EP0004855B1 - Schaltungsanordnung zum Aufbereiten eines abgetasteten Musters - Google Patents

Schaltungsanordnung zum Aufbereiten eines abgetasteten Musters Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0004855B1
EP0004855B1 EP79100381A EP79100381A EP0004855B1 EP 0004855 B1 EP0004855 B1 EP 0004855B1 EP 79100381 A EP79100381 A EP 79100381A EP 79100381 A EP79100381 A EP 79100381A EP 0004855 B1 EP0004855 B1 EP 0004855B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
image
image signal
signal
correlated
vid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP79100381A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0004855A3 (en
EP0004855A2 (de
Inventor
Wilfried Kochert
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Oce Document Technologies GmbH
Original Assignee
Computer Gesellschaft Konstanz mbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by Computer Gesellschaft Konstanz mbH filed Critical Computer Gesellschaft Konstanz mbH
Publication of EP0004855A2 publication Critical patent/EP0004855A2/de
Publication of EP0004855A3 publication Critical patent/EP0004855A3/xx
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0004855B1 publication Critical patent/EP0004855B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
    • G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
    • G06V10/94—Hardware or software architectures specially adapted for image or video understanding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
    • G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
    • G06V10/10—Image acquisition
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
    • G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
    • G06V10/20—Image preprocessing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
    • G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
    • G06V10/20—Image preprocessing
    • G06V10/24—Aligning, centring, orientation detection or correction of the image

