EP0077943B1 - Method of constructing a tunnel - Google Patents

Method of constructing a tunnel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0077943B1
EP0077943B1 EP82109240A EP82109240A EP0077943B1 EP 0077943 B1 EP0077943 B1 EP 0077943B1 EP 82109240 A EP82109240 A EP 82109240A EP 82109240 A EP82109240 A EP 82109240A EP 0077943 B1 EP0077943 B1 EP 0077943B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
tunnel
freezing
working pipe
soil
frozen
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EP82109240A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0077943A1 (en
Inventor
Dieter Ing. Rebhan (Grad.)
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Linde GmbH
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Linde GmbH
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02DFOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D19/00Keeping dry foundation sites or other areas in the ground
    • E02D19/06Restraining of underground water
    • E02D19/12Restraining of underground water by damming or interrupting the passage of underground water
    • E02D19/14Restraining of underground water by damming or interrupting the passage of underground water by freezing the soil

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for creating a tunnel between a starting and a target shaft by means of ground freezing.
  • the type of tunneling method and the optimal tunneling device is mainly determined by the intended use, the required cross-section with the associated expansion and the given type of rock or soil. Criteria of paramount importance continue to be cost-effectiveness and, in difficult ground conditions, safety both for the people who build the tunnel and for the property itself.
  • a conventional method that is used for driving in loose rock is knife driving, in which the ground is supported before it is mined.
  • knife jacking cannot be used or can only be used to a limited extent on soils that are low in consistency or under water pressure.
  • deformation of the knife or deviations in the direction of advance cause considerable difficulties.
  • Shield construction is a semi-mechanical process. With this method, the pre-pressing takes place automatically.
  • the shield construction is suitable for large cross-sections both in dry and under water - then with a compressed air shield.
  • the shield a tubular steel structure with the cross-section of the required excavation, engages with the front edge, the cutting edge, in the face, the face, the tunnel tube.
  • the shield tail, the segment-shaped parts of the extension, the tubbings are made of cast iron or reinforced concrete.
  • the shield is pushed against the face using presses that support the expansion. Shields are used in clay, sand and rubble. If hard, large rock inclusions occur, the method can only be used to a very limited extent.
  • a variant of this is the compressed air shield, which is used in the groundwater. This very complex process is only used when lowering groundwater is not possible. As with normal shield jacking, its limits are set out. In addition, changing floors or tunnels in well-drained soils with little overlap cannot be driven due to the risk of blow-out.
  • the latter method involves relatively high costs for the creation and maintenance of the frost body.
  • the other known methods have decisive technical disadvantages: they cannot be used in near-surface tunnel structures that are to be created in a rapidly changing subsoil and where water is to be expected, or can only be used with the help of considerable construction aid measures.
  • the auxiliary construction measures generally represent an almost unreasonable burden on the environment and are often only approved because there are no technical alternatives and the construction project must be carried out.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of specifying a method of the type described at the outset by means of which a tunnel can be created in a simple manner without construction aid measures in a rapidly changing ground.
  • This object is achieved in that a bore is drilled in or near the planned axis of the future tunnel between the start and target shaft within the cross-sectional area of the planned tunnel, a freezing working pipe is introduced into the borehole formed, the freezing working pipe through a The coolant is cooled until a frost body with a larger diameter than the planned tunnel diameter has been formed around the freezer work pipe and then the frozen soil is broken down.
  • a cooling fluid is passed through the freezing working pipe until a freezing body with an essentially circular cross section has formed around the freezing working pipe with a diameter which is so large that a freezing body of circular cross section remains after the tunnel cavity has been created.
  • This remaining frost body serves on the one hand to seal against water and on the other hand for the purpose of statics, i. H. to secure the tunnel cavity and the people working in it.
  • the soil around the freezer work pipe is broken down in the frozen state.
  • the method according to the invention creates a soil to be dismantled, which can be degraded in a targeted manner and without technical problems due to its uniformity.
  • the frost body enables, for example, mining to be mined, since there is a backup - in relation to the tunnel axis - both in the radial and in the axial direction. Since the tunnel is always driven into a frost body with a circular cross-section and an annular frost body always remains, the method according to the invention offers a safe temporary installation until a first safety shell is inserted or until the final expansion has been carried out.
  • the proposed method therefore enables propulsion that is independent of the depth of the tunnel and is also possible in strongly changing soil types.
  • this method can also be used in an environmentally friendly manner in groundwater without compressed air or other construction aid measures.
  • the frost body is created in sections.
  • a frost body is always formed only in a part of the floor area between the start and the target shaft.
  • the energy costs are significantly reduced compared to a method in which the frost body along the entire drilled route, i. H. in this case between the start and the target shaft.
  • Known methods of creating a frost body in several sections work, for example, with freezer working tubes which are divided into several freezer tube sections by partitions which are gradually cut through.
  • Sectional freezing is also possible if an inner tube is inserted into the freezing work tube, with the help of elastically deformable seals in the area of the floor to be iced, a liquid-tight space is formed between the freezing work tube and the inner tube and in this space one is used for heat exchange with the cooled one Fluid freezing liquid is introduced and subsequently a cooled fluid is introduced into the inner tube.
  • an inner tube is also inserted into the freezing working tube, this being equipped with a heat-insulating layer over part of its length.
  • frost body is first created in the area of the starting shaft in which tunneling begins.
  • this is the excavation of the ice-earth material around the freezing work pipe - a frost body is created in further sections.
  • a low-boiling, liquefied gas in particular liquid nitrogen, is used as the cooling fluid. Because of their low boiling temperatures, these gases can extract significant amounts of heat from the ground.
  • a particularly suitable low-boiling liquefied gas is liquid nitrogen because it is cheap, because of its low boiling point it cools down quickly and is also easy to handle. Brine can also be used as a coolant.
  • the drill pipe itself is designed as a freezing working pipe.
  • the drill pipe therefore does not have to be pulled, but can remain in the ground and thus forms the »tunnel axis «.
  • several holes are drilled between the start and the target shaft in large tunnel cross-sections, corresponding to the later tunnel cross-section, a freezing working tube being introduced into each borehole.
  • a freezing working tube being introduced into each borehole.
  • not only is a freezer work tube, but several freezer work tubes are placed in parallel or in cycles according to the cross-section and profile. The number or arrangement of the freezer work tubes is selected according to the tunnel cross-sectional area and geometry.
  • the frozen soil is broken down by means of a mining device supported on the freezing working pipe. If several freezer work pipes are placed in the case of large tunnel cross-sections, then several dismantling devices are also used according to the invention, which work side by side in parallel or in cycles. With this procedure, the freezer working tube absorbs the reaction forces on the one hand and at the same time serves as a guide element for the direction of advance. With the position or measurement and exact placement of the freezing working pipe, the oil deviation of the tunneling is determined and no longer needs to be monitored.
  • the freezer work tube itself is provided on the outside with a thread, rack or the like, which serve as a guide and abutment when feeding the excavation device. Since the freezer work tube is composed of more or less long sections, as are customary in drilling technology, the end that is released can be removed during the advance taken and used again later.
  • the freezing work tube is subjected to tension and has to absorb very high reaction forces.
  • the freezing work pipe cannot be detached from the building site as long as the icing leading to the dismantling forms a sufficient abutment.
  • the excavation device itself can be completely geared to the requirement of rapid, economical dismantling of the frozen ground.
  • the building site can be dismantled, loaded or transported fully automatically - centrally through the freezer work tube - by hammers, chisels, milling cutters or similar or combined tools.
  • the axial position of the freezing work tube also offers the possibility of using a rotating device which, for example with the help of the above-mentioned rack-freezer work tube, jerks into the ice / earth body or with a thread in a helical manner. Hydro or thermal removal processes are also conceivable.
  • the dismantling can immediately be expanded e.g. B. shotcrete fuse or final expansion z. B. follow extruded concrete.
  • frost body diameters of up to approx. 5 m can be achieved with the methods according to the invention.
  • the proposed method is therefore preferably to be used in tunnels with a relatively small diameter.
  • several freezer work pipes can be arranged at appropriate intervals within the excavation profile in such a way that a sufficiently large, overlapping frost body is created and can be dismantled simultaneously or intermittently with several tools.
  • a device 14 is attached, with which the position of the inner tube and thus the area to be frozen can be determined.
  • a frost body with a sufficiently large diameter D which is larger than the diameter d of the planned tunnel, has formed around the freezing working pipe
  • the dismantling of the first section can begin.
  • a rotating jacking device 15 is to be used, which rotates around the freezing working tube and has a diameter corresponding to the planned tunnel diameter.
  • a drive is provided which is supported against the freezing working tube. The drive device 15 is cyclically guided towards the ice / earth material body by drive 16. Immediately after dismantling, segments 17 can be moved to secure the tunnel. For this, z. B.
  • the icing must always lead the dismantling to such an extent that there is sufficient abutment for the freezing working tube to absorb the reaction forces caused by the drive 11.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)
  • Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
  • Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)

