EP0021449A1 - Construction such as a retaining wall or the like - Google Patents

Abstract

1. A structure after the style of a retaining wall or the like, consisting basically of building elements (1) in the form of blocks of concrete, natural stone or the like, having an upper side (2) of substantially V-shaped cross-section, an underside (3) parallel to the upper side and substantially vertical lateral end faces (6), while the longitudinal side surface (12, 13) which extend at right angles to the end faces are mirrorsymmetrical whith respect to the vertical central longitudinal plane, characterized in that recesses (7) in the form of grooves, adapted to receive a longitudinal reinforcement (17) or an irrigation pipe (21) formed with outlet apertures, are provided on the upper side (2) of the bulding elements (1), said recesses extending between the end faces (6) and parallel to each adjacent longitudinal edge (8) and being spaced by an amount a.

Description

The invention relates to a structure in the manner of a retaining wall or the like, consisting essentially of block-like components made of concrete, natural stone or the like, which has an essentially V-shaped upper side, an underside parallel to the upper side and essentially vertical have lateral end faces, and whose surfaces extending at right angles to the end faces are mirror-symmetrical to the vertical central longitudinal plane.

When reference is made above or below to support walls, this means in particular buildings as they are used as slope protection on embankment covers, but also, for example, for sound insulation, garden walls, sheet piling, bridge abutments etc.

If it is mentioned above or below that the upper side of the component is "parallel" to the lower side, this is not necessarily intended to express that it is at the top - and thus at the bottom - each a surface that runs in one plane, but it is only intended to express that a surface section is opposite a substantially parallel bottom surface section, so that the top sections - and thus also the underside sections - for example, can also run at an angle to one another.

Such components are suitable and essentially also intended to create so-called dry masonry, i.e. So masonry in which no mortar or the like between the individual components. is provided. Rather, from this point of view, the components lie on top of one another without connection, preferably with a positive fit, in order to create a secure bond.

For the stable construction of such structures, it is known that, in particular in the case of a relatively high construction height, it is generally necessary to provide for ground anchoring, in particular when it is to be expected that the like or on a retaining wall. considerable horizontal forces are exerted which they could not withstand without being anchored in the ground. Such horizontal forces are already generated by the always existing pressure, but can also, for example, by loading a dam or the like. by vehicles or the like are caused.

Furthermore, it is often necessary in such structures to provide longitudinal belts which can then be connected to the ground anchors in a relatively simple and problem-free manner if the components are designed appropriately.

When referring above or below to ground anchors and thus anchoring in the ground, this term should be understood in a very general sense and should not only include, for example, the primeval site on an embankment, but of course also, for example, the fillings usually carried out there.

In order to be able to design structures such as retaining walls in a stable manner, it is generally known to anchor the actual retaining wall with anchors, also referred to here as ground anchors for simplicity, which extend into the ground from the rear of the actual retaining wall in particular when it is to be expected that considerable horizontal forces will be exerted on the supporting wall, which the supporting wall could not withstand in the region if there was no anchoring. Such horizontal forces are initially generated by the earth pressure that is always present, but can also, for example, by loading a dam or the like. by vehicles or the like are caused.

The need for an adequate anchoring of a retaining wall in the ground is therefore of increasing importance with increasing wall height, since the horizontal forces already caused by the earth pressure increase accordingly.

Such ground anchors are known in the form of so-called anchor stones, which are laid in a relatively narrow grid of, for example, about 0.5 m, whereby these known ground anchors can have a shape, for example at their end section facing the supporting wall, which has the shape of that for the relevant supporting wall stones used are adapted so that these known anchor stones with this end section each between two in height successive stones of the retaining walls can be arranged, while their remaining section extends essentially horizontally from the rear wall of the retaining wall to the rear and lies in the ground in the finished structure.

The anchoring in the ground takes place through friction between the anchor stone and the ground, and the dimensioning of these known anchor stones is to be carried out in such a way that they can transmit the tensile forces that occur and can be removed in the area.

In the design of these known ground anchors, efforts are made to limit their own weight in view of the associated transportation and installation costs so that the ground anchors designed as anchor stones can still be laid by hand, with an approximately two meter long anchor stone as described above Genus already weighs about 75 kg.

Even though such a weight is not unproblematic for laying by hand, such ground anchors are not even sufficient for larger wall heights, since the required anchor lengths according to the relevant guidelines for the design and implementation of support structures made of reinforced earth are around 80% of the wall height must, so that with higher support walls, inevitably, with such a configuration, anchor lengths are obtained which lead to dead weights which no longer permit laying by hand.

A further disadvantage of the known ground anchors is that they are practically stiff and accordingly can scarcely adapt to the settlements of the backfill base that generally occur, so that it is particularly so in larger buildings with appropriately dimensioned ground anchors, cracks can occur in the anchor stones of this type, which are usually made of concrete.

