DK2644794T3

DK2644794T3 - SYSTEM OF FORCING BLOCKS, STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTED THEREOF AND PROCEDURE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A STRUCTURE

Info

Publication number: DK2644794T3
Application number: DK13159388.1T
Authority: DK
Inventors: Klaus Freund
Original assignee: XiTec Technologies GmbH
Priority date: 2012-03-28
Filing date: 2013-03-15
Publication date: 2015-11-09
Also published as: HRP20151127T1; RS54363B1; DE102012205034A1; EP2644794B1; EP2644794A2; EP2644794A3; SI2644794T1; PT2644794E; PL2644794T3; ES2551884T3; HUE027970T2

Description

The invention concerns a system of formwork blocks, built in layers to form a masonry structure, wherein the respective formwork block is made as an integral structure from concrete, lightweight concrete, shale, pumice, lava or expanded clay and has two side walls which are connected together by a number of transverse webs, as well as cavities, bounded by the side walls and by the transverse webs, into which filler material can be poured. The invention also concerns a structure erected using formwork blocks of this type as well as a method of erecting a structure.

Traditionally, single and multiple family dwellings and similar buildings of solid construction are erected using masonry systems, wherein, conventionally, individual blocks - such as bricks, hollow blocks, clinker bricks or natural stone - are layered or laid to form a masonry bond and bonded together with mortar. As a rule, this method of construction is associated with high labour costs on the site. Usually, after erecting the walls, the water, sanitation, heating and/or electrical services are installed. To do this, slots are made in the walls generally using a suitable tool and the respective pipelines or electrical circuits are placed in these slots. Then the remaining cavities are refilled with mortar or similar and smoothed. Again, these operations are associated with a large amount of manual effort. US 4 075 808 A discloses a system of formwork blocks in accordance with the generic concept of claim 1.

So-called prefabricated houses are also known from the prior art which suffer from logistics problems, however, when large-scale and heavy, finished concrete components are used. Cavity wall construction which is considered an alternative generally has a low degree of acceptance among home builders.

Furthermore, the erection of building walls is known where so-called formwork blocks, known also as hollow blocks or shuttering blocks, which are laid dry without mortar and whose cavities, or air chambers, are filled with concrete or a cement mixture or some other hardening filler material after erection of the wall. This avoids the expensive building and later removal of shuttering which is normally needed when working with concrete (lost shuttering method). Typically, formwork blocks of this type are made out of concrete or lightweight concrete.

An example can be found in the German utility model document DE 83 12 758 Ul. The formwork block disclosed there has two side walls joined together with a multiplicity of transverse webs. The transverse webs are partly cut away at the upper end to help in the distribution of the filler material in the structure during pouring. Thus, the requirements for the installation of water, sanitation and/or electrical services is not totally taken into account, however, in this case. Furthermore, while this block may have studs projecting from the abutting faces so that the individual bricks are easier to set flush and movement is prevented during filling, nevertheless the self-alignment when joining the bricks is not fully developed.

There are also foam material variants of formwork blocks, such as from Polystyrol. Because blocks of this type are lightweight, they are easy to handle but masonry structures erected using them have static limitations. Here again, installation and self-build requirement are generally taken into account to a limited degree only.

Thus, the task of the present invention is based on presenting a system of formwork blocks which are light in weight and can be laid accurately and which simplify the installation of water, sanitation, heating and/or electrical services compared with conventional installation methods. Moreover, the aim is to specify a particularly practical method of erecting a structure using formwork blocks of this type.

The task with regard to the device is resolved inventively by the features of claim 1.

According to this, provision is made that the cavities are arranged and dimensioned such that continuous vertical shafts and continuous horizontal shafts are formed in the erected masonry to accommodate the installation of pipelines and similar objects of water, sanitation, heating and/or electrical services wherein the clear width of the particular horizontal shaft is at least 10 cm and its clear height is at least 20 cm.