Abstract

Tunnels are constructed by freezing soil and removing frozen soil between starting and end shafts of the tunnels. Tunnels are driven in an uncomplicated manner in rapidly changing soils without auxiliary construction means. A hole is bored in or near the planned axis of the intended tunnel between starting and end shafts. A soil freezing work pipe is inserted into the hole. The pipe is cooled by a cooling agent. The soil freezing work pipe continues to be cooled until an ice and frozen soil mass has formed around the work pipe, which frozen mass has a diameter which is larger than that of the planned tunnel. Frozen soil is subsequently excavated, leaving a frozen soil lining, which is immediately supported by a primary support lining or a permanent lining.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Erstellung eines Tunnels zwischen einem Start- und einem Zielschacht mittels Bodenvereisung.The invention relates to a method for creating a tunnel between a starting and a target shaft by means of ground freezing.

Zur Erstellung eines Tunnels sind verschiedene Verfahren bekannt. Die Art des Vortriebverfahrens und der optimalen Vortriebseinrichtung wird hauptsächlich durch den vorgesehenen Verwendungszweck, den erforderlichen Querschnitt mit dem zugehörigen Ausbau sowie die gegebene Gesteins- bzw. Bodenart bestimmt. Kriterien von überragender Bedeutung sind weiterhin die Wirtschaftlichkeit sowie in schwierigem Baugrund die Sicherheit sowohl für die den Tunnel erstellenden Personen als auch für das Objekt selbst.Various methods are known for creating a tunnel. The type of tunneling method and the optimal tunneling device is mainly determined by the intended use, the required cross-section with the associated expansion and the given type of rock or soil. Criteria of paramount importance continue to be cost-effectiveness and, in difficult ground conditions, safety both for the people who build the tunnel and for the property itself.

Ein herkömmliches Verfahren, das zum Vortrieb im Lockergestein eingesetzt wird, ist der Messer-Vortrieb, bei dem der Boden abgestützt wird, noch bevor er abgebaut wird. Messer-Vortriebe sind jedoch bei niedrig konsistenten oder unter Wasserdruck stehenden Böden nicht oder nur bedingt einsetzbar. Außerdem verursachen Deformationen am Messer oder Abweichungen in der Vortriebsrichtung erhebliche Schwierigkeiten.A conventional method that is used for driving in loose rock is knife driving, in which the ground is supported before it is mined. However, knife jacking cannot be used or can only be used to a limited extent on soils that are low in consistency or under water pressure. In addition, deformation of the knife or deviations in the direction of advance cause considerable difficulties.

