EP0076027B1 - Powder metallurgy articles - Google Patents
Powder metallurgy articles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0076027B1 EP0076027B1 EP82304064A EP82304064A EP0076027B1 EP 0076027 B1 EP0076027 B1 EP 0076027B1 EP 82304064 A EP82304064 A EP 82304064A EP 82304064 A EP82304064 A EP 82304064A EP 0076027 B1 EP0076027 B1 EP 0076027B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- vanadium
- carbon
- max
- article
- martensitic structure
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- ZLANVVMKMCTKMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanidylidynevanadium(1+) Chemical class [V+]#[C-] ZLANVVMKMCTKMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 niobium carbides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- QISGROBHHFQWKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[Nb] Chemical compound [C].[Nb] QISGROBHHFQWKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 14
- 235000019589 hardness Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 229910001315 Tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009863 impact test Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- INZDTEICWPZYJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(chloromethyl)-4-[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]benzene Chemical compound C1=CC(CCl)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(CCl)C=C1 INZDTEICWPZYJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000756 V alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000822 Cold-work tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009661 fatigue test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009689 gas atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
- C22C33/0278—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5%
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B27/00—Rolls, roll alloys or roll fabrication; Lubricating, cooling or heating rolls while in use
Definitions
- This invention relates to powder metallurgy articles.
- tool steels such as in the manufacture of hot working rolls and tooling used in rolling hot metal
- the tooling is subjected to conditions of extreme wear as a result of contact with the workpiece, thermal shock, as a result of being subjected to high temperatures when in contact with the hot workpiece and then rapid cooling when out of contact with the workpiece, and high compressive stresses, as a result of the roll separating forces encountered during rolling.
- thermal shock as a result of being subjected to high temperatures when in contact with the hot workpiece and then rapid cooling when out of contact with the workpiece, and high compressive stresses, as a result of the roll separating forces encountered during rolling.
- tool steels from which workrolls and other similar hot work tooling are made be characterised by good wear resistance, toughness, strength and resistance to thermal fatigue and shock.
- An additional object of the invention is to provide for cold work tooling requirements by having a combination of high toughness and excellent wear resistance for critically demanding applications, such as slitter knives and shear blades.
- the present invention provides a powder metallurgy formed from compacted prealloyed powder, in which the powder is of an alloy having the composition, in weight percent:-
- a tool steel powder metallurgy article particularly adapted for the manufacture of hot work rolls and tooling, wherein the carbon content is controlled in relation to vanadium so that there is sufficient carbon to combine with vanadium to form vanadium carbides, which provide the required wear resistance.
- the alloy is heat treated by austenitising and air cooling or oil quenching during which cooling a fully martensitic structure is obtained.
- tool steels in accordance with the invention are characterised by excellent wear resistance because of the vanadium carbide content; good toughness because of the absence of excess carbon in the matrix over that required to ensure a fully martensitic structure; strength, because of the strengthening effect of the martensite; and resistance to thermal fatigue and shock, resulting from the absence of carbon in the matrix other than that needed to form martensite.
- the alloy would be processed by powder metallurgy techniques in the conventional manner and would be characterised by a fully martensitic structure with no carbon in the steel matrix in excess of carbon necessary to combine with vanadium to form vanadium carbide and to ensure a fully martensitic structure.
- the hardness may be at least 50 R . for hot working applications; lower hardnesses may be provided for cold work tooling requirements.
- vanadium carbide content of the alloy powder metallurgy processing is required to ensure a fine, even carbide distribution necessary for toughness and grindability.
- powder metallurgy article as used herein is used to designate a compacted prealloyed particle charge which has been formed by a combination of heat and pressure to a coherent mass having a density in final form, in excess of 99% of theoretical density; this includes intermediate products, such as billets, blooms, rod and bar and the like, as well as final products, such as tool steel articles including rolls, punches, dies, wear plates, slitter knives, shear blades and the like, which articles may be fabricated from intermediate product forms from the initial prealloy particle charge.
- the particle charge may be produced by conventional gas atomisation.
- MC-type vanadium carbides refers to the carbide characterised by the face-centred cubic crystal structure with M representing the carbide-forming element essentially vanadium this also includes M Q C 3 -type vanadium carbides and includes the partial replacement of vanadium by other carbide forming elements such as iron, molybdenum, chromium and of carbon by nitrogen to encompass what are termed carbonitrides.
