EP0060769A1 - Ternary combustible with acetylene content in the liquid and gaseous phases - Google Patents

Ternary combustible with acetylene content in the liquid and gaseous phases Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0060769A1
EP0060769A1 EP82400409A EP82400409A EP0060769A1 EP 0060769 A1 EP0060769 A1 EP 0060769A1 EP 82400409 A EP82400409 A EP 82400409A EP 82400409 A EP82400409 A EP 82400409A EP 0060769 A1 EP0060769 A1 EP 0060769A1
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Prior art keywords
acetylene
ethylene
ternary
volume
liquid
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0060769B1 (en
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Maurice Bruni
Georges Duboz
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Air Liquide SA
LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Air Liquide SA
LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
    • C10L3/02—Compositions containing acetylene

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

Abstract

A fuel mixture, which contains by volume 15 to 25% acetylene, 5 to 17% C3 hydrocarbon, preferably propylene, and the remainder ethylene. This ternary fuel having a fairly constant acetylene content, is suitable in applications pertaining to assembly, flame heat treatment, flame metal spraying and disintegration of inorganic compounds or cements.

Description

La présente invention concerne un combustible ternaire à teneur sensiblement constante en acétylène dans les phases liquide et vapeur.The present invention relates to a ternary fuel with a substantially constant acetylene content in the liquid and vapor phases.

Il est d'usage, depuis plus d'un demi-siècle, d'utiliser l'acétylène dans ce domaine technique. Cependant, la nature de l'acétylène fait qu'il est très dangereux de le conserver comprimé à l'état naturel, et couramment on le stocke après l'avoir comprimé et dissous dans un solvant, tel l'acétone/dans un matériau poreux. Dans ces conditions, par rapport au poids du récipient et de son contenu la quantité d'acétylène stockée ou transportée est faible.It has been customary for more than half a century to use acetylene in this technical field. However, the nature of acetylene makes it very dangerous to keep it compressed in the natural state, and commonly it is stored after having compressed it and dissolved in a solvent, such as acetone / in a porous material. . Under these conditions, relative to the weight of the container and its content, the amount of acetylene stored or transported is low.

On a envisagé le transport et l'entreposage de l'acétylène à l'état liquide, néanmoins en raison du risque d'explosion et de la difficulté de manipulation, l'acétylène pur liquéfié n'est pas utilisé.Transport and storage of acetylene in the liquid state have been considered, however due to the risk of explosion and the difficulty of handling, pure liquefied acetylene is not used.

On a proposé l'emploi de mélanges d'acétylène, évitant les risques d'explosion et permettant d'obtenir une température de combustion suffisamment élevée pour réaliser des opérations de soudage et d'oxycoupage. D'autre a part, on sait que l'addition d'acétylène, dans un gaz combustible peut conférer à ce dernier des performances de soudage tendant vers celles de l'acétylène. Or, s'il est aisé de réaliser des mélanges gazeux à composition constante, il n'en est pas de même lorsque le mélange provient d'un stockage à l'état liquide où la phase gazeuse est différente, en composition, de la phase liquide. Dans le cas du mélange éthylène-acétylène il se produit un enrichissement en acétylène, alors que dans celui du mélange propylène-acétylène il y a appauvrissement en acétylène, ce qui conduit, au bout d'un certain temps, à un mélange inapte à la soudure.The use of acetylene mixtures has been proposed, avoiding the risk of explosion and making it possible to obtain a combustion temperature high enough to carry out welding and flame cutting operations. On the other hand, it is known that the addition of acetylene, in a combustible gas can confer on the latter welding performances tending towards those of acetylene. However, if it is easy to produce gas mixtures with constant composition, it is not the same when the mixture comes from a storage in the liquid state where the gas phase is different, in composition, from the phase liquid. In the case of the ethylene-acetylene mixture there is an enrichment in acetylene, while in that of the propylene-acetylene mixture there is a depletion of acetylene, which leads, after a certain time, to a mixture which is incapable of welding.