Such cracks or breaks in the concrete then make it possible for the water present in the ground to be accessible to the reinforcing bars, which are generally made of round steel and inserted into the anchor blocks, which in turn leads to an increased risk of corrosion.

The present invention has for its object to provide a structure of the type described above, which is particularly suitable for an arrangement of a longitudinal belt in a special way, while at the same time a possibility is to be created to such a structure - for example a retaining wall for a slope support irrigate in order to prevent drying out or burning of an intended planting with certainty, and at the same time care should be taken to ensure that soil which has been introduced into wall gaps of such a building for planting purposes is held by the building and is not removed or washed out of it. Furthermore, the structure according to the invention should be able to be anchored by hand even with larger dimensions without difficulty by means of suitable ground anchor elements, with the like also showing signs of settlement of the backfill base. an adaptation of the ground anchor elements to the existing conditions should be possible without this causing damage through breakage, corrosion or the like. leads.

For this purpose, the present invention provides that a groove running between the end faces on the upper side of the components at a distance and parallel to the longitudinal edge shaped recess for receiving a longitudinal belt or an irrigation pipe provided with outlet openings is provided.

The arrangement of the recesses on the top of the component is particularly useful not only because a reinforcement ring anchor can be accommodated particularly expediently in this way, but also an irrigation pipe or an irrigation hose provided with outlet openings, controlled by suitable control devices, for example according to the corresponding Moisture measurement can ensure automatic irrigation of such a structure.

An essentially V-shaped recess can be provided between a groove-shaped recess and the adjacent longitudinal edge of the component, which extends between the two end faces and lies over a correspondingly V-shaped longitudinal edge of the underside.

In particular in the case of taller structures according to the invention, which generally have to be anchored in the ground with a plurality of ground anchors, ground anchors are provided, one end section of which is to be fastened to the structure and the remaining section of which is to be arranged in the ground, the ground anchors each being an elongated, perpendicular to have deformable traction means in its longitudinal direction, which is designed as a friction body at its end section facing away from the fastening end, the circumference of which is substantially larger than the circumference of the traction means, and which protrude beyond the friction body at its other end section facing the structure, such anchors being anchored in the ground Buildings It is provided according to the invention that the friction body of the ground anchor consists of several, preferably identical, individually mountable friction elements arranged one behind the other in the longitudinal direction of the traction means.

If there is talk of a deformability of the traction means above or below, this means, as already mentioned, that this deformability is at least within those limits or the like caused by settlement of the backfill bottom of embankments or the like. can occur, with such phenomena the traction means should therefore be able to adapt easily to the new ground conditions due to elastic properties.

• Obwohl die insbesondere bei höheren Bauwerken wie Stützwänden o.dgl. auftretenden Zugkräfte nicht ganz unbeträchtliche Werte annehmen können, besteht das Problem bei derartigen Erdankern weniger in der übertragung dieser Zugkräfte als im Abbau der auftretenden Horizontalkräfte im Erdreich aufgrund von Reibung.

If there is further talk above or below that the circumference of the friction elements should be substantially larger than the circumference of the traction means, the circumference measured transversely to the longitudinal direction in terms of function here stands for the circumferential surface, and the dimensions which differ in this respect are based on the following consideration:

• Although the like or in particular in higher structures such as retaining walls. occurring tensile forces can not assume quite insignificant values, the problem with such ground anchors is less in the transmission of these tensile forces than in the reduction of the horizontal forces occurring in the ground due to friction.

In order to reduce the horizontal forces caused by friction, certain surfaces of the ground anchors are required, taking into account the earth pressures, the coefficients of friction that apply between the material of the ground anchors and the ground, etc., but the dimensions resulting from this, for example, in the known anchor stones made of reinforced concrete in terms of scope and length for the transmission of the tensile forces occurring are not nearly necessary.

Based on this knowledge, the present invention thus creates an earth anchor, the elongated, transversely or perpendicular to its longitudinal direction by elasticity and / or due to a certain design in the manner of a chain or the like. deformable traction means only has such a strength as it actually for transmission occurring tensile forces is required, which means that relatively small cross-sectional dimensions are sufficient if the traction means is made of steel strip, for example, to prevent corrosion on the outside, for example by galvanizing, coating with plastic, covering (e.g. shrinking) with a plastic tube or the like, has been made corrosion-resistant, or is made from the outset from a corrosion-resistant material such as »stainless steel.

On the other hand, such a traction device would obviously only be able to transmit negligibly small frictional forces, so that friction elements are provided for this purpose, the surface of which is large enough to be able to remove the horizontal forces that occur via friction in the ground.

At the end of the support means facing away from the building, such a friction element (end friction element) is initially arranged, which acts as an anchor lock and, for example, from a concrete head, a screw lock with nut, thread and washer, wedge locks or the like. can exist.