- the powder metallurgy article of this invention is defined herein as containing all MC-type and M 4 C 3 vanadium carbides, it is understood that other types of carbides, such as M 6 C, M 2 C and M 23 C 6 carbides, may also be present in minor amounts, but are not significant from the standpoint of achieving the objects of the invention specifically from the standpoint of wear resistance.
- compositions were prepared by powder metallurgical technology and microstructural studies were conducted on heat treated specimens to determine the compositional balance with respect to vanadium and carbon which is required to develop a fully martensitic structure.
- Table I A summary of the relation between the microstructural observations and compositions is shown in Table I.
- the 1.78 carbon-8.80 vanadium alloy in accordance with the invention exhibited a C-notch impact strength value of 100 joules (74 ft-Ibs) at an HRC of 49.5 which demonstrates a drastic improvement in toughness at a hardness level comparable to the hardnesses of the conventional alloys set forth in Table II.
- Table IV shows the C-notch impact results, as well as hardness (Rockwell C scale); for a conventional powder metallurgy produced tool steel with a nominal composition, in weight percent, carbon 2.4, manganese .45, silicon .89, chromium 5.25, vanadium 9.85, molybdenum 1.25 and balance iron.
- the distinguishing feature between this composition and the above-reported CPM 9V composition is that with this latter conventional composition there is excess carbon present in the matrix which is intended for strengthening.
- Table VI compares, after heat treatment, the wear resistance of the CPM 9V material of the invention with conventional high alloy hot work tool steels of conventional cast and wrought production. As may be seen from Table VI the CPM 9V material of the invention shows drastically improved wear resistance over the AISI H13, AISI H19 and AISI H21 steels even in instances wherein the hardness of the CPM 9V material is significantly lower than that of the conventional steels.
- the cross-cylinder wear test was used. In this test, a cylindrical specimen of 15.9 mm (5/8 in) diameter of the respective cold work or warm-work tool material and a cylindrical specimen of 12.7 mm (1/2 in) diameter of tungsten carbide (with 6% cobalt binder) are positioned perpendicularly to one another. A 6.8 kg (fifteen-pound) load is applied through weight on a lever arm. Then the tungsten carbide cylinder specimen is rotated at a speed of 667 revolutions per minute. No lubrication is applied. As the test progresses, a wear spot develops on the specimen of the tool material.
- the extent of wear is determined by measuring the depth of the wear spot on the specimen and converting it into wear volume by aid of a relationship specifically derived for this purpose.
- the wear resistance, or the reciprocal of the wear rate is then computed according to the following formula:
- thermal fatigue properties of the steel of the invention when compared with conventional powder metallurgy produced cold work tool steels and conventional cast and wrought steels of this type are shown in Table VII; in this Table, the steel of the invention, CPM 9V, is compared with a conventional powder metallurgy produced tool steel containing 2.46% carbon and 9.75% vanadium and a conventional cast and wrought steel of this type, which is identified as AISI H13.
- the thermal fatigue resistance of the CPM 9V material of the invention is drastically greater than that of both of the other conventional steels tested, including the 2.46 carbon-9.75 vanadium material which is a powder metallurgy produced steel designed for cold or warm work tooling.