The terms “horizontal, vertical, top, bottom, etc.” refer in this case and in the following to the intended installation orientation of the formwork blocks in the masonry. The term “continuous” means that the particular horizontal channel extends without interruptions through several formwork blocks located next to each other in one course of the wall, in particular through the entire width of the wall and preferably in a straight line without substantial gradations or similar, so that a straight, rigid pipeline can be laid, or, respectively, inserted. In particular, in this case the end faces of the formwork blocks should be kept open at least in the area of the shaft cross section. The same applies for the vertical shafts.

The invention is based on the concept, when using the formwork block from DE 83 12 758 U1 to build a masonry structure, of developing further the horizontal wells and vertical shafts, already present to some extent, by suitable arrangement and dimensioning in such a way that not only is the later distribution of the pouring material between the bricks made easier, but that these shafts can be fully exploited for accommodating pipelines and similar objects providing the services for the building. In the system of formwork blocks according to the invention, the installation of basic electrical, sanitation and heating services in the shell itself can be carried out without the onerous task of cutting slots in the walls subsequently. The laying of the respective pipe and electrical lines can be accomplished much more readily during construction and even before the filling of the structure. Installation and shell construction are done practically in parallel - preliminary design and construction must be adapted accordingly.

In a preferred embodiment, at least one, preferably exactly one of the said horizontal shafts is formed in each course of the structure. The transverse webs located between the side walls of the respective formwork block are suitably cut away or made correspondingly lower, for example, only half as high as the side walls.

Furthermore, advantageously at least one of the vertical shafts is formed in each column, or in each vertical course of the masonry. In particular, the cavity between two transverse webs of a formwork block can be a component part of a vertical shaft. Alternatively or additionally, the cavity between the transverse webs of formwork blocks laid one after the other in a horizontal direction can also be a component part of a vertical shaft. If necessary, the formwork blocks are designed for laying in a masonry bond, such as a stretcher or header bond, wherein, more practically, two basic types of formwork blocks exist whose transverse webs are offset from one another so that continuous vertical shafts can be formed by laying the formwork blocks appropriately. Under normal circumstances, however, the system works without offsetting the blocks - they are just stacked one on top of the other and the chess board or matrix-type masonry formed with formwork blocks receives its stability later from the filling.

It is particularly advantageous if the cavities are arranged and dimensioned such that pipelines accommodated in the horizontal shafts are laid with a diameter of up to 5 cm, preferably of up to 10 cm, with a length of up to 5 m, preferably of up to 20 m, with a fall of at least 1%, that is, at least 1 cm of height difference per 100 cm along a horizontal stretch. That is especially important for sewer lines to ensure that they function technically correctly in line with the relevant sanitation guidelines and standards.

The clear height of the respective horizontal shaft is at least 20 cm. The clear width of the respective horizontal shaft, which is determined in the same way as the clear width of the respective vertical shaft in the standard case by the gap between the side walls of the formwork block, is at least 10 cm.

For normal applications, it is advantageous if the respective formwork block has exactly two transverse webs which restrict the cavity upwards for the formation of a horizontal shaft. In the downward direction, the cavity of the individual formwork block is conveniently open, i.e. it is not constricted by any kind of base plate or similar. The constriction of the respective horizontal shaft downwards occurs mainly in the masonry, and in fact by the transverse webs of the formwork blocks in the course below. Likewise conveniently, no ceiling plate of any kind or similar is provided above.

Furthermore, the respective formwork block is provided with alignment elements so that it can align or centre itself, preferably both in the vertical as well as in the horizontal direction, when the structure is being erected.

To this end, the respective transverse web of the formwork block has a head section projecting beyond the top edges of the side walls, said head section being provided with centring slopes at the edge. The bottom edges of the side walls of the course of blocks immediately above in the structure slide along these centring slopes when laying the formwork blocks down into the resting position, resulting in the automatic centring to align with the structure.

Furthermore, it is advantageous if the side walls of the respective formwork block, on the top side and on the bottom side, have horizontal abutting edges with bearing surfaces formed flat over the entire side wall thickness, in particular when the bearing surfaces are aligned horizontally. This results in the masonry having a higher static strength compared with stepped and/or inclined bearing surfaces.