A plurality of further friction elements are then preferably arranged between this end friction element and the other end section of the traction means, which do not have a fixed connection to the traction means, but rather can be supported on the end-side friction element.

The friction elements preferably consist of prefabricated parts and can consist of concrete, stoneware, clay, clinker, etc. Their length measured in the longitudinal direction of the traction means is preferably relatively small, so that the snake-shaped structure consisting of the traction means on the one hand and the friction elements on the other hand Can optimally adapt deformations of the subsoil in the manner of a link chain.

In contrast, the width of the friction elements measured transversely to the longitudinal direction of the traction means is preferably substantially greater than its length measured in the longitudinal direction in order to be in the anchoring area, i.e. So in the area of the rear earth body, to be able to create the largest possible effective friction surface.

The formation of ground anchors according to the invention has therefore not only u.a. the advantage that the ground anchors can be easily installed by hand even with relatively high structures and the resulting anchoring dimensions, since the friction elements "thread" on the traction element during the laying process, as it were, in the manner of a string of pearls, or in another configuration can be arranged in such a way in the area of the preferably essentially centrally running traction means that they can be supported on the end friction element, but there is also a further considerable advantage, which consists in the fact that such friction elements only in the effective anchor area, ie to be arranged up to the sliding line which is essentially fixed depending on the subsurface, since, as is known, no frictional force transmission takes place in the section of an earth anchor adjacent to the building.

As already mentioned, the traction means can be made of steel strip or the like, for example. consist, but in principle also of a chain, a steel cable, etc., whereby the traction means does not have to consist of a completely homogeneous section of a suitable material according to an embodiment of the present invention. Rather, according to one embodiment, it can also consist of several sections, each of which is provided at its ends with a connecting means for fastening to an adjacent traction means section, wherein these connecting means can consist, for example, of an eyelet on the one hand and a hook on the other hand. With such or a similar configuration, not only is the installation of sufficiently dimensioned ground anchors completely problem-free, but also the manufacture, storage, transportation, etc.

Further preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in the subclaims.

• Fig. 1 ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines erfindungsgemäßen blockartigen Bauelementes für ein erfindungsgemäßes Bauwerk in perspektivischer Darstellung;
• Fig. 2 das Bauelement gemäß Fig. 1 in einer Ausgestaltung als sog. Bossenstein;
• Fig. 3 eine perspektivische Darstellung eines Teiles eines erfindungsgemäßen Bauwerkes, also eine Anordnung mehrerer erfindungsgemäßer Bauelemente zur Bildung einer Stützwand mit Längsgurten und Erdankern, wobei bei der Ausgestaltung gemäß Fig. 3 die Bauelemente jeweils auf Stoß angeordnet sind;
• Fig. 4 eine Fig. 3 entsprechende Darstellung, bei welcher einander horizontal benachbarte Bauelemente des Bauwerkes mit gegenseitigem Abstand angeordnet und die Zwischenräume bepflanzt sind, wobei das Bauwerk zugleich mit einer Bewässerung versehen ist;
• Fig. 5 eine ausschnittsweise Darstellung eines bepflanzten Bauwerkes gemäß Fig. 4 mit Bewässerung sowie Längsgurt und Erdverankerung gemäß Fig. 3;
• Fig. 6 eine schematische Darstellung eines erfindungsgemäßen Bauwerkes in einer Stützwand mit einem erfindungsgemäßen Erdanker zum Verankern des Bauwerkes im Erdreich;
• Fig. 7 eine seitliche Draufsicht auf die Stirnseite eines Ausführungsbeispiels für ein als Fertigteil ausgebildetes Reibelement aus Beton in Richtung des Pfeiles II in Fig. 8 gesehen;
• Fig. 8 eine Draufsicht auf das Reibelement gemäß Fig. 7 in Richtung des Pfeiles III in Fig. 7 gesehen;
• Fig. 9 eine Draufsicht von oben auf den dem zu verankernden Bauwerk abgekehrten Endabschnitt eines mit Reibelementen gemäß den Fig. 7 und 8 ausgerüsteten Erdankers in Richtung des Pfeiles IV in Fig. 6 gesehen;
• Fig. 10 eine in Richtung des Pfeiles V in Fig. 6 gesehene Draufsicht auf eine Variante eines Erdankers;
• Fig. 11 ein Reibelement des Erdankers gemäß Fig. 10 in perspektivischer Darstellung;
• Fig. 12 einen einem Reibelement zugeordneten Zugmittelabschnitt des Erdankers gemäß Fig. 10;
• Fig. 13 eine etwas schematisierte, perspektivische Darstellung von ersten und zweiten Bauelementen unterschiedlicher Länge für ein erfindungsgemäßes Bauwerk;
• Fig. 14 eine etwas schematisierte, perspektivische Teildarstellung eines erfindungsgemäßen Bauwerkes mit blockartigen Bauelementen unterschiedlicher Breite, wobei bei den schmaleren Bauelementen ein Längsrandabschnitt des V der "normalen" blockartigen Bauelemente abgeschnitten ist bzw. fehlt, um auf diese Weise ein Bauwerk zu schaffen, welches an seiner einen Seite zu bepflanzen ist und an seiner anderen Seite nicht bepflanzt werden, sondern vielmehr glatt durchgehen soll;
• Fig. 15 einen Teilabschnitt eines Bauwerkes mit porösen Porenbauelementen zwecks Bepflanzung mit Hydrokulturen o.dgl.;
• Fig. 16 ein Ausführungsbeispiel für eine Verankerung eines Erdankers an einem Bauelement in seitlicher Schnittdarstellung;
• Fig. 17 eine perspektivische Darstellung eines Verankerungsmittels für eine Verankerung gemäß Fig. 16;
• Fig. 18 eine Variante eines Verankerungsmittels für eine Verankerung gemäß Fig. 16;
• Fig. 19 eine Explosionsdarstellung für eine mögliche Verankerung des dem Bauwerk abgekehrten Endabschnittes des Erdankers bzw. dessen Zugmittels für eine Ausgestaltung gemäß Fig. 9;
• Fig. 20 eine etwas schematisierte Darstellung eines endseitigen Bauelementes;
• Fig. 21 eine etwas schematisierte, perspektivische Teildarstellung eines Fundamentelementes für ein erfindungsgemäßes Bauwerk; und
• Fig. 22 eine Draufsicht auf zwei nebeneinander angeordnete Fundamentelemente gemäß Fig. 21.