On pourrait éviter cette difficulté par le prélèvement de la phase liquide du mélange qui reste constante, dans la mesure où le liquide ne se réchauffe pas de trop.This difficulty could be avoided by removing the liquid phase from the mixture, which remains constant, insofar as the liquid does not overheat.

Dans l'industrie, en général, le réchauffage, du liquide ne peut pas être évité et l'on est obligé d'évacuer l'excédent de pression ce qui crée une modification du mélange. Ce phénomène est très important lorsque l'isolation du récipient est mauvaise ou que le récipient cryogénique est resté trop longtemps stocké.In industry, in general, the reheating of the liquid cannot be avoided and it is necessary to release the excess pressure which creates a modification of the mixture. This phenomenon is very important when the insulation of the container is poor or the cryogenic container has been stored for too long.

On a recherché depuis plusieurs années des mélanges combustibles à teneur sensiblement constante en acétylène ne nécessitant pas d'équipements spéciaux pour sa distribution en liquide comme ceci est le cas pour les mélanges éthylène-acétylène.Combustible mixtures with a substantially constant acetylene content have been sought for several years and do not require special equipment for its distribution in liquid, as is the case for ethylene-acetylene mixtures.

Il a été trouvé des mélanges distribuables sous forme liquide avec les équipements classiques des liquides cryogéniques et dont la phase gazeuse et la phase liquide ont une teneur sensiblement constante en acétylène. Cesmélanges gazeux combustibles obtenus par évaporation naturelle de la phase liquide, sans prélèvement de celle-ci, représentent pour l'utilisateur une économie d'investissement du fait d'une simplification de l'équipement par rapport aux mélanges binaires éthylène-acétylène.It has been found mixtures which can be distributed in liquid form with conventional equipment for cryogenic liquids and whose gas phase and liquid phase have a substantially constant acetylene content. These combustible gas mixtures obtained by natural evaporation of the liquid phase, without sampling thereof, represent for the user an investment saving due to a simplification of the equipment compared to binary ethylene-acetylene mixtures.

Avec les mélanges connus éthylène-acétylène on assiste à l'évaporation préférentielle du composé éthylénique et en conséquence à l'enrichissement de la phase liquide en acétylène. Les mélanges ternaires proposés qui ne présentent pas d'enrichissement en acétylène en phase liquide répondent mieux aux critères de sécurité.With the known ethylene-acetylene mixtures, there is a preferential evaporation of the ethylenic compound and consequently the enrichment of the liquid phase with acetylene. The ternary mixtures proposed which do not exhibit acetylene enrichment in the liquid phase better meet the safety criteria.

On a obtenu des mélanges de deux hydrocarbures et d'acétylène qui, par évaporation naturelle, restituent un gazcbnt la teneur en acétylène varie très faiblement, et à fortiori si on utilise un évaporateur froid classique permettant le prélèvement simultané de la phase liquide et gazeuse, en réalisant des mélanges à trois constituants dans lequel un constituant est plus volatil que l'acétylène, tandis que le troisième l'est moins. Ce dernier constituant contribue par effet physique à la stabilisation de la phase liquide en fin de vidange, alors que le plus volatil stabilise la phase gazeuse en particulier en début de vidange.Mixtures of two hydrocarbons and acetylene have been obtained which, by natural evaporation, restore a gas, the acetylene content varies very slightly, and a fortiori if a conventional cold evaporator is used allowing the simultaneous removal of the liquid and gaseous phase, by making mixtures with three constituents in which one constituent is more volatile than acetylene, while the third is less. This last constituent contributes by physical effect to the stabilization of the liquid phase at the end of draining, while the most volatile stabilizes the gas phase in particular at the beginning of draining.

Cette combinaison augmente, en outre, la stabilité du mélange acétylèné qui, restant en phase gazeuse pratiquement à composition constante en acétylène, voit sa teneur en phase liquide décroitre régulièrement.This combination increases, moreover, the stability of the acetylene mixture which, remaining in the gas phase practically with a constant acetylene composition, sees its liquid phase content decrease regularly.

