EP0052059B1 - Pouring spout for a container, comprising means for avoiding delivery variations - Google Patents
Pouring spout for a container, comprising means for avoiding delivery variations Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0052059B1 EP0052059B1 EP81420158A EP81420158A EP0052059B1 EP 0052059 B1 EP0052059 B1 EP 0052059B1 EP 81420158 A EP81420158 A EP 81420158A EP 81420158 A EP81420158 A EP 81420158A EP 0052059 B1 EP0052059 B1 EP 0052059B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- spout
- dome
- container
- arms
- skirt
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D47/00—Closures with filling and discharging, or with discharging, devices
- B65D47/04—Closures with discharging devices other than pumps
- B65D47/043—Closures with discharging devices other than pumps with pouring baffles, e.g. for controlling the flow
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D47/00—Closures with filling and discharging, or with discharging, devices
- B65D47/04—Closures with discharging devices other than pumps
- B65D47/06—Closures with discharging devices other than pumps with pouring spouts or tubes; with discharge nozzles or passages
- B65D47/12—Closures with discharging devices other than pumps with pouring spouts or tubes; with discharge nozzles or passages having removable closures
- B65D47/127—Snap-on caps
- B65D47/128—Snap-on caps with internal parts
Definitions
- the present invention relates to improvements made to the pouring spouts for containers such as bottles or the like, in order to allow a regular flow of the liquid contained in said containers.
- the pouring spouts with an internal cross constituting a sort of screen, the branches of said cross leading to the internal wall of the pouring spout.
- the area of the triangle formed by the space between two neighboring braces can be reduced, for example by joining their bottom by a peripheral flange attached to the inner face of the spout.
- the pellet in question causes the spill flow or at least part of it to flow back in a centrifugal direction.
- the speed of this secondary vein being low at the level of the internal wall of the spout, there exists along the latter a pressure much lower than that atmospheric so that the outside air can penetrate into the container.
- the low speed of the secondary vein cannot allow the creation of an air tube.
- the interior of the tubular spout is provided with an obstacle constituted by a transverse bottom provided with a skirt in order to form a hollow element with sharp angles open in direction of the interior of the container.
- the improvements which are the subject of the present invention aim to remedy this drawback and to allow the production of a pouring spout ensuring a regular discharge of the liquid which it contains.
- the spout according to the invention of the kind comprising a central transverse obstacle connected to its wall by means of arms which define openings between them, is characterized in that said central transverse obstacle and the arms define a concave dome in direction of the interior of the associated container, the side openings being formed in the side wall of said dome.
- a spout according to the invention assigned the general reference 1 and which is intended to be placed on the neck 2 of a container such as a bottle.
- a cap 3 is provided in order to close the spout inviolably as is well known in the art.
- the pouring spout 1 is produced in the form of a double skirt 4 the lips 4a and 4b of which are intended to overlap the upper part 2a of the neck 2, while its central veil 4c bears against the top 2b of said neck.
- the periphery of the lip 4b is integral with a peripheral gutter 5 provided curved and oriented upwards. This gutter has on its internal face a groove 5a so that the upper part 5b of the gutter can be torn when it is grasped by its ear 5c.
- the bottom of the lip 4a is associated with an annular partition 6 which connects it to the base of a tubular sleeve 7 forming the pouring spout proper and the upper part of which is flared in order to constitute a lip 7a facilitating the spillage of the liquid contained in the container.
- a partition 8 constituting a dome open towards the bottom and which is provided with side openings 8a.
- the connection of the bottom of the dome 8 and the inner wall of the spout 7 is carried out as shown more particularly in FIG. 2 by means of a rounded connection referenced 8b.
- the lip 4a has a vertical extension 13 concentric with the spout 7.
- Lights 9 are at this time formed in the annular partition 6. Again the reflux of the fluid caused by the presence of the dome 8 causes an air horn effect at the lights 9.
- the cap 3 illustrated in fig. 1 has a generally domed shape with a slightly flattened top 3a.
- the base of the cap has an external bead 3d capable of engaging elastically in the groove 5a formed in the internal face of the gutter 5 so that once in place it can only be separated from the pouring spout 1 by tearing the upper part 5b of the gutter 5 constituting the guarantee strip.
- the annular part surrounding the chimney 15 is provided with vertical gussets 16, the horizontal edge 16a of which is intended to rest on the veil 4c of the pouring spout 1 so that containers can be stacked on top of each other without deforming the spout pourer.
- a spout has thus been produced ensuring a perfectly regular discharge of the contents of the container with which it is associated while the containers provided with a spout according to the invention closed by a cap as described above can be stacked without risk of d flattening of said cap.