The invention is explained below using exemplary embodiments with reference to a drawing. It shows:

• Figure 1 shows an embodiment of a block-like component according to the invention for a building according to the invention in a perspective view.
• FIG. 2 shows the component according to FIG. 1 in an embodiment as a so-called boss stone;
• 3 shows a perspective illustration of a part of a building according to the invention, that is to say an arrangement of a plurality of components according to the invention for forming a supporting wall with longitudinal belts and ground anchors, the components in the embodiment according to FIG. 3 being arranged in abutment;
• 4 shows a representation corresponding to FIG. 3, in which components of the building which are horizontally adjacent to one another are arranged at a mutual distance and the spaces are planted, the building being at the same time provided with irrigation;
• FIG. 5 shows a detail of a planted structure according to FIG. 4 with Irrigation and longitudinal belt and ground anchorage according to Fig. 3;
• 6 shows a schematic representation of a building according to the invention in a retaining wall with an earth anchor according to the invention for anchoring the building in the ground;
• 7 shows a side plan view of the end face of an exemplary embodiment of a friction element made of concrete as a prefabricated part in the direction of arrow II in FIG. 8;
• FIG. 8 seen a top view of the friction element according to FIG. 7 in the direction of arrow III in FIG. 7;
• 9 shows a plan view from above of the end section of the ground anchor facing away from the structure to be anchored, which is equipped with friction elements according to FIGS. 7 and 8 in the direction of arrow IV in FIG. 6;
• FIG. 10 shows a plan view of a variant of an earth anchor seen in the direction of arrow V in FIG. 6;
• 11 is a perspective view of a friction element of the ground anchor according to FIG. 10;
• 12 shows a traction element section of the ground anchor according to FIG. 10 assigned to a friction element;
• 13 shows a somewhat schematic, perspective illustration of first and second components of different lengths for a building according to the invention;
• Fig. 14 is a somewhat schematic, perspective partial representation of a building according to the invention with block-like components of different widths, with the narrower components a longitudinal edge section of the V of the "normal" block-like components being cut off or missing in order to create a building which is to be planted on one side and not to be planted on the other, but rather to go smoothly;
• 15 shows a partial section of a building with porous pore components for the purpose of planting with hydroponics or the like;
• 16 shows an exemplary embodiment for anchoring an earth anchor to a component in a lateral sectional view;
• FIG. 17 shows a perspective illustration of an anchoring means for an anchoring according to FIG. 16;
• 18 shows a variant of an anchoring means for an anchoring according to FIG. 16;
• FIG. 19 is an exploded view for a possible anchoring of the end section of the ground anchor facing away from the building or its traction means for an embodiment according to FIG. 9;
• 20 shows a somewhat schematic representation of an end-side component;
• 21 shows a somewhat schematic, perspective partial representation of a foundation element for a building according to the invention; and
• 22 is a plan view of two foundation elements according to FIG. 21 arranged side by side.

Fig. 1 shows a generally designated 1, block-like component in the configuration as a prefabricated part made of concrete, or the like to form support walls. is determined and suitable.

The component 1 has a substantially V-shaped top 2 and a bottom 3 parallel to it.