Le constituant plus volatil que l'acétylène est l'éthylène.The more volatile component than acetylene is ethylene.

Le troisième constituant choisi de manière à provoquer la stabilisation de la phase liquide est un hydrocarbure dont la molécule contient trois atomes de carbone, le dit hydrocarbure faisant partie du groupe constitue par le propane, le cyclopropane et le propylène et le choix se portant de préférence sur l'hydrocarbure insaturé.The third constituent chosen so as to provoke stabilization of the liquid phase is a hydrocarbon, the molecule of which contains three carbon atoms, the said hydrocarbon being part of the group consists of propane, cyclopropane and propylene and the choice preferably being made of the unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Selon l'invention, le combustible ternaire à teneur sensiblement constante en acétylène dans les phases liquide et vapeur constitué par de l'acétylène, de l'éthylène et un hydrocarbure contenant trois atomes de carbone dans sa molécule, contient 15 à 25 % en volume d'acétylène, 5 à 17 % en volume d'hydrocarbure en C3 et le complément à 100 par l'éthylène. Le rapport molaire éthylène/hydrocarbure en C3 est de préférence compris entre 6 et 12.According to the invention, the ternary fuel with a substantially constant content of acetylene in the liquid and vapor phases consisting of acetylene, ethylene and a hydrocarbon containing three carbon atoms in its molecule, contains 15 to 25% by volume. acetylene, 5 to 17% by volume of C 3 hydrocarbon and the balance to 100 with ethylene. The ethylene / C 3 hydrocarbon molar ratio is preferably between 6 and 12.

Les mélanges combustibles de l'invention, quand l'hydrocarbure en C3 est le propylène sont représentés dans le diagramme ternaire joint en annexe sur la figure 1. Les teneurs en acétylène, éthylène et propylène sont portées en pourcentages en volume. Les propriétés de constance en acétylène des compositions sont sensiblement conservées dans le quadrilatère ABCD et plus particulièrement dans le quadrilatère FGHI limitant les rapport C2H4/ c 3 H 6 entre 6 et 12.The fuel mixtures of the invention, when the C 3 hydrocarbon is propylene are represented in the ternary diagram annexed to FIG. 1. The contents of acetylene, ethylene and propylene are given in percentages by volume. The acetylene consistency properties of the compositions are substantially preserved in the ABCD quadrilateral and more particularly in the FGHI quadrilateral limiting the C 2 H 4 / c 3 H 6 ratios between 6 and 12 .

Le domaine d'utilisation préféré correspond à un mélange contenant environ 20 % en volume d'acétylène, environ 10 % en volume de propylène et environ 70 % en volume d'éthylène, représenté par le point E dans le quadrilatère ABCD. Sur la figure 1, les points E'" et E" correspondent respectivement aux compositions des phases liquide E"' et gazeuse E" du mélange E à 70 % de vidange ; la ligne EE'" représente l'évolution de la phase liquide E, la ligne E'E" celle de la phase gazeuse E ; le point conjugué E' correspond à la composition de la phase gazeuse en équilibre avec E .The preferred field of use corresponds to a mixture containing approximately 20% by volume of acetylene, approximately 10% by volume of propylene and approximately 70% by volume of ethylene, represented by the point E in the quadrilateral ABCD. In FIG. 1, the points E '"and E" correspond respectively to the compositions of the liquid E "' and gaseous E" phases of the mixture E at 70% drainage; the line EE '"represents the evolution of the liquid phase E, the line E'E" that of the gas phase E; the conjugate point E 'corresponds to the composition of the gas phase in equilibrium with E.

Les mélanges ternaires combustibles présentent une très grande souplesse de stockage, ils peuvent notamment être conservés dans des récipients cryogéniques, à température comprise entre - 80° et - 60° C et sous pression de 3 à 6 bars.Combustible ternary mixtures have very great storage flexibility, they can in particular be stored in cryogenic containers, at a temperature between - 80 ° and - 60 ° C and under pressure from 3 to 6 bars.