- the presence of the gutter 5 allows the container to be grasped by its cap without it being interested in this gripping since the part of its side wall 3c located below the cord engages inside the gutter 5
- lights 8 such as those made in the annular partition 6 could be provided in the connection 8b (fig. 4).
Abstract
Description
La présente invention est relative à des perfectionnements apportés aux becs verseurs pour récipients tels que des bouteilles ou analogues, en vue de permettre un écoulement régulier du liquide contenu dans lesdits récipients.The present invention relates to improvements made to the pouring spouts for containers such as bottles or the like, in order to allow a regular flow of the liquid contained in said containers.
On sait que lorsqu'on déverse un liquide à partir d'une bouteille, on provoque un vide à l'intérieur de celle-ci. Quand ce vide atteint une certaine importance, une bulle d'air partant du goulot, traverse le liquide pour aboutir à ce vide et le diminuer. Dans certains cas la bulle est d'une telle importance qu'elle arrête pratiquement pendant une fraction de seconde l'écoulement du liquide. On assiste donc à un déversement saccadé qui est un inconvénient très grave lorsque l'écoulement doit aboutir à un orifice relativement petit.We know that when we pour a liquid from a bottle, we cause a vacuum inside it. When this vacuum reaches a certain importance, an air bubble leaving the neck, crosses the liquid to reach this vacuum and decrease it. In some cases the bubble is of such importance that it practically stops the flow of liquid for a fraction of a second. There is therefore a jerky spill which is a very serious disadvantage when the flow must lead to a relatively small orifice.
Pour remédier à cet inconvénient on a déjà pensé de pourvoir les becs verseurs d'un croisillon intérieur constituant une sorte d'écran, les branches dudit croisillon aboutissant à la paroi intérieure du bec verseur. Pour limiter le débit on peut diminuer la surface du triangle constitué par l'espace entre deux croisillons voisins par exemple en réunissant leur bas par une collerette périphérique accolée à la face intérieure du bec.To remedy this drawback, it has already been thought to provide the pouring spouts with an internal cross constituting a sort of screen, the branches of said cross leading to the internal wall of the pouring spout. To limit the flow rate, the area of the triangle formed by the space between two neighboring braces can be reduced, for example by joining their bottom by a peripheral flange attached to the inner face of the spout.
Dans un autre mode d'exécution du type énoncé dans le préambule de la revendication 1 (décrit dans le document FR-A-2442196), on prévoit de placer une pastille centrale à l'intérieur du bec en la reliant à la paroi interne de celui-ci au moyen de bras. Dans ce cas on prévoit de perforer la base du bec de manière que de l'air puisse entrer dans le récipient au fur et à mesure du déversement de son contenu. La pastille en question provoque un rejaillissement du flux de déversement ou tout au moins d'une partie de celui-ci dans une direction centrifuge. La vitesse de cette veine secondaire étant faible au niveau de la paroi interne du bec, il existe le long de celle-ci une pression très inférieure à celle atmosphérique si bien que l'air extérieur peut pénétrer dans le récipient. A cet effet, on prévoit d'ailleurs de perforer le bec comme on l'a indiqué plus haut. Mais la faible vitesse de la veine secondaire ne peut pas permettre la constitution d'une trompe à air.In another embodiment of the type set out in the preamble of claim 1 (described in document FR-A-2442196), provision is made to place a central patch inside the spout by connecting it to the internal wall of this one by means of arms. In this case, provision is made to perforate the base of the spout so that air can enter the container as its contents are spilled. The pellet in question causes the spill flow or at least part of it to flow back in a centrifugal direction. The speed of this secondary vein being low at the level of the internal wall of the spout, there exists along the latter a pressure much lower than that atmospheric so that the outside air can penetrate into the container. For this purpose, it is also planned to perforate the spout as indicated above. However, the low speed of the secondary vein cannot allow the creation of an air tube.
Suivant une autre forme d'exécution illustrée par le brevet britannique 1 500369, l'intérieur du bec verseur tubulaire est pourvu d'un obstacle constitué par un fond transversal muni d'une jupe en vue de former un élément creux à angles vifs ouvert en direction de l'intérieur du récipient.According to another embodiment illustrated by
Là encore le rejaillissement du flux de déversement constitue une veine secondaire qui chemine de manière centrifuge au niveau du fond. Ainsi cette veine vient buter contre la jupe ce qui freine considérablement sa vitesse au niveau des ouvertures de cette jupe si bien qu'elle y est pratiquement nulle et ne peut pas en conséquence constituer l'élément dynamique d'une trompe à air.Here again, the spouting of the discharge flow constitutes a secondary vein which runs centrifugally at the bottom. Thus this vein abuts against the skirt which considerably slows its speed at the openings of this skirt so that it is practically zero there and cannot therefore constitute the dynamic element of an air horn.