On the top 2, two groove-shaped recesses 7 with a semicircular cross section are formed in the longitudinal direction according to arrow 4 between the two mutually parallel, vertical side faces 6, of which only one side face can be seen in FIG. 1, each with a distance a run to the adjacent longitudinal edge of the surface 2 of the component 1.

Between each groove-shaped recess 7 and the adjacent longitudinal edge 8 there is essentially one in cross section V-shaped recess 9 is provided, which extends over the entire length of the component 1, that is to say between the two side surfaces 6.

On the longitudinal edges 8 of the top 2 of the component 1, a chamfer 11 is formed, to each of which a first inclined surface 12, which runs at an angle to the chamfer 11, and a second inclined surface 13, which is bent inwards therefrom, are connected, two adjacent ones in each case Sloping surfaces 12 and 13 form a long side of the component 1.

The V-shaped recesses 9 each lie over the longitudinal edge 14 of the underside 3, from which, due to the parallelism between the top and bottom sides 2 and 3 and the chamfers 11 provided on the top side, a shoulder 16 extends inwards before the begin essentially the bottom 3 forming V-shaped surface sections of the bottom 3.

If one wishes to construct such a component 1 as a boss, all that is required is to knock off the outer longitudinal edge section of the component 1 along a V-shaped recess 9, as is shown in FIG. 2.

Fig. 3 shows the arrangement of several components 1 to form a support wall, wherein horizontally adjacent components 1 are each arranged in abutment.

It can be seen that the underside 3 of a component 1 rests continuously on the top 2 of an underlying component 1.

In the illustrated embodiment, which, as already mentioned, a section of a retaining wall, are arranged in the groove-shaped recesses 7 made of steel longitudinal straps 17, the diameter of which is smaller than the width or the radius of the substantially semicircular groove-shaped recesses 7, so that the longitudinal straps 17 do not over the top 2 of the components provided with ring anchor 17 protrude. The longitudinal belts 17 can expediently be filled with concrete after or during assembly, so that there is an intimate connection between the longitudinal belts 17 and the relevant components 1.

Ground anchors 18 are connected to the components 1 provided with longitudinal belts 17, which can only be recognized with their free end section in the illustration according to FIG. 3. This free end section consists of a steel band which is connected to the relevant components 1, i.e. a suitable coupling or sleeve (see e.g. Fig. 5). Thus, for example, steel wall sections or the like protruding from the relevant components 1 can be connected.

The configuration according to FIG. 4 differs from the configuration according to FIG. 3 described above essentially in that the components 1 are not arranged here in abutment but rather at a mutual horizontal distance in order to arrange 19 soil in the resulting gaps and to plant it can, as can be seen from Fig. 4.

Since structures of this type are heated up strongly during prolonged exposure to the sun and, moreover, irrigation, in particular of the lower sections of the structure via the subsequent soil, is extraordinarily deficient, it has so far been the case with them Plantings very often to dry out or burn the plantings.

These disadvantages can be countered by inserting a pipe or a hose 21 provided with outlet openings (for example bores) into the groove-shaped recesses 7 according to FIG. 4, the water supply being able to take place either at intervals or preferably controlled by a moisture sensor, so that proper automatic irrigation of such a structure must be ensured.

FIG. 5 shows a representation similar to FIG. 4, but in addition to irrigation there are also longitudinal belts 17 according to FIG. 3, which are connected to ground anchors 18 by steel strips 22 protruding from the relevant components 1 and a sleeve 23.

Fig. 6 of the drawing shows a schematic vertical section through a section of a building 31, which in the present case consists of a retaining wall, which is a slope covering for slope protection and in the embodiment according to FIG. 6 consists of shaped stones 1, which the retaining wall 31 as dry masonry form.

Since the retaining wall 31 has a height of several meters and is accordingly burdened by horizontal forces, which on the one hand result from earth pressure and also from a loading of the slope 33 by vehicles, the retaining wall 31 must be anchored in the soil of the slope 33.

Ground anchors 18 serve to anchor the retaining wall 31, only one of which is shown in a schematic manner in FIG. 1.

The ground anchor 18 consists of a traction means 36 made of strip steel, which, taking into account the strength properties of the structural steel to be used, is dimensioned in cross-section such that the tensile forces that occur can be easily transmitted.

At 37, an end-side friction element 38 is arranged on one end section of the traction means 36, which is held on the traction means 36 by means of a plate 39, namely by nuts (not shown in FIG. 6), which are placed on the threaded through the plate 39 are screwed through the end portion of the steel anchor 36, so that the end friction element 38 is positively held on the end of the traction means 36 facing away from the retaining wall 31.

Further friction elements 41 then adjoin the end-side friction element 38, which are not connected to the galvanized steel anchor representing the traction means 36, but rather are supported on one another at their end faces.

These friction elements 38, 41 are only arranged in the effective anchor area of the rear earth body of the slope 33, i.e. up to the sliding surface 43 running at an angle 42, while the steel anchor 36 projects freely between the last friction element 41 'and the retaining wall 31, since there anyway no more frictional forces are transmitted into the ground.