Ces mélanges combustibles dont la phase gazeuse et la phase liquide ont une teneur sensiblement constante en acétylène, sont distribuables sous forme liquide avec les équipements classiques des liquides cryogéniques, en évitant l'emploi des métaux dont la réactivité avec l'acétylène est bien connue. De plus, ces dits mélanges couvrent un très grand nombre d'applications dans les traitements thermiques à la flamme. Ils conviennent particulièrement dans les applications d'assemblage, d'usinage et de traitement thermique à la flamme. Les mélanges ternaires combustibles sont également aptes à la pulvérisation métallique à la flamme et à la désagrégation des composés minéraux ou des ciments.These combustible mixtures, the gaseous phase and the liquid phase of which have a substantially constant acetylene content, can be distributed in liquid form with conventional equipment for cryogenic liquids, avoiding the use of metals whose reactivity with acetylene is well known. In addition, these so-called mixtures cover a very large number of applications in thermal flame treatments. They are particularly suitable for assembly, machining and flame heat treatment applications. Ternary combustible mixtures are also suitable for metallic flame spraying and for the disintegration of mineral compounds or cements.

A titre non limitatif, on donne quelques exemples illustrant l'invention.By way of non-limiting example, some examples are given illustrating the invention.

Exemple 1Example 1

Courbe d'évaporation d'un mélange type 1 dont la composition en volume de la phase liquide initiale est :

  • acétylène 20,5 %
  • propylène 10,5 %
  • éthylène 69 %
Evaporation curve of a type 1 mixture whose volume composition of the initial liquid phase is:
  • acetylene 20.5%
  • propylene 10.5%
  • ethylene 69%

La variation de la composition des phases gazeuse et liquide lors d'une vidange par évaporation naturelle du récipient cryogénique est représentée sur les figures 2 et 3 jointes en annexe. Les courbes représentées correspondent à une pression de 6 bars absolus régnant dans le récipient. Les pourcentages en volume des hydrocarbures au moment initial sont portés en ordonnées (% C) et les pourcentages de vidange (% V) sont portées en abscisses. La courbe 1 correspond à l'éthylène, la courbe 2 à l'acétylène et la courbe 3 au propylène.The variation in the composition of the gaseous and liquid phases during emptying by natural evaporation of the cryogenic container is shown in Figures 2 and 3 appended. The curves shown correspond to a pressure of 6 bar absolute prevailing in the container. The percentages by volume of hydrocarbons at the initial time are plotted on the ordinate (% C) and the percentages of emptying (% V) are plotted on the abscissa. Curve 1 corresponds to ethylene, curve 2 to acetylene and curve 3 to propylene.

La figure 2 correspond à la composition de la phase liquide lors de la vidange et la figure 3 correspond à la variation de la composition de la phase gazeuse lors de la même vidange.Figure 2 corresponds to the composition of the liquid phase during emptying and Figure 3 corresponds to the variation of the composition of the gas phase during the same emptying.

Exemple 2Example 2

Température de flamme. On a réalisé les mélanges 2 et 3 dont les compositions en volume des phases liquides initiales sont :

Figure imgb0001
et procédé à des comparaisons avec l'éthylène et le mélange à 20 % d'acétylène et 80 % d'éthylène, connu sous la marque commerciale "Crylène".Flame temperature. Mixtures 2 and 3 were produced, the volume compositions of the phases initial liquids are:
Figure imgb0001
 and made comparisons with ethylene and the mixture of 20% acetylene and 80% ethylene, known under the trademark "Crylene".

La figure 4 montre l'évolution des températures de flamme en fonction de la richesse (R) portée en abscisses, le maximum est observé pour des richesses voisines de 1,3; les températures en degrés centigrades (T° C) étant portées sur l'axe des ordonnées.FIG. 4 shows the evolution of the flame temperatures as a function of the richness (R) plotted on the abscissa, the maximum is observed for richnesses close to 1.3; temperatures in degrees centigrade (T ° C) being plotted on the ordinate axis.