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a circuit arrangement for processing a scanned pattern in a device for machine character recognition according to the preamble of the main claim.
  • a pattern to be scanned is passed into a picture signal by a photodiode matrix arranged in the scanning unit when a recording medium passes a scanning unit or when a scanning unit passes a stationary recording medium, then the digitized image signal does not clearly correspond in all elements to the black and white distribution of the pattern to be scanned.
  • Signal falsifications also occur if the threshold value for digitizing the image signal is selected to be favorable.
  • a calibration standard is scanned with a clear white background and a correction value specific to it is determined and stored from the scanning result of each individual photodiode.
  • these correction values for the individual photodiodes are then used to eliminate the sensitivity deviations of the tolerance deviations of the individual photodiodes by correcting the bit signal emitted by the photodiode line. It is easily conceivable that such a correction of the signal elements emitted by the individual photodiodes would be very complex in the case of a larger photodiode matrix, as is customary today, especially since it must be taken into account that the sensitivity of the electronic component or its individual elements also from is dependent on aging.
  • a method for machine character recognition is also known, in which a respectively current image pattern is compared with an image pattern shifted with respect to it and the size of the correspondence between the two image signals is determined in the form of a count value in a counting device, which controls the further processing of the image signals.
  • the present invention is based on the object of improving a circuit arrangement of the type mentioned in such a way that, in particular taking into account the photodiode tolerances and the different line widths for the individual characters, adequate character processing with regard to reliable character recognition is possible with reasonable effort is.
  • This object is achieved with the features described in the characterizing part of the main claim.
  • This solution takes advantage of the fact that even in a single scanning operation, due to the low inertia of modern electronic components, a shifted instantaneous image of the scanning pattern occurs in succession on such a photodiode matrix.
  • the elements of the scanned pattern are evaluated differently in the different layers, ie they are represented as black elements in one instantaneous image and as white elements in another instantaneous image.
  • the invention makes use of this possibility of modern electronic components in order to evaluate various momentary installations of the image pattern during a single scanning process.
  • FIG. 1 The block diagram shown in FIG. 1 for a circuit arrangement for preparing a scanned grid shows a scanning unit ABE, which is only shown with dash-dotted lines, to indicate that this is no longer part of this circuit arrangement. However, it emits all the signals that are important for the circuit arrangement.
  • VID sampled image signals
  • the ABE scanning unit also delivers a standard signal SYNC. This signal is emitted during a cycle T2 whenever a complete image pattern is emitted by the scanning unit ABE.
  • This signal then serves to reset all the circuits to a defined initial value, the switching state of which changes continuously when an image pattern is transmitted.
  • the scanning unit ABE also emits a fade-out signal CYC, which is emitted during the transmission of the left or right marginal columns of an image pattern, so that these remain unconsidered when the image patterns are processed.
  • CYC fade-out signal
  • the image signal VID emitted by the scanning unit ABE is fed to a first synchronizing flip-flop SF1, which is prepared by the slow second clock T2.
  • This synchronized video signal VID is first fed to the data input of a first image memory RAM 1.
  • Its storage capacity corresponds to a complete image pattern, in the present example 1024 x 1 bit, whereby it is assumed that a sensor field in the scanning unit ABE consists of 16 columns and 64 lines, a complete image signal corresponds to 1024 bits.
  • This image signal VID is transmitted line by line and bit series from the scanning unit ABE. In this form, it is transferred bit-serially into the first image memory RAM 1, controlled by the write signal WR.
  • An address counter ACTR is provided for address selection of the first image memory RAM1. This is counted up with the second clock T2 and then reset at the end of an image transmission by the normalizing signal SYNC.
  • a second synchronizing flip-flop SF2 is connected to the data output of the first image memory RAM and is likewise controlled by the second clock T2. Its output is connected to a first data input SD1 of a switch mechanism SW.
  • This switching mechanism SW has three further data inputs SD2, SD3 and SD4, the meaning of which will be explained below.
  • the blanking signal CYC is fed to it as a control signal.
  • it is connected to the output of a picture element counter VCTR.
  • This counter device is also reset by the normalization signal SYNC at the end of an image transmission. It has a counting input EN to which the image signal VID output at the output of the first synchronizing flip-flop SF1 is fed.
  • This counter counts all black picture elements during an image transmission and outputs a threshold signal BI to the switching mechanism SW as a control signal.
  • This threshold signal BI is always in state 1 when the counter reading of the counter device VCTR exceeds a predetermined value for the number of black elements in an image pattern and thus identifies this image pattern as a "bold" pattern.
  • the switching mechanism SW also receives a further four-bit selection signal AW, which is emitted by a decoder DEC to be explained later.
  • a second image memory RAM2 is connected to a data output SD5 of the switching mechanism. This also has a storage capacity for a complete image pattern with 1024x 1 bit. It is addressed via an address adder ADD and takes over the output data offered by the switching mechanism SW if the write signal WR is also supplied to it.
  • the address adder is first set with the output signals of the address counter ACTR. In order to read out the second image memory RAM2, however, a constant K must be subtracted from the address offered by the address counter ACTR, in order, as will be explained later, to read out the content of this second image memory RAM2 in a position-synchronized manner with the offered image signals VID.
  • This correlated image signal VIDk is also offered in triplicate to the switching mechanism SW for linking to the current image signal VID, which is temporarily stored in the first image memory RAM.
  • the correlated image signal VIDk is fed directly to the switching mechanism SW via its second data input SD2 and delayed by two column spacings via two delay flip-flops VF1 and VF2, respectively, and fed to the third and fourth data inputs SD3 and SD4 of the switching mechanism SW. This now makes it clear why the memory address for the second bit memory RAM2 is modified during the laser process. This makes it possible to offer the switching mechanism correlated image signals to the current image signals VID.