The section 36 'of the steel anchor forming the traction means which projects freely over the friction elements 41, 41' is then at a butt joint 44 by means of a suitable, the well-known connecting element, such as a screw socket connection, a loop or the like. connected to an anchoring section 36 of the retaining wall 31 or the relevant shaped block 1 of the retaining wall 31, which also consists of round steel and which can already be used in the relevant block 2 at the factory.

7 and 8 show an example of a configuration option for friction elements 38 or 41, 41 ', in a frontal side view (FIG. 7) or a plan view (FIG. 8), these friction elements 38 or 41 or 41 'consist of concrete.

The friction elements 38, 41 and 41 'have, as can be seen in particular from FIG. 7, as it were an inverted hat shape, the width B of which is approximately 60 cm and the length L of which is approximately 25 cm. The web widths s are each about 20 cm with a thickness d of about 5 cm, which widens in the area of the passage opening 47 for the traction means 36 in the manner shown in FIG. 7 to about 12 cm.

The traction means 36 or 36 '(see FIG. 9) in the present case is a galvanized steel rod of 18 mm in diameter, the diameter of the through openings 47 being approximately 22 mm.

As can be seen from FIG. 9, the end section 37 of the traction means 36 is threaded on the end-side friction element 38 and held there by means of a nut 40 and a washer 40 '.

The one adjoining the end friction element 38 The friction element 41 can therefore be supported on the friction element 38, while the other end-side friction element 41 ′ is supported on the friction element 41.

As has already been mentioned above, the friction elements 38, 41, 41 'can instead be configured completely differently, for example from two half-shells with a U-shaped cross section, which can be made of concrete or another suitable material, for example, and are mirror-symmetrical to the traction means with the end faces of their legs can lie one on top of the other so that they then surround the traction means 36 concentrically as it were.

In addition to numerous other configurations, a configuration for the friction elements 38, 41, 41 'is also conceivable, in which the friction elements are L-shaped in cross section, so that they can be pushed laterally towards the traction means 36 in such a way that this in turn is approximately in the center extends and the friction elements 38, 41, 41 'can then be supported against each other with their parallels to the end faces lying.

From the multitude of conceivable possibilities, a further variant for the friction elements 38, 41, 41 'is finally mentioned by way of example, in which the friction elements each consist only of a shell-shaped section, the cross section of which is essentially U-shaped, with the traction means 36 then between Web and legs of the U can be arranged.

As can already be seen from FIG. 9, it is clearly not necessary to use the anchor head as plate 39 or the like to train, as is the case with the schematic representation according to FIG. 6. Rather, for example, the end-side friction element 38 can also form the actual anchor head, which can be the case, for example, if the anchor head is designed as a concrete block.

10 to 12 show a further variant, namely FIG. 10 in a simplified plan view of the representation according to FIG. 6 with the slope 33 removed, while FIG. 11 shows a friction element 41 or 41 'in a perspective representation and FIG. 12 shows a section of the traction means 36.

The friction elements 41 and 41 'according to FIG. 10 are designed as prefabricated concrete parts (see FIG. 11) and each have a through opening 47 in the initial state, through which a section 48 of the traction means 36 extends, but in contrast to the configuration 7 to 9 by mortar or the like. is firmly connected to the friction element 38 or 41 or 41 '.

The respective length of a section 48 of the traction means is approximately as large as the length of a friction element 38 or 41 or 41 'measured in the longitudinal direction of the traction means, each traction means section 48 having an eyelet 49 at one end section and having a loop at its other end section Hook 51 is provided so that the individual traction means sections 48 extending through the friction elements can each be positively connected to one another at the ends and the ground anchor as a whole forms a kind of "link chain" which can adapt well to the soil of the slope, with this embodiment example between adjacent friction elements a distance a is present in each case.

It should be pointed out that the anchor head is deliberately omitted in the embodiment according to FIG. 10, since there are various possibilities for this, as has already been discussed above.

It should only be pointed out that the traction element section 36 'lying outside the anchor area A can be connected in a particularly simple manner to the anchoring sections 46 in this embodiment, which protrudes from the retaining wall 31 which is only symbolically shown in FIG.

FIG. 13 shows in solid lines a component 1 ', the length L / 2 of which is different, namely half as large, as the length L of the normal component 1, which is partly dashed.

Such block-like components with, for example, half the length are particularly suitable for the creation of continuous lines in buildings in which anchors are to be attached.

Fig. 14 shows a perspective view of a section of a building with "normal" components 1 and with intermediate components 52, the intermediate components 52 differing from the components 1 essentially in that a longitudinal edge portion of the V is missing or cut off, so that can be created in this way or with these building structures that are to be planted from one side, and that have dense or closed masonry on the other side. Such an embodiment may be desired, for example, in the case of border masonry, the side facing the street should not be planted, while the side facing the garden should be planted.