On constate que les mélanges 2 et 3 présentent des températures voisines du "Crylène", les mélanges de l'invention forment un groupe proche du "Crylène".It is noted that the mixtures 2 and 3 have temperatures close to "Crylene", the mixtures of the invention form a group close to "Crylene".

La flamme la plus chaude est obtenue avec le mélange 3 à 10 % de propylène, (courbe 3), à une température légèrement supérieure à celle du mélange 2, (courbe 2), et un peu inférieure à celle du "Crylène", (courbe 4), et très supérieure à celle de l'éthylène, (courbe 1)..The hottest flame is obtained with the mixture 3 to 10% of propylene, (curve 3), at a temperature slightly higher than that of mixture 2, (curve 2), and a little lower than that of "Crylene", ( curve 4), and much higher than that of ethylene, (curve 1).

Exemple 3Example 3 Chaleur de combustionHeat of combustion

On exprime la chaleur de combustion des mélanges 2 et 3, de l'éthylène et du "Crylène" à 15° C en joule par mJ (J/m3) de-mélange oxy-combustible. Ces chaleurs pour les quatre combustibles sont portées en ordonnées et la richesse (R) en abscisses, sur la figure 5 du dessin annexé.The heat of combustion of mixtures 2 and 3, ethylene and "Crylene" is expressed at 15 ° C in joule per m J (J / m 3 ) of oxy-fuel mixture. These heats for the four fuels are plotted on the ordinate and the richness (R) on the abscissa, in FIG. 5 of the appended drawing.

On observe que les mélanges 2 (courbe 2) et 3 (courbe 3) sont plus performants que le "Crylène" (courbe 4) et que l'éthylène (courbe 1). On obtient le classement suivant 2> 3 > "Crylène"> éthylène.It is observed that the mixtures 2 (curve 2) and 3 (curve 3) are more efficient than "Crylene" (curve 4) and than ethylene (curve 1). The following classification is obtained 2> 3> "Crylene"> ethylene.

Claims (8)

1. Combustible ternaire à teneur sensiblement constante en acétylène dans les phases liquide et vapeur, constitué par un mélange d'acétylène, éthylène et hydrocarbure contenant trois atomes de carbone dans sa molécule, caractérisé en ce que le dit mélange contient 15 à 25 % en volume d'acétylène, 5 à 17 % en volume d'hydrocarbure en C3 et le complément à 100 par de l'éthylène.1. Ternary fuel with a substantially constant acetylene content in the liquid and vapor phases, consisting of a mixture of acetylene, ethylene and hydrocarbon containing three carbon atoms in its molecule, characterized in that said mixture contains 15 to 25% by volume of acetylene, 5 to 17% by volume of C 3 hydrocarbon and the balance to 100 with ethylene. 2. Combustible ternaire selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'hydrocarbure contenant trois atomes de carbone fait partie du groupe constitué par le propane, le cyclopropane et le propylène.2. Ternary fuel according to claim 1, characterized in that the hydrocarbon containing three carbon atoms is part of the group consisting of propane, cyclopropane and propylene. 3. Combustible ternaire selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'hydrocarbure en C3 est le propylène.3. Ternary fuel according to claim 1, characterized in that the C 3 hydrocarbon is propylene. 4. Combustible ternaire selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que le rapport molaire éthylène/hydrocarbure en C3 est compris entre 6 et 12.4. Ternary fuel according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the ethylene / C 3 hydrocarbon molar ratio is between 6 and 12. 5. Combustible ternaire selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que le mélange est constitué par environ 20 % en volume d'acétylène, environ 10 % en volume de propylène et environ 70 % en volume d'éthylène.5. Ternary fuel according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the mixture consists of approximately 20% by volume of acetylene, approximately 10% by volume of propylene and approximately 70% by volume of ethylene. 6. Combustible ternaire selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce qu'il est distribué sous forme liquide avec les équipements classiques des liquides cryogéniques.6. Ternary fuel according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it is distributed in liquid form with conventional equipment for cryogenic liquids. 7. Combustible ternaire selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce qu'il est stocké sous forme cryogénique à température comprise entre - 80° C et - 60° C sous une pression de 3 à 6 bars.7. Ternary fuel according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it is stored in cryogenic form at a temperature between - 80 ° C and - 60 ° C under a pressure of 3 to 6 bars. 8. Application du combustible ternaire selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, dans les techniques d'assemblage, d'usinage, de traitement thermique à la flamme, de la pulvérisation métallique à la flamme et de la désagrégation des composés minéraux ou des ciments.8. Application of the ternary fuel according to any one of claims 1 to 7, in the techniques of assembly, machining, flame heat treatment, metallic flame spraying and the disintegration of mineral compounds or cements .
EP82400409A 1981-03-16 1982-03-09 Ternary combustible with acetylene content in the liquid and gaseous phases Expired EP0060769B1 (en)