In an advantageous embodiment, the side walls of the respective formwork block have vertical abutting edges on the end faces which are provided with fastening elements working on the tongue and groove principle, in particular in the form of a tongue and groove joint. Tongue and groove here means a design of a tongue and groove joint with a groove and a tongue for each joined pair, wherein, preferably, the tongue is half the thickness of the side wall on to which it is formed, or whose extension it forms.

In a further development of this type of joint, a set of tongues has webs running vertically, directed to the inside of the formwork block and another set of tongues has complementary depressions. In this case, it is particularly preferable if the respective web has a rounded cross section which is especially shaped as a semicircle, in particular a segment of a circle. To an extent, therefore, a second tongue and groove joint is realised within the first tongue and groove joint which is designed by an advantageous rounding of the tongue and tenon elements as well as of the complementary grooves and slits to make a problem-free, self-centring joint between the formwork blocks within a course of the masonry.

In an advantageous variant of the block system, at least one of the formwork blocks is configured as an inspection block whereby, by having an access opening closable by a cover element in one of the side walls, it is possible to gain access to the cavities in the interior, in particular where vertical and horizontal shafts cross. Inspection blocks of this type facilitate, for example, the subsequent joining or adaptation of laid pipelines even after the construction - and even after the filling of the cavities - of the wall, possibly in order to later connect a waste pipe running in a horizontal shaft to a down pipe running in a vertical shaft, or in order to connect electrical cables together, or to lead an external connection element out of the wall.

In a conceivable embodiment, the cover element is configured as a flap or swivel element and preferably is connected by at least one hinge to the associated side wall. Preferably, however, the cover element is inserted loose in the access opening, wherein it rests advantageously in the closed condition with its edges on complementary slopes of the surrounding edge of the access opening. Until the wall cavity is filled, the cover element can be kept in place from the outside by means, for example, of an eyelet and bar combination.

For expedience, the respective formwork block is made in one piece and consists of concrete, lightweight concrete, shale, pumice, lava or expanded clay. Lightweight concrete is particularly preferable, while special concrete or cement mixtures, for example, with good thermal insulation properties are used for filling the cavities. In particular, in the case of structures with several storeys, the relevant static requirements can be taken into account by incorporating reinforcement, such as reinforced steels and/or fibres. These types of reinforcement or fibre elements can be inserted in particular in the vertical and/or horizontal shafts and the hardening filler material then poured around them. By designing the formwork blocks appropriately with a finished surface, it is also possible to replace the normally available interior plaster by pointing the walls, thereby gaining additional time and cost benefits.

It is particularly advantageous, moreover, if, alongside basic formwork blocks, others from at least the following groups are present also: foundation block, ceiling connecting block, comer connecting block, T- and double T connecting block. In particular, the comer and T-blocks in this case are provided with suitable lateral openings to enable pipes and cables to be passed through into the connecting walls. A system of formwork blocks is produced thereby which provides for the incorporation of all of the building’s services in the body of the walls from the foundation block right up to the ceiling connections, and takes into account the installation requirements associated with it from the ground upwards.

The external dimensions and wall thicknesses of the formwork blocks can be varied according to the requirements and the actual construction situation, wherein, but for expedience the outline specifications stated above for the dimensioning of the internal cavities must be observed. Advantageously, the weight of individual blocks falls in the range from 20 to 35 kg in order on the one hand to provide sufficient stabilisation of the masonry under their own weight while still enabling an individual worker, on the other hand, to lay them relatively easily without having to use machine aids.

The task identified at the beginning relating to the method is resolved according to the invention by a method of erecting a structure by using a system of formwork blocks of the type described above, wherein objects relating to the installation of water, sanitation, heating and/or electrical services are laid and connected in the formed vertical shafts and horizontal shafts as the formwork blocks are built up to form a masonry structure, instead of resorting to slots in the walls, following which a filler material, in particular concrete, is poured into the remaining cavities in the structure. In doing so, during the erection of the masonry, advantageously no bonding agent or mortar is used to bond the blocks to each other but, instead, the blocks are laid dry, on top and at the side of each other exploiting their self-centring characteristics.