15 shows a section of a building according to the invention, in which there is a two-part pore component 54, namely porous elements 54 ', between two components 1 arranged one above the other, which is provided with plant openings 53 in which, for example, hydroponics can be planted. Between the two elements 54 ', 54' there is a central support section 55 which is made of the same material as the block-like components 1, with separating plates 56 being arranged at the interfaces between the support section 55 and the adjacent surfaces of the pore components 54 ', 54' are.

16 shows a cross section through a component 1 to be connected to an earth anchor 18 with a blind hole 62 extending from a longitudinal side into which the anchoring section 46 of the traction means 36 of an earth anchor 18 is to be inserted. At the end of the blind hole 62 there is an anchoring means 63 which is to be connected to the traction means 36.

A protective tube made of plastic is arranged in the blind hole 62.

The anchoring means 63 can essentially consist of a metal cross 67 according to FIG. 17, which is connected to the protective tube 64 at the end of the blind hole 62, or according to FIG. 18, for example, has a spiral 65 which is arranged spirally around a section of the protective tube 64 and is connected to an end plate 66 arranged at the end of the bag 62.

FIG. 19, in addition to the representation according to FIG. 9, again shows an exploded view of the anchoring of the friction elements 41, 41 'and in particular of the end friction element 38 on the traction means 6 of the ground anchor 18, the friction elements 18 being omitted in the illustration according to FIG. 19 and from the illustration according to FIG. 19 it can be seen that the threaded end section of the traction means 36 through a hole in the washer or - Add washer 40 'and to be anchored on its other side with a hexagon nut 40 made of stainless steel.

20 shows a somewhat simplified illustration of an end-side block-like component 57. While the "normal" components 1 have essentially vertical end faces, the end-side component 57 has an end face 57 ', the contour of which is adapted to the contour of the long sides of the components 1, 57 is, so that an aesthetically pleasing conclusion can thus be achieved at the end of a building according to the invention.

21 shows a bottom block-like component serving as a foundation element 58 for a building according to the invention, which is particularly distinguished from the other components 1 etc. in that it has a flat underside 59.

As can be seen from the illustration according to FIG. 22, which shows two such foundation elements according to FIG. 21 in a top view, the long sides 60 and 61 of the foundation elements 58 are of different lengths, so that the foundation elements 58 have the shape of a trapezoid in the top view .

Such a configuration brings with it the enormous advantages in practice that the most diverse components can be manufactured with such identical components and accordingly in large series to be prefabricated Let foundation runs for appropriately designed structures easily be achieved.

This results, for example, from the fact that the foundation components 58 can be arranged, for example, in such a way that their broader long sides connect to one another on the one hand, and that their narrower long sides connect to one another on the other.

However, depending on the given course of the building to be constructed, it is also evident that straight and curved sections - namely sections with a longitudinal or right curvature - can be connected to one another.

In summary, it can be said that with the structure according to the invention, all possible practical requirements can be met in an almost optimal, yet inexpensive manner, taking into account all economic aspects, all technical requirements (including statics) and including all aesthetic aspects ( Courtesy of the resulting structures, planting options, etc.).

Claims (27)