- the thermal fatigue test involves the use of an electrically heated lead pot, a hot water quenching bath and a solenoid valve operated, pneumatic-operated mechanical transfer for transferring the specimens between the lead pot and the bath. Specimens are transferred into the lead bath for a 4-second heating period. They are then transferred quickly to a position above the water bath wherein they are quenched for 2 seconds at a water bath temperature of 82°C (180°F). This cycle is repeated at a rate of 3 cycles per minute. Each specimen during each cycle is dried above the lead pot for a period of 5 seconds. Including transfer time each cycle takes approximately 20 seconds.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Reduction Rolling/Reduction Stand/Operation Of Reduction Machine (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
- Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
- Drilling And Exploitation, And Mining Machines And Methods (AREA)
- Turning (AREA)
- Breeding Of Plants And Reproduction By Means Of Culturing (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Metal Rolling (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT82304064T ATE23567T1 (de) | 1981-09-28 | 1982-08-02 | Nach pulvermetallurgischem verfahren hergestellte formkoerper. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US30604081A | 1981-09-28 | 1981-09-28 | |
| US306040 | 1981-09-28 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0076027A2 EP0076027A2 (en) | 1983-04-06 |
| EP0076027A3 EP0076027A3 (en) | 1984-02-22 |
| EP0076027B1 true EP0076027B1 (en) | 1986-11-12 |
Family
ID=23183484
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP82304064A Expired EP0076027B1 (en) | 1981-09-28 | 1982-08-02 | Powder metallurgy articles |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0076027B1 (ru) |
| JP (1) | JPS5858255A (ru) |
| KR (1) | KR840001456A (ru) |
| AT (1) | ATE23567T1 (ru) |
| CA (1) | CA1191039A (ru) |
| DE (1) | DE3274261D1 (ru) |
| DK (1) | DK158795C (ru) |
| ES (1) | ES8305424A1 (ru) |
| IN (1) | IN158518B (ru) |
| MX (1) | MX159525A (ru) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6029450A (ja) * | 1983-07-26 | 1985-02-14 | Kanto Tokushu Seikou Kk | 冷間工具鋼 |
| JPS6362845A (ja) * | 1986-09-03 | 1988-03-19 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | 焼結工具鋼 |
| US5830287A (en) * | 1997-04-09 | 1998-11-03 | Crucible Materials Corporation | Wear resistant, powder metallurgy cold work tool steel articles having high impact toughness and a method for producing the same |
| FR2767725B1 (fr) * | 1997-09-01 | 1999-10-08 | Jean Claude Werquin | Cylindre de travail composite pour le laminage a chaud & a froid en acier rapide a haut carbone et haut vanadium et son procede de fabrication par coulee centrifuge |
| NL1016811C2 (nl) | 2000-12-06 | 2002-06-13 | Skf Ab | Wentellager omvattende een met poedermetallurgietechniek verkregen onderdeel. |
| US7288157B2 (en) * | 2005-05-09 | 2007-10-30 | Crucible Materials Corp. | Corrosion and wear resistant alloy |
| EP2933345A1 (en) * | 2014-04-14 | 2015-10-21 | Uddeholms AB | Cold work tool steel |
| CN113003576A (zh) * | 2021-02-25 | 2021-06-22 | 邵阳学院 | 一种碳化钒铌纳米片及其制备方法与应用 |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3150444A (en) * | 1962-04-26 | 1964-09-29 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Method of producing alloy steel |
| JPS52141406A (en) * | 1976-05-21 | 1977-11-25 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Tool steel containing nitrogen made by powder metallurgy |
| US4249945A (en) * | 1978-09-20 | 1981-02-10 | Crucible Inc. | Powder-metallurgy steel article with high vanadium-carbide content |
-
1982
- 1982-04-08 CA CA000400811A patent/CA1191039A/en not_active Expired
- 1982-05-24 DK DK231882A patent/DK158795C/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-06-25 ES ES513486A patent/ES8305424A1/es not_active Expired
- 1982-07-20 JP JP57125235A patent/JPS5858255A/ja active Granted
- 1982-07-26 IN IN567/DEL/82A patent/IN158518B/en unknown
- 1982-08-02 DE DE8282304064T patent/DE3274261D1/de not_active Expired
- 1982-08-02 AT AT82304064T patent/ATE23567T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-08-02 EP EP82304064A patent/EP0076027B1/en not_active Expired
- 1982-08-16 MX MX194025A patent/MX159525A/es unknown
- 1982-09-28 KR KR1019820004373A patent/KR840001456A/ko unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES513486A0 (es) | 1983-04-01 |
| EP0076027A3 (en) | 1984-02-22 |
| DK158795B (da) | 1990-07-16 |
| JPH0140904B2 (ru) | 1989-09-01 |
| ES8305424A1 (es) | 1983-04-01 |
| DK231882A (da) | 1983-03-29 |
| IN158518B (ru) | 1986-11-29 |
| ATE23567T1 (de) | 1986-11-15 |
| JPS5858255A (ja) | 1983-04-06 |
| MX159525A (es) | 1989-06-27 |
| DK158795C (da) | 1990-12-24 |
| KR840001456A (ko) | 1984-05-07 |
| CA1191039A (en) | 1985-07-30 |
| EP0076027A2 (en) | 1983-04-06 |
| DE3274261D1 (en) | 1987-01-02 |
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