  • the address modification is designed so that, together with the delay of the correlated image signals VIDk at a relative speed of zero of the scanning unit ABE compared to a recording medium to be scanned, the switch SW is offered the correlated image signal in three different positions, from which the middle to the current image signal VID is position synchronous.
  • the output of the third synchronizing flip-flop SF3 is also connected to a comparison circuit COMP, which thus also receives the correlated image signal VIDk.
  • the current image signal VID which is also supplied to it, is compared with the correlated image signal VIDk in three positions and the best match is determined.
  • This is achieved in that in a counting circuit CT connected to the comparison circuit COMP, the picture elements with a corresponding signal state are counted for each of the layers during an image transfer.
  • this counter circuit must also be in a defined initial state at the start of a transmission of a complete image pattern, which is achieved with the supplied standard signal SYNC.
  • the comparison result in the counter circuit CT is transmitted to a decoder DEC, which converts the input variable supplied to it into the aforementioned selection signal AW, which is fed to the switching mechanism.
  • This control signal thus defines the position of the correlated image signal VIDk for the switching mechanism that best matches the current image signal VID.
  • the switching mechanism SW then links one of the three correlated image signals VIDk offered to it with the current image signal read from the first image memory RAM1. The type of link depends on the threshold signal BI of the pixel count supplied to the switching mechanism SW establishment from.
  • the “zero" state of this threshold signal identifies a transmitted image pattern with only a few black picture elements, that is to say a "weak” character.
  • the switching mechanism SW combines the offered current image signal VID with the selected correlated image signal VIDk in such a way that all black picture elements of both picture patterns are linked in a disjunctive manner. A "weak” image pattern is thus filled up in the new correlated image signal thus created.
  • the threshold signal BI of the picture element counter is in the "1" state when a "bold” picture pattern is transmitted.
  • the welding signal BI controls the switching mechanism SW such that the white picture elements of the picture signals VID or VIDk of the selected position are now linked to one another in a disjunctive manner. A "bold” picture pattern is thinned to a certain extent.
  • This preparation of a scanned image pattern takes into account the fact that in a photodiode matrix, which is used as a photo-electric converter in the scanning unit ABE, the individual photodiodes have a relatively high tolerance range with regard to their sensitivity. It follows from this that the optical signals within the photodiode matrix are scanned with great different sensitivity. In this way, weaker characters can even be partially perforated.
  • the current image signal VID is compared with a correlated image signal VIDk present in the second image memory RAM2 in three adjacent positions.
  • the position of the greatest match is determined by the comparison circuit COMP.
  • the current image signal VID temporarily stored in the first image memory RAM1 can then be linked in the position of the best match with the image signal present in the second image memory RAM2.
  • the comparison of the correlated image signal VIDk with the current image signal VID in three different adjacent layers offers the possibility of determining this correlation independently of a predetermined scanning direction on the recording medium, because the scanning direction also results from the best match of the current image signal VID with one of the three layers of the correlated image signal VIDk results. So it is possible to allow scanning directions from left to right or from right to left.
  • FIG. 2 shows a preferred exemplary embodiment for the part of the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 1, with which the comparison of the current image signal VID with the correlated image signal VIDk is carried out in three different positions and the comparison result in FIG Form of the selection signal AW is transferred to the switching mechanism SW.
  • the comparison circuit COMP shown in FIG. 2 has a second AND gate UG2, the inputs of which are supplied with the bit-series correlated image signal VIDk and the blanking signal CYC.
  • This logical combination means that the marginal columns of a transmitted image pattern, here an already correlated image pattern, are not taken into account in the comparison with the current image signal VID, which is also fed to the comparison circuit COMP.
  • the correlated image signal VIDk thus trimmed in its edges, three positions of the correlated image pattern, each shifted laterally by a gap distance, must now be generated.
  • two delay flip-flops VF1 'and VF2' are used, which are connected in series to the output of the second AND gate UG2.
  • the correlated image signal VIDk directly output at the output of the second AND gate UG2 belongs to the left image pattern, the delayed image signal occurring at the output of the first delay flip-flop VF1 'belongs to the middle image pattern and the image signal at the output of the second delay flip-flop VF2' belongs to the right Image pattern.
  • the peculiarity of the desired comparison is that it is not the correlated image signal VIDk that is compared in all three positions with the current image signal VID, but a comparison of the correlated image patterns of the middle position with the left or right position, as well as the middle position of the correlated image pattern is made with the current image pattern.
  • three EXCLUSIVE-OR sliders EX1, EX2 and EX3 are used. One input each of these three EXCLUSIVE-OR sliders is connected to the output of the first delay flip-flop VF1 '. The second input of the first EXCLUSIVE OR gate EX1 is connected to the delay flip-flop VF3 'which delays the current image signal VID.
  • the second EXCLUSIVE-OR gate EX2 has its second input connected directly to the output of the AND gate UG2 and the third EXCLUSIVE-OR gate EX3 to the output of the second delay flip-flop VF2 '. Since an EXCLUSIVE-OR gate is known to only carry an output signal "1" if its two inputs are offered different signal states, the three outputs of the comparator COMP always output a comparison signal "1" when the picture elements of the two are compared with each other Image patterns are different. It is conceivable and will be explained with the help of an example that this characterizes the contours of image patterns when they are shifted in relation to one another. It should be added here that this always applies to the three differently offered correlated image signals VIDk with unambiguous scanning, whereas according to the above definition this can only be the case if a relative speed occurs between the scanning unit ABE and the recording medium to be scanned.
  • This counter circuit has two up-down counters CTR1 and CTR2.