Ein halbmechanisches Verfahren ist die Schildbauweise. Bei diesem Verfahren geschieht das Vorpressen automatisch. Die Schildbauweise ist für große Querschnitte sowohl im Trockenen als auch unter Wasser - dann mit Druckluftschild - geeignet. Der Schild, eine röhrenförmige Stahlkonstruktion vom Querschnitt des erforderlichen Ausbruchs, greift mit seiner Vorderkante, der Schneide, in die Stirnseite, die Ortsbrust, der Tunnelröhre ein. Im Schutz seines hinteren Teiles, des Schildschwanzes, werden die segmentförmigen Teile des Ausbaues, die Tübbings, aus Gußeisen oder Stahlbeton versetzt. Der Schild wird durch Pressen, die sich gegen den Ausbau abstützen, gegen die Ortsbrust vorgeschoben. Schilde werden in Ton, Sand und Geröll eingesetzt. Treten harte, größere Felseinschlüsse auf, so ist das Verfahren nur sehr bedingt einsetzbar.Shield construction is a semi-mechanical process. With this method, the pre-pressing takes place automatically. The shield construction is suitable for large cross-sections both in dry and under water - then with a compressed air shield. The shield, a tubular steel structure with the cross-section of the required excavation, engages with the front edge, the cutting edge, in the face, the face, the tunnel tube. In the protection of its rear part, the shield tail, the segment-shaped parts of the extension, the tubbings, are made of cast iron or reinforced concrete. The shield is pushed against the face using presses that support the expansion. Shields are used in clay, sand and rubble. If hard, large rock inclusions occur, the method can only be used to a very limited extent.

Eine Variante dazu ist das Druckluftschild, das im Grundwasser eingesetzt wird. Dieses sehr aufwendige Verfahren wird nur eingesetzt, wenn Grundwasserabsenkungen nicht möglich sind. Seine Grenzen sind wie beim normalen Schildvortrieb abgesteckt. Außerdem können wechselnde Böden oder Tunnels in durchlässigen Böden mit geringer Überdeckung wegen der Gefahr von Ausbläsern nicht gefahren werden.A variant of this is the compressed air shield, which is used in the groundwater. This very complex process is only used when lowering groundwater is not possible. As with normal shield jacking, its limits are set out. In addition, changing floors or tunnels in well-drained soils with little overlap cannot be driven due to the risk of blow-out.

Neben den Schildvortrieben gibt es bergmännische Vortriebe, die zum Teil in schwierigem Boden mit zusätzlichen Bauhilfsmaßnahmen arbeiten, so z. B. die Tunnelbauweise mit Spritzbetonsicherung, Injektionen, Grundwasserabsenkung oder Vereisung usw. Alle Verfahren sind mehr oder weniger begrenzt einsetzbar und zwar in Abhängigkeit von Bodenart, Wassergehalt, Konsistenz, Tunnelquerschnitt, Überdeckung und den Gesamtkosten.In addition to the shield drives, there are mining drives, some of which work in difficult soil with additional construction measures. B. the tunnel construction with shotcrete protection, injections, groundwater lowering or icing etc. All methods can be used to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the type of soil, water content, consistency, tunnel cross-section, coverage and the total costs.

Zur Erstellung eines Tunnels mittels Bodenvereisung werden in bestimmten Abständen von der geplanten äußeren Begrenzung des Tunnels Bohrlöcher parallel zur Tunnelachse gebohrt und in diese Rohre eingebracht, durch die eine Kühlflüssigkeit zirkuliert (siehe z. B. Die Bautechnik, Band 12, 1973, H. L. Tessberger et al. »Anwendung des Gefrierverfahrens«, Seiten 414-420). Durch die Kühlflüssigkeit wird dem Boden Wärme entzogen, bis um den geplanten Tunnelquerschnitt ein Frostkörper gebildet worden ist, der den umgebenden Boden während des Abbaus stützt und den bereits erstellten Tunnelraum gegenüber Grundwasser- und Bodeneinbruch sichert.To create a tunnel using ground freezing, boreholes are drilled parallel to the tunnel axis at certain intervals from the planned outer boundary of the tunnel and inserted into these pipes through which a coolant circulates (see e.g. Die Bautechnik, Volume 12, 1973, HL Tessberger et al. "Application of the Freezing Process", pages 414-420). The coolant removes heat from the ground until a frost body has formed around the planned tunnel cross-section, which supports the surrounding ground during mining and secures the tunnel space that has already been created against groundwater and ground burglary.

Beim zuletzt genannten Verfahren fallen relativ hohe Kosten für die Erstellung und den Unterhalt des Frostkörpers an. Die übrigen bekannten Verfahren besitzen entscheidende technische Nachteile: Sie sind bei oberflächennahen Tunnelbauwerken, die in stark wechselndem Baugrund erstellt werden sollen und wo mit Wasseraufkommen zu rechnen ist, nicht oder nur unter Zuhilfenahme von erheblichen Bauhilfsmaßnahmen einsetzbar. Die Bauhilfsmaßnahmen stellen in der Regel eine nahezu unzumutbare Belastung für die Umwelt dar und werden häufig nur genehmigt, weil es keine technischen Alternativen gibt und das Bauvorhaben unbedingt durchgeführt werden muß.The latter method involves relatively high costs for the creation and maintenance of the frost body. The other known methods have decisive technical disadvantages: they cannot be used in near-surface tunnel structures that are to be created in a rapidly changing subsoil and where water is to be expected, or can only be used with the help of considerable construction aid measures. The auxiliary construction measures generally represent an almost unreasonable burden on the environment and are often only approved because there are no technical alternatives and the construction project must be carried out.

Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren der eingangs geschilderten Art anzugeben, mit dem ein Tunnel auf einfache Weise ohne Bauhilfsmaßnahmen in stark wechselndem Baugrund erstellt werden kann.The invention is therefore based on the object of specifying a method of the type described at the outset by means of which a tunnel can be created in a simple manner without construction aid measures in a rapidly changing ground.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß zwischen Start- und Zielschacht innerhalb der Querschnittsfläche des geplanten Tunnels eine Bohrung in oder in der Nähe der geplanten Achse des späteren Tunnels vorgetrieben, in das gebildete Bohrloch ein Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr eingebracht, das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr durch einen Kälteträger gekühlt wird, bis um das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr ein Frostkörper mit größerem Durchmesser als dem geplanten Tunneldurchmesser gebildet worden ist und anschließend das gefrorene Erdreich abgebaut wird.This object is achieved in that a bore is drilled in or near the planned axis of the future tunnel between the start and target shaft within the cross-sectional area of the planned tunnel, a freezing working pipe is introduced into the borehole formed, the freezing working pipe through a The coolant is cooled until a frost body with a larger diameter than the planned tunnel diameter has been formed around the freezer work pipe and then the frozen soil is broken down.

Wie bei jedem Messer- oder Schildvortrieb ist auch beim erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren jeweils ein mehr oder weniger großer Start- und Zielschacht notwendig. Durch das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr wird solange ein Kühlfluid geleitet, bis sich um das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr ein im Querschnitt im wesentlichen kreisringförmiger Frostkörper mit einem Durchmesser gebildet hat, der so groß ist, daß nach Erstellung des Tunnelhohlraumes ein Frostkörper kreisringförmigen Querschnittes bestehen bleibt. Dieser verbleibende Frostkörper dient einerseits zur Abdichtung gegen Wasser und andererseits zum Zweck der Statik, d. h. zur Sicherung des Tunnelhohlraumes sowie der darin arbeitenden Personen.As with any knife or shield jacking, a more or less large starting and target shaft is also necessary in the method according to the invention. A cooling fluid is passed through the freezing working pipe until a freezing body with an essentially circular cross section has formed around the freezing working pipe with a diameter which is so large that a freezing body of circular cross section remains after the tunnel cavity has been created. This remaining frost body serves on the one hand to seal against water and on the other hand for the purpose of statics, i. H. to secure the tunnel cavity and the people working in it.

Erfindungsgemäß wird das Erdreich um das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr in gefrorenem Zustand abgebaut. In vorteilhafter Weise wird durch das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ein abzubauender Boden geschaffen, der ob seiner Gleichmäßigkeit gezielt und ohne technische Probleme abbaubar ist. Durch den Frostkörper wird beispielsweise ein bergmännischer Abbau ermöglicht, da eine Sicherung - bezogen auf die Tunnelachse - sowohl in radialer als auch in axialer Richtung besteht. Da der Tunnel stets in einen im Querschnitt kreisförmigen Frostkörper hineingetrieben wird und stets ein kreisringförmiger Frostkörper bestehen bleibt, bietet das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren einen sicheren temporären Verbau bis eine erste Sicherheitsschale eingebracht oder bis der Endausbau durchgeführt ist.According to the invention, the soil around the freezer work pipe is broken down in the frozen state. In an advantageous manner, the method according to the invention creates a soil to be dismantled, which can be degraded in a targeted manner and without technical problems due to its uniformity. The frost body enables, for example, mining to be mined, since there is a backup - in relation to the tunnel axis - both in the radial and in the axial direction. Since the tunnel is always driven into a frost body with a circular cross-section and an annular frost body always remains, the method according to the invention offers a safe temporary installation until a first safety shell is inserted or until the final expansion has been carried out.

Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren ermöglicht daher einen Vortrieb, der von der Tiefenlage des Tunnels unabhängig und auch in stark wechselnden Bodenarten möglich ist. Insbesondere kann mit diesem Verfahren auch ohne Druckluft oder andere Bauhilfsmaßnahmen umweltfreundlich im Grundwasser gearbeitet werden.The proposed method therefore enables propulsion that is independent of the depth of the tunnel and is also possible in strongly changing soil types. In particular, this method can also be used in an environmentally friendly manner in groundwater without compressed air or other construction aid measures.