The advantages gained with the invention consist, in particular, in that, by fully incorporating the installation of the building services - the water, sanitation, heating and/or electrical services - in a construction kit-type system of formwork blocks appropriately configured and dimensioned with regard to their cavities, this results in a substantial acceleration of progress in construction in addition to cost benefits while basically retaining proven masonry construction methods.

The system of formwork blocks according to the invention is characterised in particular in that the vertical and horizontal shafts in the respective formwork block are in communication with each other, wherein crossing regions are formed with corresponding shaft connections. Because of the communications or networks of the horizontal and vertical shafts, practically all problems associated with the pre-installation of the total building services system are resolved. A further advantage compared with earlier solutions can be seen in the fact that the connecting webs (transverse webs) between the two side walls of a formwork block fulfil different requirements at the same time: joining of concrete panels, passage and centring of service installations, acceptance of fastening elements, as well as the automatic alignment of the formwork blocks by means of sloping faces.

Different examples of embodiments of the invention are explained in more detail below with the aid of drawings. Each of the illustrations are simplified and in diagrammatic form show: FIG. 1 a basic type of the formwork block according to the invention (system block) as a perspective oblique view from above, FIG. 2 a number of possible connecting profiles for the vertical end connections between the formwork blocks, FIG. 3 a preferred form of the vertical end connection between two formwork blocks providing details in a perspective view, FIG. 4 a masonry section formed from four formwork blocks according to FIG. 1, FIG. 5 a number of possible connecting profiles for the horizontal connections between the formwork blocks, FIG. 6 viewed downwards: a system block measuring 50x50x30 cm, a system block measuring 25x50x30 cm, a system block measuring 25x25x30 cm, a system block measuring 50x50x30 cm for the T-connection of walls, a further system block for the T-connection of walls FIG. 7 viewed downwards: a system block for wall connections with an opening for services, a system block with inspection flap to carry out work on the services, a system block with T-connection, a system comer block, FIG. 8 viewed downwards: a cover for system blocks for superimposed closure, a connecting block with openings for the services, a cover for system blocks for flush closure, a cover for the top side of system form blocks (e.g. for window sills, parapets), FIG. 9 viewed downwards: a floor connecting block with openings for later filling with concrete and for laying finished ceilings or ceiling elements, a further ceiling connecting block with openings, a ceiling connecting block for internal connection, a ceiling connecting block as a comer variant for internal connection, FIG. 10 viewed downwards: a foundation block with a support for foundation slabs or foundation elements and with openings for filling with concrete, another foundation block, a basic comer element for the aligned placement of wall elements, a further basic element, FIG. 11 an inspection block with removable inspection flap, closed in the upper diagram and open in the lower diagram, FIG. 12 various T-connecting blocks, FIG. 13 a section of a structure composed of several masonry sections with different wall thicknesses in places and with sanitation and electrical services incorporated, FIG. 14 a top view over an external wall with T-shaped connecting blocks for an internal wall, FIG. 15 a view of a cellar foundation with foundation blocks, foundation slab and masonry structure laid on top, FIG. 16 a wall with window aperture, roller shutter box element and inspection block, and FIG. 17 a section of a wall which is provided with insulation in the form of insulation panels applied against the side walls of the formwork blocks.

The same parts or those acting in the same way are given the same reference numbers in the figures.

The formwork block 2 illustrated in a perspective view in FIG. 1 is manufactured as a shaped block with integral construction from lightweight concrete. Overall, it is essentially rectangular in outline and has two identical side walls 4, arranged plane parallel to each other and each is shaped as a panel with a right-angled contour. The two side walls 4 are connected to each other by means of panelshaped transverse webs 6 or struts or supports, aligned perpendicular to the side walls, said transverse webs being arranged offset inwards in the form of a symmetrical arrangement with respect to the end face vertical abutting edges 8 of the formwork block 2.