  • the counting input EN of the first of the two up-down counters is assigned to the output of the second EXCLUSIVE-OR gate. He counts every difference between the correlated image patterns of the middle and left layer.
  • the second up-down counter CTR2 the third EXCLUSIVE-OR gate EX3, i.e. is assigned to the two correlated image patterns of the middle and the right position.
  • Both counters are reset together via the normalization signal SYNC supplied to their reset input R before the start of an image transmission.
  • the fade-out signal CYC is fed to them via a lock input EN via a further synchronization flip-flop SF4 clocked by the second clock pulse T2, so that the marginal columns are not taken into account during the image transmission.
  • the counting direction of both counters is determined by the output signal of the first EXCLUSIVE OR gate EX1. According to the definition, the counting direction is always positive when this output signal is in the "zero" signal state.
  • the reverse counting direction is set by the second signal state. This is indicated in Fig. 2 by the corresponding specification of the inputs for the counting direction.
  • the two eight-level up-back counters CTR1 and CTR2 have a corresponding number of outputs, of which only the four higher-order outputs are connected. This takes into account the fact that reliable matches in the evaluated image patterns are only guaranteed above a certain threshold, and the consideration of the low-order bit positions could falsify the comparison.
  • These eight signal outputs of the counter circuit CT are connected to the decoder DEC. With the respective count of the two counters of the counter circuit CT, a read-only memory ROM is addressed in the decoder DEC, which has a capacity of 256x4 bits. This read-only memory accordingly has four signal outputs which are connected to an output register REG.
  • the addressed memory content is transferred to this output register REG, controlled by the slow clock T2, at the end of an image transmission.
  • This is triggered by the normalization signal SYNC, which is linked to the slow clock T2 via a third AND gate UG3 and is fed to the clock input of the output register REG.
  • the selection signal AW is emitted by the output register REG, which is fed to the switching mechanism SW.
  • FIG. 3 shows the three normally occurring combinations of different positions of the image patterns to be compared for a simple example for better understanding.
  • a simple image pattern with four bits is indicated in FIG. 3 and is drawn in four lines one below the other. The top three lines are intended to represent the three positions of an already corrected image pattern VIDk, each shifted by one scanning column.
  • a current image pattern VID is drawn in the fourth line in the correct position with respect to the mean correlated image pattern.
  • This positional combination of the different image patterns corresponds to the definition and should ideally occur if there is no relative speed between the scanning unit ABE and the recording medium to be scanned when the actual image pattern is scanned.
  • the output signals of the three EXCLUSIVE-OR gates EX1, EX2 and EX3 of the comparison circuit COMP are in three lines below these image patterns shown positions.
  • the signal states can easily be derived from the image patterns drawn above the column direction.
  • the two up-down counters CTR1 and CTR2 are set to a positive counting direction in this case by the output signal of the first EXCLUSIVE-OR gate EX1. So you evaluate the two counting events in the second and sixth or the third and seventh column positively.
  • FIG. 4 shows, based on the correlated image pattern VIDk, which is again shifted relative to one another by a column, a current image pattern VID no longer arranged in the center but shifted to the left.
  • the output signals of the first EXCLUSIVE OR gate EX1 change. This left shift can be found identically at the output of the second EXCLUSIVE OR gate EX2.
  • These counter events to be evaluated are evaluated negatively in the first up-down counter CTR1.
  • the output signals of the third EXCLUSIVE-OR gate EX3, on the other hand, are counted positively, because counting events always occur when the first EXCLUSIVE-OR gate EX1 has the signal state "zero" at the output, i.e.
  • FIG. 5 now shows the reverse case of a right shift of the current image pattern VID compared to the central position of the correlated image pattern VIDk. Comparable to the configuration according to FIG. 4, the counting of the up-down counters CTR1, CTR2 then turns here.
  • FIG. 6 now shows how these counter readings of the two up / down counters CTR1 and CTR2 are evaluated in the decoder DEC.
  • This diagram gives a graphic representation of the contents of the read-only memory ROM of the decoder DEC.
  • the counter states of the up / down counters CTR1 and CTR2 are shown in the diagram as coordinate axes.
  • a positive counter state of both counters addresses a segment in the read-only memory ROM which is located at the top right in FIG. 6 and is labeled "CONST". It was explained in connection with FIG. 3 that both counters can only count positive if the current image pattern VID matches the center position of the correlated image pattern VIDk.
  • a binary digit is addressed in the read-only memory ROM, which is also specified in the quadrant of the diagram in FIG. 6.
  • This four-digit binary number is transferred to the output register REG of the decoder DEC as described and represents the selection signal AW.
  • the selection signal AW sets the switching mechanism SW in such a way that the correlated image signal VIDk in the second image memory RAM2 is not changed .
  • the second segment at the top left represents an area that corresponds to a right shift.
  • the selection signal AW addressed in this case adjusts the switching mechanism SW so that the current image signal VID is linked with the right-shifted correlated image signal VIDk and is written into the second image memory RAM2.
  • the fourth quadrant is labeled "N". As shown, this area should also include the zero point of the coordinate system. Both counters CTR1 and CTR2 have a counter reading of "zero” if there are no black picture elements in the current picture signal VID. In addition, as can be seen from the above description of the figures relating to FIGS. 4 and 5, the counter readings become “zero” or have a negative number if there is no match between the current signal and a correlated signal. This is always the case when an image signal VID is transmitted for the first time for a new image pattern. The 4-digit binary number "0000" specified for this area is set by the switching mechanism SW so that the current image signal VID is written unchanged from the first image memory RAM to the second image memory RAM2.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Software Systems (AREA)
  • Studio Circuits (AREA)
  • Transforming Light Signals Into Electric Signals (AREA)
  • Facsimile Scanning Arrangements (AREA)
  • Image Analysis (AREA)
EP79100381A 1978-04-18 1979-02-09 Schaltungsanordnung zum Aufbereiten eines abgetasteten Musters Expired EP0004855B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2816839 1978-04-18
DE2816839A DE2816839C3 (de) 1978-04-18 1978-04-18 Schaltungsanordnung zum Aufbereiten eines abgetasteten Musters