In einer besonders wirtschaftlichen Variante des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird der Frostkörper abschnittsweise erstellt. In dieser Ausgestaltung wird ein Frostkörper stets nur in einem Teil des Bodenbereiches zwischen Start-und Zielschacht gebildet. Dadurch werden die Energiekosten erheblich gesenkt im Vergleich zu einem Verfahren, bei dem der Frostkörper entlang der gesamten gebohrten Strecke, d. h. in diesem Fall zwischen Start- und Zielschacht, gebildet wird. Bekannte Verfahren, einen Frostkörper in mehreren Abschnitten zu erstellen, arbeiten beispielsweise mit Gefrier-Arbeitsrohren, die durch Abschottungen, die nach und nach durchtrennt werden, in mehrere Gefrierrohr-Abschnitte unterteilt sind. Abschnittsweises Gefrieren ist auch möglich, wenn in das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr ein Innenrohr eingeführt wird, wobei mit Hilfe von elastisch verformbaren Dichtungen im Bereich des zu vereisenden Bodens ein flüssigkeitsdichter Raum zwischen Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr und Innenrohr gebildet und in diesem Raum eine im Wärmetausch mit dem gekühlten Fluid gefrierende Flüssigkeit eingeleitet und nachfolgend ein gekühltes Fluid in das Innenrohr eingeführt wird. Nach einem anderen Verfahren wird ebenfalls in das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr ein Innenrohr eingeführt, wobei dieses auf einem Teil seiner Länge mit einer wärmedämmenden Schicht ausgerüstet ist.In a particularly economical variant of the method according to the invention, the frost body is created in sections. In this embodiment, a frost body is always formed only in a part of the floor area between the start and the target shaft. As a result, the energy costs are significantly reduced compared to a method in which the frost body along the entire drilled route, i. H. in this case between the start and the target shaft. Known methods of creating a frost body in several sections work, for example, with freezer working tubes which are divided into several freezer tube sections by partitions which are gradually cut through. Sectional freezing is also possible if an inner tube is inserted into the freezing work tube, with the help of elastically deformable seals in the area of the floor to be iced, a liquid-tight space is formed between the freezing work tube and the inner tube and in this space one is used for heat exchange with the cooled one Fluid freezing liquid is introduced and subsequently a cooled fluid is introduced into the inner tube. According to another method, an inner tube is also inserted into the freezing working tube, this being equipped with a heat-insulating layer over part of its length.

Jedes der angegebenen Verfahren ermöglicht ein abschnittsweises Erstellen des Frostkörpers. Dem Vortriebsverlauf entsprechend wird der Frostkörper zuerst im Bereich des Startschachtes erstellt, in dem der Vortrieb beginnt. Je nach Fortschritt der dem Bodengefrieren folgenden Arbeiten - im wesentlichen ist das der Aushub des Eis-Erdstoffes um das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr - wird ein Frostkörper in weiteren Teilstrecken erstellt.Each of the specified methods enables the frost body to be created in sections. In accordance with the progress of the tunneling, the frost body is first created in the area of the starting shaft in which tunneling begins. Depending on the progress of the work following the freezing of the ground - essentially this is the excavation of the ice-earth material around the freezing work pipe - a frost body is created in further sections.

Nach einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung des Erfindungsgedankens wird als Kühlfluid ein tiefsiedendes, verflüssigtes Gas, insbesondere flüssiger Stickstoff, verwendet. Wegen ihrer niedrigen Siedetemperaturen können durch diese Gase dem Erdreich erhebliche Wärmemengen entzogen werden. Ein besonders geeignetes tiefsiedendes verflüssigtes Gas ist flüssiger Stickstoff, da er billig ist, wegen seines tiefen Siedepunktes für eine rasche Abkühlung sorgt und darüber hinaus einfach zu handhaben ist. Es kann auch Sole als Kälteträger eingesetzt werden.According to a further advantageous embodiment of the inventive concept, a low-boiling, liquefied gas, in particular liquid nitrogen, is used as the cooling fluid. Because of their low boiling temperatures, these gases can extract significant amounts of heat from the ground. A particularly suitable low-boiling liquefied gas is liquid nitrogen because it is cheap, because of its low boiling point it cools down quickly and is also easy to handle. Brine can also be used as a coolant.

Grundsätzlich ist es möglich, in die zwischen Start- und Zielschacht vorgetriebene Bohrung das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr einzuführen und anschließend das Bohrgestänge zu ziehen. In einer besonders zweckmäßigen Variante des Erfindungsgedankens ist jedoch das Bohrgestänge selbst als Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr ausgebildet. Das Bohrgestänge muß daher nicht gezogen werden, sondern kann im Baugrund verbleiben und bildet somit die »Tunnelachse«.Basically, it is possible to insert the freezer work pipe into the bore driven between the start and target shaft and then to pull the drill pipe. In a particularly expedient variant of the inventive concept, however, the drill pipe itself is designed as a freezing working pipe. The drill pipe therefore does not have to be pulled, but can remain in the ground and thus forms the »tunnel axis«.

In einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung des Erfindungsgedankens werden in großen Tunnelquerschnitten dem späteren Tunnelquerschnitt entsprechend mehrere Bohrungen zwischen Startr und Zielschacht vorgetrieben, wobei in jedes Bohrloch ein Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr eingebracht wird. In dieser Variante wird nicht nur ein Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr, sondern es werden dem Querschnitt und Profil entsprechend mehrere Gefrier-Arbeitsrohre parallel oder taktweise nebeneinander gesetzt. Die Zahl bzw. Anordnung der Gefrier-Arbeitsrohre wird entsprechend der Tunnelquerschnittsfläche und -geometrie gewählt.In an advantageous embodiment of the concept of the invention, several holes are drilled between the start and the target shaft in large tunnel cross-sections, corresponding to the later tunnel cross-section, a freezing working tube being introduced into each borehole. In this variant, not only is a freezer work tube, but several freezer work tubes are placed in parallel or in cycles according to the cross-section and profile. The number or arrangement of the freezer work tubes is selected according to the tunnel cross-sectional area and geometry.

