mit im wesentlichen paralleler Anordnung der Achsen der schraubenförmigen Filamente (22, 23) miteinander verschmolzen sind.
9. Gewebstruktur nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die filamentartigen Strukturkomponenten in planarer Anordnung gruppiert sind.
10. Verfahren zur Herstellung filamentartiger Strukturen nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man geschmolzenes thermoplastisches Polymer einer Spinndüse (1) zuführt, die eine von äusseren Düsenbohrungen (4, 17) umringte innere Düsenbohrung (3, 16) aufweist, das Polymer durch die innere Düsenbohrung (3) mit einer höheren Geschwindigkeit als durch die äusseren Düsenbohrungen (4) extrudiert, um ein schraubenförmiges Extrudat zu bilden, das innerhalb einer extrudierten Mantelkomponente angeordnet ist, mit der seine aufeinanderfolgenden Windungen verschmolzen sind, und die Extrudate abkühlt, damit sie sich zu einer einheitlichen Struktur verfestigen.
11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jede äussere Düsenbohrung (4) so nahe bei ihren benachbarten äusseren Düsenbohrungen (4) liegt, dass die Extrudate aus den äusseren Düsenbohrungen unter Bildung einer rohrförmigen Mantelkomponente ineinanderübergehen.
12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10 oder 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die äusseren Düsenbohrungen (4) der Spinndüse jeweils eine kleinere Querschnittsfläche aufweisen als die innere Düsenbohrung (3).
13. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man die erzeugte filamentartige Struktur reckt und sich dann entspannen lässt, damit die die Mantelkomponente darstellenden Käfigfilamente (19) sich zwischen den Stellen, wo sie mit dem schraubenförmigen Kernfilament (18) verschmolzen sind, auswölben und dadurch eine ausgeweitete Struktur (20) ergeben.
14. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man die erzeugte filamentartige Struktur (5) so weit reckt, dass die die Mantelkomponente darstellenden Käfigfilamente (7) zwischen den Stellen (8), wo sie mit dem schraubenförmigen Kernfilament(6) verschmolzen sind, brechen und dabei eine modifizierte filamentartige Struktur bilden, in welcher die gebrochenen Käfigfilamente Fibrillen (10) weitgehend gleicher Länge darstellen, die grösstenteils in derselben Richtung geneigt sind.
15. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Gewebestruktur gemäss einem Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man eine Mehrzahl filamentartiger Strukturen nebeneinander mit den schraubenförmigen Kernfilamenten im wesentlichen achsparallel extrudiert, wodurch die extrudierten filamentartigen Strukturen miteinander verschmelzen und nach Kühlung zu ihrer Verfestigung als einheitliche Gewebestruktur verschmolzen bleiben.
16. Verfahren nach Anspruch 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die filamentartigen Strukturen in planarer Gruppierung extrudiert werden und miteinander in Form eines planaren Gewebes verschmelzen.
EP19810305307 1981-11-09 1981-11-09 Filamentartige Struktur Expired EP0078869B2 (de)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE8181305307T DE3171730D1 (en) 1981-11-09 1981-11-09 Filamentary structure
EP19810305307 EP0078869B2 (de) 1981-11-09 1981-11-09 Filamentartige Struktur

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP19810305307 EP0078869B2 (de) 1981-11-09 1981-11-09 Filamentartige Struktur

Publications (3)

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EP0078869A1 EP0078869A1 (de) 1983-05-18
EP0078869B1 EP0078869B1 (de) 1985-08-07
EP0078869B2 true EP0078869B2 (de) 1988-09-28

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5382400A (en) 1992-08-21 1995-01-17 Kimberly-Clark Corporation Nonwoven multicomponent polymeric fabric and method for making same
US5405682A (en) 1992-08-26 1995-04-11 Kimberly Clark Corporation Nonwoven fabric made with multicomponent polymeric strands including a blend of polyolefin and elastomeric thermoplastic material
US5643662A (en) 1992-11-12 1997-07-01 Kimberly-Clark Corporation Hydrophilic, multicomponent polymeric strands and nonwoven fabrics made therewith
US6500538B1 (en) 1992-12-28 2002-12-31 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Polymeric strands including a propylene polymer composition and nonwoven fabric and articles made therewith

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5336552A (en) 1992-08-26 1994-08-09 Kimberly-Clark Corporation Nonwoven fabric made with multicomponent polymeric strands including a blend of polyolefin and ethylene alkyl acrylate copolymer

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2058551A (en) * 1933-06-05 1936-10-27 Beattey Earie J Richard Making of rayon
US2804645A (en) * 1953-05-12 1957-09-03 Du Pont Spinneret plate for melt spinning
US4017659A (en) * 1974-10-17 1977-04-12 Ingrip Fasteners Inc. Team lattice fibers
DE2835706A1 (de) * 1977-08-17 1979-02-22 Monsanto Co Selbstkraeuselndes garn, und verfahren zu seiner herstellung

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5382400A (en) 1992-08-21 1995-01-17 Kimberly-Clark Corporation Nonwoven multicomponent polymeric fabric and method for making same
US5418045A (en) 1992-08-21 1995-05-23 Kimberly-Clark Corporation Nonwoven multicomponent polymeric fabric
US5405682A (en) 1992-08-26 1995-04-11 Kimberly Clark Corporation Nonwoven fabric made with multicomponent polymeric strands including a blend of polyolefin and elastomeric thermoplastic material
US5425987A (en) 1992-08-26 1995-06-20 Kimberly-Clark Corporation Nonwoven fabric made with multicomponent polymeric strands including a blend of polyolefin and elastomeric thermoplastic material
US5643662A (en) 1992-11-12 1997-07-01 Kimberly-Clark Corporation Hydrophilic, multicomponent polymeric strands and nonwoven fabrics made therewith
US6500538B1 (en) 1992-12-28 2002-12-31 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Polymeric strands including a propylene polymer composition and nonwoven fabric and articles made therewith

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Publication number Publication date
DE3171730D1 (en) 1985-09-12
EP0078869B1 (de) 1985-08-07
EP0078869A1 (de) 1983-05-18

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