The end face vertical abutting edges 8 are designed for a tongue and groove connection with adjacent formwork blocks 2 in a course of a masonry structure and, to this end, have corresponding grooves 10 and tongues 12 - in this case as a type of joint in which the thickness of the tongue 12 is half the thickness of the side wall 4. Whereas at the right- hand end of the formwork blocks 2 according to FIG. 1 the tongues 12 are arranged outside and the grooves 10 inside, so that the tongues 12 effectively form an extension, or continuation, of the external faces of the side walls 4, this is reversed at the left hand end so that there the tongues 12 form an extension, or continuation, of the internal faces of the side walls 4. Advantageously, the two tongues 12 arranged on the outside at the right hand end are each provided at their internal side with an essentially half-cylinder-shaped rib 14 aligned vertically and extending right along the total height of the tongue 12; both inwardly arranged tongues 12 at the left hand end, in contrast, have a complementary depression 16 on their outer side.

Alternatively, the ribs 14 and associated depressions 16 can also be rectangular in shape, preferably with rounded comers. Alternatively, the tongue and groove profiles, shown in cross section in FIG. 2, in the shape of hooks, or provided with pointed projections and returns can be used for the vertical connections.

The interplay of the two preferred joined pairs when joining together two formwork blocks 2 at their adjacent faces is singled out in detail in FIG. 3. Furthermore, it is also evident in FIG. 4 which shows an example of a section of a masonry structure formed from four formwork blocks 2 in a chessboard 2x2 arrangement - without offsetting the individual courses with respect to each other. In order to create the connection, a formwork block 2 of a masonry course is first laid; then the next block in the course is lowered from above such that the ribs 14 slide into the associated depressions 16. In the connected state, a positive connection is made then by the grooves 10 and tongues 12 on the one hand and by the ribs 14 and depressions 16 on the other, securing the formwork blocks 2 from sliding or dislocating in the horizontal direction and, therefore, remains aligned centrally in the masonry structure. Then, the next formwork block 2 is laid on the course.

The horizontal abutting edges 18 on the top and bottom sides of the side walls 4 of a formwork block 2 are made preferably flat, that is, without gradations, so that continuous, horizontally aligned bearing surfaces 20 are formed.

Alternatively, stepped and/or sloping profiles, cross sections of which are illustrated in FIG. 5, can be used for the horizontal joints.

In order to support the self-centring joints of the formwork blocks 2, the transverse webs 6 each have one at least partial head section 22 projecting upwards in relation to the top edges, that is, in relation to the bearing surfaces 20 of the side walls 4, said head section being provided with centring slopes 24 on the edge running out to the bearing surfaces 20. The central area of the head section 22 of the respective transverse web 6 is arched in section in a preferred embodiment, as can be seen clearly in FIG. 1 or in FIG. 4, in particular in a circular arch, so that ultimately only the relatively narrow, wedge-shaped projections 26 provided with the centring slopes 24 project beyond the top edges 18 of the side walls 4.

Each of the transverse webs 6 is provided with a vertically aligned, central bore 28 which can be used, for example, for running or securing cables of an erection beam.

The transverse webs 6 do not extend over the overall height of the side walls 4 of the respective formwork blocks 2. Instead, the two side walls 4 extend significantly beyond the bottom edge 30 of the transverse webs 6. This bottom edge 30, like the top edge 32, is arch-shaped in section, in particular as a circular arch, so that the transverse web 6, in side elevation, has a double concave shape overall with straight side edges abutting the side walls 4. This results in the formation of cavities in the formwork block 2 underneath the transverse webs 6 which are bounded laterally by the side walls 4 of the formwork block 2 and above by the bottom edges 30 of the transverse webs 6. Continuous horizontal cavities, or horizontal shafts 34, which are bounded above by the bottom edges 30 of the upper transverse webs 6 and below by the top edges 32 of the lower transverse webs 6 are formed in the individual courses of a masonry structure composed of the formwork blocks 2 by the lining up of the individual cavities.