Donc toutes les tentatives réalisées jusqu'à présent pour annuler complètement la variation du flux de déversement d'un liquide à partir d'une bouteille ne donnent pas entière satisfaction.Therefore, all the attempts made so far to completely cancel the variation in the flow of spillage of a liquid from a bottle are not entirely satisfactory.
Les perfectionnements qui font l'objet de la présente invention visent à remédier à cet inconvénient et à permettre la réalisation d'un bec verseur assurant un déversement régulier du liquide qu'il contient.The improvements which are the subject of the present invention aim to remedy this drawback and to allow the production of a pouring spout ensuring a regular discharge of the liquid which it contains.
A cet effet le bec verseur suivant l'invention du genre comportant un obstacle transversal central relié à sa paroi au moyen de bras qui déterminent entre eux des ouvertures, est caractérisé par le fait que ledit obstacle transversal central et les bras définissent un dôme concave en direction de l'intérieur du récipient associé, les ouvertures latérales étant ménagées dans la paroi latérale dudit dôme.To this end the spout according to the invention of the kind comprising a central transverse obstacle connected to its wall by means of arms which define openings between them, is characterized in that said central transverse obstacle and the arms define a concave dome in direction of the interior of the associated container, the side openings being formed in the side wall of said dome.
Ainsi on provoque un retour en arrière d'une partie du flux d'écoulement du liquide de manière à former un reflux à relativement grande vitesse qui, passant au niveau du bas des ouvertures latérales du dôme du bec, constitue avec celles-ci des trompes à air de telle sorte que l'introduction d'air dans le récipient au fur et à mesure du déversement du liquide est largement facilitée.Thus, a part of the liquid flow flow is turned backwards so as to form a relatively high speed reflux which, passing at the bottom of the lateral openings of the dome of the beak, constitutes with them fallopian tubes. air so that the introduction of air into the container as the liquid spills is greatly facilitated.
En vue d'améliorer le fonctionnement des trompes à air, on pourrait prévoir de réaliser une succession de perforations dans la liaison entre la base du dôme et la paroi intérieure du bec.In order to improve the functioning of the air horns, provision could be made to make a succession of perforations in the connection between the base of the dome and the interior wall of the spout.
Les essais effectués en laboratoire avec un bec verseur muni des perfectionnements suivant l'invention ont prouvé que le déversement s'effectuait de manière régulière et pratiquement sans variation de débit, c'est-à-dire que les dimensions de la veine d'écoulement restaient à peu près constantes.Tests carried out in the laboratory with a pouring spout fitted with the improvements according to the invention have shown that the pouring takes place in a regular manner and practically without variation in flow, that is to say that the dimensions of the flow vein remained more or less constant.
Le dessin annexé donné à titre d'exemple, permettra de mieux comprendre l'invention, les caractéristiques qu'elle présente et les avantages qu'elle est susceptible de procurer :
- Figure 1 est une vue éclatée en perspective et en coupe d'un bec verseur suivant l'invention avec son obturateur et une partie du goulot avec lequel il est destiné à coopérer.
- Figure 2 est une coupe longitudinale d'un bec verseur suivant l'invention.
- Figure 3 est une vue semblable à celle de fig. 2 mais illustrant une variante.
- Fig.3 montre à plus grande échelle un bec verseur suivant l'invention pourvu de nervures intérieures favorisant l'écoulement de la veine liquide.
- Figure 1 is an exploded perspective view in section of a pouring spout according to the invention with its shutter and part of the neck with which it is intended to cooperate.
- Figure 2 is a longitudinal section of a spout according to the invention.
- Figure 3 is a view similar to that of FIG. 2 but illustrating a variant.
- Fig.3 shows on a larger scale a pouring spout according to the invention provided with internal ribs promoting the flow of the liquid stream.