Herkömmliche Abbaumethoden haben alle gemeinsam, daß sie entweder manuell ausgeführt werden oder Vorrichtungen erforderlich machen, die sich nach hinten abstützen - also die Reaktionskräfte aufnehmen, die der Andruck der Werkzeuge an der Ortsbrust erzeugt. Nach einer besonders vorteilhaften erfindungsgemäßen Variante wird das gefrorene Erdreich mittels einer sich am Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr abstützenden Abbauvorrichtung abgebaut. Werden bei großen Tunnelquerschnitten mehrere Gefrier-Arbeitsrohre gesetzt, so werden erfindungsgemäß ebenfalls mehrere Abbauvorichtungen eingesetzt, die parallel oder taktweise nebeneinander arbeiten. Das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr nimmt bei dieser Verfahrensweise einerseits die Reaktionskräfte auf und dient andererseits gleichzeitig als Führungselement für die Vortriebsrichtung. Mit der Lage bzw. Einmessung und exakten Einbringung des Gefrier-Arbeitsrohres ist also die lstabweichung des Vortriebs bestimmt und braucht nicht mehr überwacht zu werden.Conventional mining methods all have in common that they are either carried out manually or require devices that are supported to the rear - that is, absorb the reaction forces generated by the pressure of the tools on the working face. According to a particularly advantageous variant according to the invention, the frozen soil is broken down by means of a mining device supported on the freezing working pipe. If several freezer work pipes are placed in the case of large tunnel cross-sections, then several dismantling devices are also used according to the invention, which work side by side in parallel or in cycles. With this procedure, the freezer working tube absorbs the reaction forces on the one hand and at the same time serves as a guide element for the direction of advance. With the position or measurement and exact placement of the freezing working pipe, the oil deviation of the tunneling is determined and no longer needs to be monitored.

Das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr selbst wird außen mit Gewinde, Zahnstange oder ähnlichem versehen, welche als Führung und Widerlager beim Vorschub der Abbauvorrichtung dienen. Da das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr aus mehr oder weniger langen Teilstücken, wie sie bei der Bohrtechnik üblich sind, zusammengesetzt ist, kann während des Vortriebs das jeweils freiwerdende Ende abgenommen und später wieder verwendet werden.The freezer work tube itself is provided on the outside with a thread, rack or the like, which serve as a guide and abutment when feeding the excavation device. Since the freezer work tube is composed of more or less long sections, as are customary in drilling technology, the end that is released can be removed during the advance taken and used again later.

In dieser Variante wird das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr auf Zug beansprucht und muß sehr hohe Reaktionskräfte aufnehmen. Erfahrungsgemäß ist ein Lösen des Gefrier-Arbeitsrohres aus dem Baugrund dennoch so lange ausgeschlossen, wie die dem Abbau voreilende Vereisung ein ausreichendes Widerlager bildet.In this variant, the freezing work tube is subjected to tension and has to absorb very high reaction forces. Experience has shown that the freezing work pipe cannot be detached from the building site as long as the icing leading to the dismantling forms a sufficient abutment.

Die Abbauvorrichtung selbst kann vollständig auf die Forderung eines schnellen, wirtschaftlichen Abbaus des gefrorenen Baugrunds ausgerichtet sein. Dabei kann der Baugrund vollautomatisch - zentral durch das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr - durch Hämmer, Meißel, Fräser oder ähnliches oder kombinierte Werkzeuge abgebaut, geladen oder transportiert werden. Die axiale Lage des Gefrier-Arbeitsrohrs bietet ferner die Möglichkeit des Einsatzes einer rotierenden Vorrichtung, die sich beispielsweise mit Hilfe des obengenannten Zahnstangen-Gefrier-Arbeitsrohres ruckartig bzw. taktweise in den Eis-Erdstoffkörper oder mit Hilfe eines Gewindes schraubenförmig hineinfrißt. Auch sind Hydro- oder Thermoabtrageverfahren denkbar. Dem Abbau kann unmittelbar der Ausbau z. B. Spritzbeton-Sicherung oder Endausbau z. B. extrudierter Beton folgen.The excavation device itself can be completely geared to the requirement of rapid, economical dismantling of the frozen ground. The building site can be dismantled, loaded or transported fully automatically - centrally through the freezer work tube - by hammers, chisels, milling cutters or similar or combined tools. The axial position of the freezing work tube also offers the possibility of using a rotating device which, for example with the help of the above-mentioned rack-freezer work tube, jerks into the ice / earth body or with a thread in a helical manner. Hydro or thermal removal processes are also conceivable. The dismantling can immediately be expanded e.g. B. shotcrete fuse or final expansion z. B. Follow extruded concrete.

Je nach Durchmesser des Gefrier-Arbeitsrohres können mit den erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren Frostkörperdurchmesser bis zu ca. 5 m erreicht werden. Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren ist daher bevorzugt bei Tunnelbauten mit relativ kleinem Durchmesser einzusetzen. Bei größeren Tunnelquerschnitten können mehrere Gefrier-Arbeitsrohre in entsprechenden Abständen innerhalb des Ausbruchsprofiles so angeordnet werden, daß ein ausreichend großer, sich überlappender Frostkörper entsteht und gleichzeitig oder taktweise mit mehreren Werkzeugen abgebaut werden kann.Depending on the diameter of the freezer working tube, frost body diameters of up to approx. 5 m can be achieved with the methods according to the invention. The proposed method is therefore preferably to be used in tunnels with a relatively small diameter. In the case of larger tunnel cross-sections, several freezer work pipes can be arranged at appropriate intervals within the excavation profile in such a way that a sufficiently large, overlapping frost body is created and can be dismantled simultaneously or intermittently with several tools.