1. Structure in the manner of a retaining wall or the like, consisting essentially of block-like components made of concrete, natural stone or the like, which has a substantially V-shaped upper side, an underside parallel to the upper side and essentially vertical lateral end faces have, and whose surfaces perpendicular to the end faces are mirror-symmetrical to the vertical central longitudinal plane, characterized in that on the upper side (2) of the components (1) each with a distance (a) and parallel to the longitudinal edge (8) between the end faces (8) 6) extending groove-shaped recess (7) for receiving a longitudinal belt (17) or an irrigation line (21) provided with outlet openings is provided. 2. Building according to claim 1, characterized in that the recess cross section of the components (1) is trapezoidal. 3. Structure according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a substantially V-shaped recess (9) is provided between a groove-shaped recess (7) and the adjacent longitudinal edge (8) of a component (1), which is between the End faces. (6) and lies over a correspondingly V-shaped longitudinal edge (14) of the underside (3). 4. Structure with an earth anchor for anchoring in the ground, one end section of which is to be fastened to the structure and the remaining section of which is to be arranged in the ground, and which has an elongated traction means which can be deformed perpendicularly to its longitudinal direction and has an end section which faces away from the fastening end is designed as a friction body, the circumference of which is substantially larger than the circumference of the traction means, and which projects over the friction body at its other end section facing the building, in particular according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the friction body of the ground anchor (18) consists of several, preferably identical, individually mountable friction elements (38, 41, 41 ') arranged one behind the other in the longitudinal direction of the traction means (36, 36'). 5. Structure according to claim 4, characterized in that the friction elements (38, 41, -41 ') have a through opening (47) which is traversed by the traction means (36), and that on the structure (31) facing away An anchor head (39) is arranged at the end (37) so that the friction elements (38, 41, 41 ') are supported (at 39) on the end section (37) of the ground anchor (18) facing away from the structure (31). 6. Structure according to claim 4, characterized in that the traction means (36) consists of several sections (48) which are provided at their ends with a connecting means (49 and 51) for fastening an adjacent traction means section (48). 7. Structure according to claim 6, characterized in that the connecting means of a traction element section (48) are designed as an eyelet (49) or hook (51). 8. Structure according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the traction means sections (48) are each firmly connected to the associated friction element (41, 41 '). 9. Building according to one or more of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the friction elements (41, 41 ') are arranged at a mutual distance (a) from one another. 10. Building according to one or more of claims 4 to 9, characterized in that the friction elements (38, 41, 41 ') are constructed in a manner known per se as prefabricated concrete parts. 11. Structure according to one or more of claims 4 to 10, characterized in that the length (1) of the friction elements (38, 41, 41 ') measured in the longitudinal direction of the traction means (36, 36') in relation to the length of the ground anchor ( 1) is relatively small. 12. Structure according to one or more of claims 4 to 11, characterized in that the width (B) of the friction elements (38, 41, 41 ') measured transversely to the longitudinal direction of the traction means (36, 36') is substantially larger than theirs length measured in the longitudinal direction (1). 13. Building according to one or more of claims 4 to 8, characterized in that a component to be connected to an earth anchor (18) (for example 1) is provided with a blind hole (62) extending from a longitudinal side, into which the anchoring section (46 ) the traction means (36) is to be inserted; and that at the end of the blind hole (62) an anchoring means (63) is arranged, which is to be connected to the traction means (36). 14. Building according to claim 13, characterized in that in the blind hole (62) a preferably made of plastic protective tube (64) is arranged. 15. Structure according to claim 13 or 14, characterized in that the anchoring means (63) has an end plate (66) arranged at the end of the blind hole (62). 16. Structure according to one of claims 13 to 15, characterized in that the anchoring means (63) has a helix (65) which is arranged spirally around at least a portion of the protective tube (64) and to connect to the end plate (66) is. 17. Building according to claim 13 and 14, characterized in that the anchoring means (63) is a metal cross (67) or the like. which is connected to the protective tube (64) at the end of the blind hole (62). 18. Structure according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the block-like components (1, 1 ') are of different lengths. 19. Building according to claim 18, characterized in that in addition to (first) components (1) of a certain length (L) there are second components (1 '), the length (L / 2) of which is half the length of the first components (1) . 20. Building according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the block-like components (1, 1 ") are of different widths. 21. A structure according to claim 20, characterized in that in addition to the V-shaped components (1, 1 ') intermediate components (52) are present in which a longitudinal edge portion of the V is cut off or missing. 22. The structure according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one pore component (54) provided on the outer sides with plant openings (53) is arranged between two components (1) which are arranged one above the other. 23. The structure according to claim 22, characterized by a divided pore component (54 ', 54'), the central support section (55) of the same material as the block-like components (1, 1 '). 24. Building according to claim 23, characterized in that separation surfaces (56) are arranged at the interfaces between the support section (55) and the adjacent surfaces of the pore component (54 ', 54'). 25. Building according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that an end-arranged block-like component (57) is formed on its one free end face (57 ') at least essentially with the same contour as on its long sides. 26. Building according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the bottom block-like components (58) serving as foundation elements are formed on their underside (59) essentially flat. 27. The structure according to claim 26, characterized in that the longitudinal sides (60, 61) of the foundation elements (58) are each of different lengths.
REFERENCE SIGN LIST 1.1 ', 1 "components (shaped blocks) 2 top (of 1) 3 bottom (of 1) 4 arrow 6 faces (of 1) 7 groove-shaped recesses (in 2) 8 longitudinal edges (of 1 or 2) 9 V-shaped recesses (in 2) 11 chamfers (at 8) 12 sloping surface 13 sloping surface 14 longitudinal edges 16 shoulder 17 longitudinal belt 18 ground anchors 19 spaces (between 1/1) 21 pipe or hose 22 steel strips 23 sleeve 31 structure (retaining wall) 33 slope 36, 36 'traction means (of 4) 37 end section (of 6) 38 final friction element 39 plate 40 mother 40 'washer 41, 41 'friction elements 42 angles (sliding surface) 43 sliding surface 44 push 46 anchoring section 47 through opening 48 section 49 eyelet 51 hooks 52 intermediate components 53 plant openings 54, 54 'pore components 55 middle support section 56 dividers 57 end component; 57 'end face 58 foundation elements 59 underside 60 long side 61 Long side 62 blind hole 63 anchoring means 64 protective tube 65 coils 66 end plate 67 metal cross

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