On a représenté en fig. 1 un bec verseur suivant l'invention affecté de la référence générale 1 et qui est destiné à être placé sur le goulot 2 d'un récipient tel qu'une bouteille. Un capuchon 3 est prévu afin de fermer le bec verseur de manière inviolable comme cela est bien connu dans la technique.There is shown in fig. 1 a spout according to the invention assigned the
Le bec verseur 1 est réalisé sous la forme d'une jupe double4 dont les lèvres 4a et 4b sont destinées à chevaucher la partie supérieure 2a du goulot 2, tandis que son voile central 4c vient en appui contre le dessus 2b dudit goulot. On note la présence sur la face interne de la lèvre 4b d'un cordon 4d qui s'enclenche élastiquement dans une gorge 2c ménagée dans le goulot 2 afin que la jupe 4 soit rendue solidaire de ce dernier. Le pourtour de la lèvre 4b est solidaire d'une gouttière périphérique 5 prévue courbe et orientée vers le haut. Cette gouttière comporte sur sa face interne une saignée 5a de telle sorte que la partie supérieure 5b de la gouttière peut être déchirée lorsqu'on la saisit par son oreille 5c.The
Le bas de la lèvre 4a est associé à une cloison annulaire 6 qui la relie à la base d'un manchon tubulaire 7 formant le bec verseur proprement dit et dont la partie haute est évasée en vue de constituer une lèvre 7a facilitant le déversement du liquide contenu dans le récipient.The bottom of the
Conformément à l'invention on prévoit de placer à l'intérieur du bec 7 une cloison 8 constituant un dôme ouvert en direction du bas et qui est pourvu d'ouvertures latérales 8a. Le raccordement du bas du dôme 8 et de la paroi intérieure du bec 7 s'effectue comme illustré plus particulièrement en fig. 2 au moyen d'une liaison arrondie référencée 8b.According to the invention there is provision to place inside the
Lorsque du liquide est déversé à travers le bec 7, le flux se divise en deux parties : l'une principale qui s'écoule en traversant les ouvertures 8a comme illustré par les flèches 10, et l'autre secondaire qui bute contre la face concave du dôme 8 pour provoquer un reflux revenant vers l'intérieur du récipient suivant un trajet illustré par les flèches 11. On constate que le reflux du liquide forme au niveau de la liaison 8b une trompe à air avec le bas des ouvertures latérales 8a de telle sorte que l'air est aspiré à partir de l'extérieur pour pénétrer dans le récipient suivant les flèches 12.When liquid is poured through the
Dans un mode d'exécution différent illustré en fig. 3 la lèvre 4a comporte un prolongement vertical 13 concentrique au bec 7. Des lumières 9 sont à ce moment-là ménagées dans la cloison annulaire 6. Là encore le reflux du fluide provoqué par la présence du dôme 8 entraîne un effet de trompe à air au niveau des lumières 9.In a different embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3 the
Dans la variante illustrée en fig. 4 des nervures axiales 14 sont associées à la paroi intérieure du bec 7 en vue de guider la veine d'écoulement du liquide, le bas de ces nervures étant issu de la liaison 8b entre le dôme 8 et le bec 7.In the variant illustrated in FIG. 4 of the
Le capuchon 3 illustré en fig. 1 présente une forme générale bombée avec un dessus 3a légèrement aplati. La base du capuchon comporte un cordon externe 3d propre à s'engager élastiquement dans la saignée 5a ménagée dans la face interne de la gouttière 5 de telle sorte qu'une fois en place il ne peut être séparé du bec verseur 1 que par déchirage de la partie supérieure 5b de la gouttière 5 constituant bande de garantie.The
On observe que le dessous de la partie supérieure aplatie 3a est pourvu d'une cheminée tubulaire 15 propre à s'engager dans le bec 7 pour obturer celui-ci.It is observed that the underside of the flattened upper part 3a is provided with a
La partie annulaire entourant la cheminée 15 est pourvue de goussets verticaux 16 dont l'arête horizontale 16a est destinée à reposer sur le voile 4c du bec verseur 1 de telle sorte qu'on puisse gerber des récipients les uns sur les autres sans déformer le bec verseur.The annular part surrounding the
Bien entendu dans la variante de fig. 3 il serait prévu une double cheminée à l'intérieur du capuchon 3 en vue d'obturer d'une part le bec verseur 7 et d'autre part le prolongement 13 comme cela est bien connu dans la pratique.Of course in the variant of FIG. 3 there would be a double chimney inside the