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EP0004855A2 EP0004855A2 (de) 1979-10-31
EP0004855A3 EP0004855A3 (en) 1979-11-14
EP0004855B1 true EP0004855B1 (de) 1982-06-30

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EP79100381A Expired EP0004855B1 (de) 1978-04-18 1979-02-09 Schaltungsanordnung zum Aufbereiten eines abgetasteten Musters

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US (1) US4262280A (ru)
EP (1) EP0004855B1 (ru)
AT (1) AT378274B (ru)
DE (1) DE2816839C3 (ru)

Cited By (1)

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DE3732459A1 (de) * 1986-09-26 1988-04-07 Olympus Optical Co Verfahren und einrichtung zum feststellen einander entsprechender bereiche in einer mehrzahl von bildern

Families Citing this family (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3214621A1 (de) * 1982-04-20 1983-10-20 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Kombiniertes optisches handlesegeraet fuer maschinelle zeichenerkennung mit integriertem optischen system
GB2288512B (en) * 1994-04-14 1998-08-26 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Image processing apparatus
JP2956651B2 (ja) * 1997-05-20 1999-10-04 日本電気株式会社 微細パターン検査装置および検査方法
JPH11234490A (ja) * 1998-02-10 1999-08-27 Ricoh Co Ltd 画像形成装置

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DE1205743B (de) * 1961-02-16 1965-11-25 Ibm Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur maschinellen Zeichenerkennung

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US3104372A (en) * 1961-02-02 1963-09-17 Rabinow Engineering Co Inc Multilevel quantizing for character readers
US3339177A (en) * 1964-01-30 1967-08-29 Ibm Data consolidation system employing cell grouping with a plurality of scans within each cell
US3582887A (en) * 1968-03-20 1971-06-01 Farrington Electronics Inc Adjustable character reader to compensate for varying print density
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GB1311486A (en) * 1969-03-31 1973-03-28 Dunlop Holdings Ltd Floor structures for inflatable boats
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3732459A1 (de) * 1986-09-26 1988-04-07 Olympus Optical Co Verfahren und einrichtung zum feststellen einander entsprechender bereiche in einer mehrzahl von bildern

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Publication number Publication date
EP0004855A3 (en) 1979-11-14
AT378274B (de) 1985-07-10
ATA283479A (de) 1984-11-15
DE2816839A1 (de) 1979-10-25
EP0004855A2 (de) 1979-10-31
DE2816839B2 (de) 1980-06-19
US4262280A (en) 1981-04-14
DE2816839C3 (de) 1981-03-26

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