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AT82400409T ATE9488T1 (en) 1981-03-16 1982-03-09 TERNAUS FUEL WITH ABOUT CONSTANT ACETYLENE CONTENT IN LIQUID AND GAS PHASE.

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FR8105207A FR2501713A1 (en) 1981-03-16 1981-03-16 TERNARY FUEL WITH SUBSTANTIALLY CONSTANT ACETYLENE CONTENT IN LIQUID AND STEAM PHASES
FR8105207 1981-03-16

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AU616172B2 (en) * 1987-10-21 1991-10-24 Union Carbide Corporation Fuel-oxidant mixture for detonation gun flame-plating
WO1997005075A1 (en) * 1995-07-28 1997-02-13 Aga Ab Method and device for fire-polishing glass
FR2774693A1 (en) * 1998-02-12 1999-08-13 Air Liquide COMBUSTIBLE GAS MIXTURE, ESPECIALLY FOR OXYCOUPTING TORCH

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US4640675A (en) * 1984-10-09 1987-02-03 Mobil Oil Corporation Method of burning low hydrogen content fuels
US4643666A (en) * 1984-10-09 1987-02-17 Mobil Oil Corporation Method of burning hydrogen deficient fuels
BR9800346A (en) * 1998-01-16 2000-05-09 White Martins Sa Additive gas for oxy-cutting and / or heating applications, composition and use of an additive gas.

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EP0313176A2 (en) * 1987-10-21 1989-04-26 Praxair S.T. Technology, Inc. Fuel-oxidant mixture for detonation gun flame-plating
EP0313176A3 (en) * 1987-10-21 1990-09-12 Union Carbide Corporation Fuel-oxidant mixture for detonation gun flame-plating
AU616172B2 (en) * 1987-10-21 1991-10-24 Union Carbide Corporation Fuel-oxidant mixture for detonation gun flame-plating
WO1997005075A1 (en) * 1995-07-28 1997-02-13 Aga Ab Method and device for fire-polishing glass
FR2774693A1 (en) * 1998-02-12 1999-08-13 Air Liquide COMBUSTIBLE GAS MIXTURE, ESPECIALLY FOR OXYCOUPTING TORCH
WO1999041340A1 (en) * 1998-02-12 1999-08-19 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Fuel gas mixture, in particular for cutting torch

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DE3260765D1 (en) 1984-10-25
CA1171278A (en) 1984-07-24
ATE9488T1 (en) 1984-10-15
AU8073282A (en) 1982-09-23
US4490152A (en) 1984-12-25
EP0060769B1 (en) 1984-09-19
FR2501713B1 (en) 1983-05-13
AU550844B2 (en) 1986-04-10
JPS57162790A (en) 1982-10-06
FR2501713A1 (en) 1982-09-17

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