Im folgenden soll anhand einer schematischen Skizze ein Ausführungsbeispiel des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens mit einem Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr erläutert werden:

  • Zum Erstellen eines Tunnels ist ein Startschacht 1 mit Schachtwand 3 und ein Zielschacht 2 mit Schachtwand 4 ausgehoben worden. Zwischen Startschacht 1 und Zielschacht 2 ist eine Bohrung vorgetrieben worden. Das Bohrgestänge ist als Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr ausgebildet und verbleibt daher nach Durchführung der Bohrung im Bohrloch 5. Das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr 6 besteht im Ausführungsbeispiel aus mehreren Teilstükken 6', die z. B. über ein Außengewinde mittels geeigneter Muffen mit Innengewinden miteinander verbunden sind und auf ihrer Außenseite eine Zahnstange tragen. In das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr wird ein verschiebbares Innenrohr 7 eingeführt. Dieses Innenrohr dient zur abschnittsweisen Vereisung des Erdreiches um das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr zwischen Start- und Zielschacht und besitzt an seiner in der Skizze dargestellten Spitze einen Durchmesser, der größer ist als in seinem übrigen Bereich. Das übrige Innenrohr erstreckt sich zwischen der Innenrohrspitze und beispielsweise dem Zielschacht 2. Beidseitig des Innenrohrbereiches mit großem Durchmesser sind zwei Gummidichtungen 8, 9 entlang des Umfanges des Innenrohres angeordnet. Diese Gummidichtungen können mittels Druckluft so verformt werden, daß sie an der Innenwand des Gefrier-Arbeitsrohres anliegen und einen wasserdichten Kontakt herstellen. In dem Raum 10 zwischen Innenrohr und Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr 6 bzw. zwischen den Dichtungen 8, 9 wird nun Wasser eingeleitet und anschließend ein verflüssigtes, tiefsiedendes Gas (im Ausführungsbeispiel flüssiger Stickstoff) in das Innenrohr eingeleitet. Im indirekten Wärmetausch gefriert das durch die Gummidichtungen eingeschlossene Wasser im•Ringreum 10 und stellt dadurch eine gute Wärmebrücke zwischen dem Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr 6 und dem Erdreich bzw. dem Innenrohr 7 her. Zum Verschieben des Innenrohres wird der Ringraum 10 durch warmes Wasser oder Dampf aufgetaut, die Luft aus den Dichtungen 8 und 9 abgelassen und das Innenrohr vom Zielschacht 2 her verschoben. Im Zielschacht befindet sich ein Einspeisekopf 11 über den flüssiger Stickstoff, der z. B. aus einem Vorratstank 12 entnommen und über Leitung 13, die vakuumisoliert sein kann, zum Einspeisekopf 11 geleitet worden ist, in das Innenrohr 7 eingeleitet wird. Der im Wärmetausch mit dem Erdreich verdampfte Stickstoff wird über das Innenrohr, den Einspeisekopf sowie eine Leitung 18 abgeführt und an die Umgebung abgegeben. Vom Zielschacht 2 her werden auch die erforderliche Luft bzw. das Wasser zur Innenrohrspitze geleitet.
An exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention with a freezer working tube is to be explained below with the aid of a schematic sketch:
  • To create a tunnel, a starting shaft 1 with shaft wall 3 and a target shaft 2 with shaft wall 4 have been excavated. A hole has been drilled between the start shaft 1 and the target shaft 2. The drill pipe is designed as a freezing working tube and therefore remains in the borehole 5 after the bore has been drilled. In the exemplary embodiment, the freezing working tube 6 consists of a plurality of partial pieces 6 'which, for. B. are connected to each other via an external thread by means of suitable sleeves with internal threads and carry a toothed rack on their outside. A displaceable inner tube 7 is inserted into the freezing working tube. This inner pipe is used for section-by-section icing of the soil around the freezer work pipe between the start and finish shafts and has a diameter at its tip shown in the sketch which is larger than in its remaining area. The rest of the inner tube extends between the inner tube tip and, for example, the target shaft 2. Two rubber seals 8, 9 are arranged on both sides of the inner tube region with a large diameter along the circumference of the inner tube. These rubber seals can be deformed by means of compressed air so that they rest on the inner wall of the freezer work tube and make a watertight contact. Water is then introduced into the space 10 between the inner tube and the freezing working tube 6 or between the seals 8, 9, and then a liquefied, low-boiling gas (liquid nitrogen in the exemplary embodiment) is introduced into the inner tube. In indirect heat exchange, the water enclosed by the rubber seals freezes in the • ring area 10 and thereby creates a good thermal bridge between the freezing working pipe 6 and the ground or the inner pipe 7. To move the inner tube, the annular space 10 is thawed by warm water or steam, the air is discharged from the seals 8 and 9 and the inner tube is moved from the target shaft 2. In the target shaft there is a feed head 11 via the liquid nitrogen, which, for. B. removed from a storage tank 12 and has been passed via line 13, which may be vacuum insulated, to the feed head 11, is introduced into the inner tube 7. The nitrogen evaporated in the heat exchange with the ground is discharged via the inner tube, the feed head and a line 18 and released into the environment. From the target shaft 2, the required air or water is also directed to the inner tube tip.

Auf der dem Startschacht zugewandten Seite der Innenrohrspitze ist eine Vorrichtung 14 angebracht, mit der die Position des Innenrohres und damit des zu frierenden Bereiches festgelegt werden kann.On the side of the inner tube tip facing the starting shaft, a device 14 is attached, with which the position of the inner tube and thus the area to be frozen can be determined.