On a ainsi réalisé un bec verseur assurant un déversement parfaitement régulier du contenu du récipient auquel il est associé tandis que les récipients pourvus d'un bec verseur suivant l'invention fermé par un capuchon tel que décrit ci-dessus peuvent être gerbés sans risque d'aplatissement dudit capuchon. En outre la présence de la gouttière 5 permet de saisir le récipient par son capuchon sans qu'il soit intéressé par cette préhension puisque la partie de sa paroi latérale 3c située en dessous du cordon vient s'engager à l'intérieur de la gouttière 5. Comme indiqué plus haut on pourrait ménager dans la liaison 8b des lumières telles que celles 9 pratiquées dans la cloison annulaire 6 (fig. 4).A spout has thus been produced ensuring a perfectly regular discharge of the contents of the container with which it is associated while the containers provided with a spout according to the invention closed by a cap as described above can be stacked without risk of d flattening of said cap. In addition, the presence of the
Claims (5)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT81420158T ATE5527T1 (en) | 1980-10-29 | 1981-10-29 | POURING SPOUT FOR CONTAINERS WITH DEVICE TO PREVENT IRREGULAR DELIVERY. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR8023425 | 1980-10-29 | ||
FR8023425A FR2492774A1 (en) | 1980-10-29 | 1980-10-29 | SPOUT FOR A CONTAINER OR ANALOGUE AGENCY FOR AVOIDING FLOW VARIATION AND SHUT OFF DEVICE PROVIDED WITH SUCH SPOUT |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0052059A1 EP0052059A1 (en) | 1982-05-19 |
EP0052059B1 true EP0052059B1 (en) | 1983-12-07 |
Family
ID=9247590
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP81420158A Expired EP0052059B1 (en) | 1980-10-29 | 1981-10-29 | Pouring spout for a container, comprising means for avoiding delivery variations |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0052059B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE5527T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE3161601D1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2492774A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2013186522A1 (en) * | 2012-06-15 | 2013-12-19 | Obrist Closures Switzerland Gmbh | Flow regulator for a dispensing closure |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA1215944A (en) * | 1982-06-03 | 1986-12-30 | Hugo Mueller | Nestable self-vent spout |
DE8431343U1 (en) * | 1984-10-25 | 1985-04-18 | Colgate-Palmolive Co., New York, N.Y. | Pouring insert element |
FR2574377B1 (en) * | 1984-12-07 | 1987-02-06 | Morel Simone | DEVICE FOR CLOSING A TUBE, BOTTLE OR OTHER CONTAINER WITH OPENING AND CLOSING CONTROLLED BY THE ROTATION OF THE OVERCAP |
DE3571961D1 (en) * | 1984-12-07 | 1989-09-07 | Simone Morel | Obturating device for tubes, flasks and other containers, the opening and closing of which are controlled by rotation |
US4974749A (en) * | 1988-11-16 | 1990-12-04 | Colgate-Palmolive Co. | Dripless measuring cup for closure assembly |
US4993605A (en) * | 1988-11-16 | 1991-02-19 | Colgate-Palmolive Company | Closure assembly with pouring spout and measuring cup |
FR2720722B1 (en) * | 1994-06-01 | 1996-08-14 | Rical Sa | Tamper-evident pouring cap. |
AU1542500A (en) * | 1998-12-10 | 2000-06-26 | Ron Sturk | Flow vented and pressure vented closures |
ITGE20030080A1 (en) * | 2003-10-15 | 2005-04-16 | Invat Srl | CAP FOR CONTAINERS WITH SEALS FILLABLE WITH LA |
WO2007132024A1 (en) * | 2006-05-11 | 2007-11-22 | Betapack, S.A. | Pourer cap for bottles, especially for bottles of vinegar |
JP6052766B2 (en) * | 2012-06-28 | 2016-12-27 | 株式会社吉野工業所 | Cap for liquid dispensing container |
DE102021121639A1 (en) * | 2021-08-20 | 2023-02-23 | KM Packaging GmbH | Dosing closure for mounting on a container and associated dosing system for dosing a viscous product |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IT964839B (en) * | 1972-07-29 | 1974-01-31 | Guala Angelo | CLOSING DEVICE FOR GLIE BARRELS WITH INCOR PORED GUARANTEE SEAL |
GB1500369A (en) * | 1976-06-01 | 1978-02-08 | Johnsen Jorgensen Plastics Ltd | Container closures |
FR2442196A1 (en) * | 1978-11-21 | 1980-06-20 | Astra Plastique | IMPROVEMENTS ON POURING CAPS |
-
1980
- 1980-10-29 FR FR8023425A patent/FR2492774A1/en active Granted
-
1981
- 1981-10-29 DE DE8181420158T patent/DE3161601D1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-10-29 AT AT81420158T patent/ATE5527T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-10-29 EP EP81420158A patent/EP0052059B1/en not_active Expired
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2013186522A1 (en) * | 2012-06-15 | 2013-12-19 | Obrist Closures Switzerland Gmbh | Flow regulator for a dispensing closure |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2492774A1 (en) | 1982-04-30 |
FR2492774B1 (en) | 1984-11-30 |
ATE5527T1 (en) | 1983-12-15 |
EP0052059A1 (en) | 1982-05-19 |
DE3161601D1 (en) | 1984-01-12 |
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Legal Events
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