The cross sectional dimensions of the horizontal shafts 34 are worked out such that pipelines and other objects relating to the installation of water, sanitation, heating and/or electrical services with a diameter or maximum cross section of up to 5 cm, preferably up to 10 cm or more can be laid therein during the erection of the walls. Thus, the width of the horizontal shaft 34, that is, the gap a between the side walls 4, is at least 10 cm. The height of the horizontal shafts 34 conveniently takes into account also the additional requirement to lay sewer lines across an extended run of, for example, 5 m to 20 m, with a constant fall of about 1 %, and amounts, therefore, to at least 20 cm or more. For example, the gap b in the centre between the top edge 32 of the lower transverse web 6 and the bottom edge 30 of the transverse web 6 in the course above it, i.e. at the apex points of the archshaped sections, is preferably about 25 cm to 30 cm.

The vertical shafts 36 forming in the masonry between the transverse webs 6 are designed also, in terms of their dimensions, to accommodate objects of the type and size described above. For instance, the gap c between two transverse supports 6 of a formwork block 2 amounts to about 20 cm to 25 cm. The gap d between a transverse support 6 of a formwork block 2 and the nearest transverse support 6 of the formwork blocks 2 following on in the course is, for example, about 15 cm to 20 cm.

It goes without saying that the dimensional data given above is of an exemplary, illustrative nature and can be varied if needed. Also, the families of formwork blocks found in the attachments, having different wall widths (= wall thickness) and side wall thickness (= shuttering thickness) are to be regarded in the same sense. In the tables reproduced there, the term cavity designates the cavity available per formwork block for service installations (height x width for the horizontal cavities, length x width for the vertical cavities). As the formwork blocks are placed side by side and on top of each other in courses, these cavities then form the resulting horizontal shafts and vertical shafts. A glance at the tables will show that, beside the basic type of formwork block with different wall thicknesses and shuttering thicknesses, still more different types exist for specific purposes. Common to all blocks are their structure and their function as shuttering blocks tillable with concrete or similar with compatible centring and joining elements of the type described above, as well as the continuous arrangement required for water, sanitation, heating and/or electrical services installations - and accordingly the incorporation of suitably dimensioned cavities which extend in the masonry to form continuous horizontal shafts and vertical shafts. In FIG. 6 to 10, different blocks of the basic type are illustrated, as well as functional blocks alongside associated covers, connecting elements and attachment elements, etc.. These also include window and door lintels as well as window and door soffits, none shown specifically. In particular, in the case of the smaller blocks, a connection of both side walls can be provided simply by a single cross piece. However, with larger blocks, three or more cross pieces have to be present.

The system provides that a complete level or a complete floor of a structure, such as of a single or multiple family dwelling, can be produced with all services, windows, doors and similar before the formwork blocks are filled with the specified filling material, in particular concrete.

The inspection block 38 shown in perspective in FIG. 11 plays a special role by providing access to the cavities in the interior, in particular where vertical and horizontal shafts 34, 36 cross, through an access opening 42 in one of the two side walls 4 and which can be closed by a cover element 40 or a flap. This special block enables service items, in particular horizontal and vertical pipelines and cable runs, to be connected and inspected later even after erection of the wall. In principle, each of the types of block in the system can be designed as an inspection block, even those blocks provided with a special function.

In the case of the illustrated example, the cover element 40, arranged between the two transverse supports 6, extending across the entire height of the side wall 4 and with a right-angled contour at the periphery, is pushed a little from the outside into the access opening 42 and then placed in the closed position by tilting. The cover element 40 has slopes 44 at the side edges which engage in complementary slopes 46 on the adjacent edges of the access opening 42 in a self-aligning manner. In the closed position, the cover element 40 then rests internally on the border formed by the side wall 4. This eliminates the need for a hinge. However, it has to be secured temporarily, before the filling of the formwork blocks, which can consist of an eyelet-bar combination attached to the outer side of the side wall, as shown at the top of FIG. 11. The eyelet 48 is fixed firmly to the cover element 40 and the bar 50 or rod is simply inserted through to secure the arrangement so that the bar extends laterally over the cover element 40 and overlaps the adjacent side wall surfaces. As an alternative to the example shown, naturally the cover element 40 could also be held by the side wall 4 at the top and/or bottom edges.