Zunächst wird der dem Startschacht unmittelbar benachbarte Bereich gefroren. Hat sich um das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr ein Frostkörper mit einem ausreichend großen Durchmesser D, der größer als der Durchmesser d des geplanten Tunnels ist, gebildet, kann mit dem Abbau des ersten Abschnittes begonnen werden. Im Ausführungsbeispiel soll eine rotierende Vortriebsvorrichtung 15 verwendet werden, die um das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr rotiert und einen dem geplanten Tunneldurchmesser entsprechenden Durchmesser besitzt. Um die Vortriebsvorrichtung in Rotation und in Vorwärtsbewegung zu versetzen, ist ein sich gegen das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr abstützender Antrieb vorgesehen. Durch Antrieb 16 wird die Vortriebsvorrichtung 15 taktweise dem Eis-Erdstoffkörper entgegengeführt. Unmittelbar nach dem Abbau können Tübbings 17 zur Sicherung des Tunnels versetzt werden. Hierzu wird z. B. ein um die Achse der Vortriebsvorrichtung drehbarer Kranarm (Erektor) verwendet. Der Zwischenraum zwischen dem Ausbau und dem Erdreich wird mit Zementmörtel ausgepreßt. Spätestens zu diesem Zeitpunkt wird das Innenrohr zum nächsten Tunnelabschnitt verschoben und das umliegende Erdreich gefroren. Erfindungsgemäß muß die Vereisung dem Abbau stets soweit voreilen, daß für das Gefrier-Arbeitsrohr ein für die Aufnahme der durch den Antrieb 11 verursachten Reaktionskräfte ausreichendes Widerlager gegeben ist.First, the area immediately adjacent to the starting shaft is frozen. If a frost body with a sufficiently large diameter D, which is larger than the diameter d of the planned tunnel, has formed around the freezing working pipe, the dismantling of the first section can begin. In the exemplary embodiment, a rotating jacking device 15 is to be used, which rotates around the freezing working tube and has a diameter corresponding to the planned tunnel diameter. In order to set the propulsion device in rotation and in forward movement, a drive is provided which is supported against the freezing working tube. The drive device 15 is cyclically guided towards the ice / earth material body by drive 16. Immediately after dismantling, segments 17 can be moved to secure the tunnel. For this, z. B. is used around the axis of the propulsion device rotatable crane arm (erector). The space between the expansion and the soil is pressed out with cement mortar. At this point at the latest, the inner pipe is moved to the next tunnel section and the surrounding soil frozen. According to the invention, the icing must always lead the dismantling to such an extent that there is sufficient abutment for the freezing working tube to absorb the reaction forces caused by the drive 11.

Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, daß durch die erfindungsgemäße Verfahrensweise

  • 1. ein von der Tiefenlage des Tunnels unabhängiger Vortrieb möglich ist,
  • 2. ein abzubauender Baugrund geschaffen wird, der aufgrund seiner Gleichmäßigkeit gezielt und ohne technische Schwierigkeiten abgebaut werden kann,
  • 3. ein sicherer, temporärer Verbau bis zur Einbringung einer Sicherung gegeben ist,
  • 4. nur ein geringer Aufwand an Geräten vorort erforderlich ist,
  • 5, ein störungsarmer und reparaturfreundlicher Betrieb möglich ist,
  • 6. nur eine sehr einfache Überwachung erforderlich ist, wodurch ein hoher Sicherheitsfaktor erreicht wird und
  • 7. ohne Druckluft und Bauhilfsmaßnahmen umweltfreundlich im Grundwasser gearbeitet werden kann.
In summary, it can be stated that the procedure according to the invention
  • 1. tunneling is possible regardless of the depth of the tunnel,
  • 2. a building ground to be dismantled is created which, due to its uniformity, can be removed in a targeted manner and without technical difficulties,
  • 3. there is a safe, temporary installation until a safety device is installed,
  • 4. only a small amount of equipment is required on site,
  • 5, trouble-free and repair-friendly operation is possible,
  • 6. only a very simple monitoring is required, whereby a high safety factor is achieved and
  • 7. You can work in an environmentally friendly manner in groundwater without compressed air and construction measures.

Claims (8)

1. A method of constructing a tunnel between a starting shaft and an objective shaft (1 and 2) by ground freezing, characterised in that between the starting shaft and the objective shaft within the cross-sectional area of the planned tunnel, a bore (5) is driven into or in the vicinity of the planned axis of the future tunnel, a freezing working pipe (6) is inserted into the bore hole formed, the freezing working pipe is cooled by a coolant until a frozen mass having a larger diameter (D) than the diameter (d) of the planned tunnel has been formed around the freezing working pipe, and the frozen earth is subsequently removed.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the frozen mass is produced section- wise.
3. A method as claimed in one of claims 1 or 2, characterised in that as coolant, brine or a cooling liquid, e. g. a low-boiling, liquefied gas, in particular liquid nitrogen, is used.
4. A method as claimed in one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the boring rods are designed as a freezing working pipe.
5. A method as claimed in one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that in large tunnel cross-sections for the subsequent tunnel cross-section, a plurality of bores are driven between the starting and the objective shaft and a freezing working pipe (6) is inserted into each borehole.
6. A method as claimed in one of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the frozen earth is removed by means of one (a plurality of) removing device(s) (16) which is (are) supported on a freezing working pipe (6).
7. A method as claimed in claim 6, characterised in that the removing device (15) consists of hammers, chisels, cutters or combined tools, or is a hydraulic or thermal removing device.
8. A method as claimed in claim 6, characterised in that the removing device (15) consists of a device which rests, or moves, e. g. rotates, around the freezing working pipe (6), in the radial direction and which moves rhythmically or continuously in the axial direction of the freezing working pipe.
EP82109240A 1981-10-13 1982-10-06 Method of constructing a tunnel Expired EP0077943B1 (en)

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AT82109240T ATE15515T1 (en) 1981-10-13 1982-10-06 PROCEDURE FOR CREATING A TUNNEL.

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DE3140672 1981-10-13
DE19813140672 DE3140672A1 (en) 1981-10-13 1981-10-13 METHOD FOR CREATING A TUNNEL

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DE3140672A1 (en) 1983-04-28
US4516878A (en) 1985-05-14
EP0077943A1 (en) 1983-05-04
DE3266213D1 (en) 1985-10-17
ATE15515T1 (en) 1985-09-15

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