The connection between walls of different thicknesses, in particular between external walls and internal walls of a building running perpendicularly to them, is done by using special connecting blocks which are similar to the basic type but are equipped at the side with connecting and attachment elements, based preferably on the tongue and groove principle. Provision is made to run (branching) pipes and cables into through openings 51 or slots of the required size in the corresponding segment of the side wall 4, in particular in the area between the two transverse supports 6, as can be seen in FIG. 12.

To visualise this, FIG. 13 shows a partially cutaway illustration of a section of a structure composed of several walls, each running at right angles to each other, some with different wall thicknesses, and even incorporating sanitation and electrical services in the form of fresh water pipes 52, sewage pipes 54 and water mains connections 56, waste pipes 58 and electrical wall sockets 60 emerging from the wall. Special connecting blocks of the type described above are used for the comer joints. In places, the blocks are configured as inspection blocks 38, specifically in the area where there are comer connections, pipe and cable branches and when they are opposite passages through walls. FIG. 14 shows a corresponding top view over an external wall with T-shaped connection blocks 62 for an internal wall. It is possible, for example, for a waste pipe to branch off from a waste pipe (not shown here) running in the external wall in the connection block 62. FIG. 15 shows a detailed view of a cellar foundation with foundation blocks 64, foundation slab 66 and a masonry structure laid on it. A comer block 68 can be clearly seen which is effectively a basic type of block with an L-shaped return between the two transverse supports 6. FIG. 16 shows a wall with a window opening 70, roller shutter box element 72 and inspection block 38.

Finally, a section of a masonry structure is shown in FIG. 17 which is provided with insulation in the form of insulation panels 74 applied to the side walls 4 of the formwork blocks 2. In order to preserve the principle of self alignment while maintaining a seal, the abutting faces of the insulation panels 74 are inclined so they are complementary to each other.

Annex

Examples of families of system blocks

Type 1

Wall thickness: 300 mm

Shell thickness: 50 mm

Lengths: 500 mm, 250 mm

Heights: 500 mm, 250 mm

Weight: block 500x500 mm approx. 25 to 35 kg, comer 500x500x500 mm approx. 30 to 50 kg, for the 250 high approx, a half Types: block 500x500 mm, 500x250 mm, comer 500x500x500 mm, ceiling connection, comer ceiling connection, internal ceiling connection, foundation block, comer foundation block, T connecting block, connecting block 300, 160, 120, inspection block, basic block, basic comer Fill amount / m2: approx. 0.17 m3

Cavity: horizontal 240 (min. 130) mm x 200 mm vertical 250 (min. 150) mm x 200 mm

Type II

Wall thickness: 160 mm

Shell thickness: 30 mm

Lengths: 500 mm, 250 mm

Heights: 500 mm, 250 mm

Weight: block 500x500 mm approx. 12 to 20 kg, comer 500x500x500 mm approx. 18 to 35 kg, for the 250 high approx, a half Types: block 500x500 mm, 500x250 mm, comer 500x500x500 mm, internal ceiling connection, T connecting block connecting block 300, 160, 120, inspection block, basic block, basic comer Fill amount / m2: approx. 0.08 m3

Cavity: horizontal 235 (min. 125) mm x 100 mm vertical 200 mm x 100 mm

Type III

Wall thickness: 120 mm

Shell thickness: 30 mm, alternatively 20 mm

Lengths: 500 mm, 250 mm

Heights: 500 mm, 250 mm

Weight: block 500x500 mm approx. 11 to 19 kg, comer 500x500x500 mm approx. 17 to 34 kg, for the 250 high approx, a half Types: block 500x500 mm, 500x250 mm, comer 500x500x500 mm, internal ceiling connection, T connecting block, connecting block 300, 160, 120, inspection block, basic block, basic comer

Fill amount / m2: approx. 0.04 m3

Cavity: horizontal 235 (min. 125) mm x 60 mm vertical 200 mm x 60 mm

List of references 25 48 Eyelet 2 Formwork block 50 Bar 4 Sidewall 51 Through opening 6 Transverse web 52 Fresh water pipe 8 Vertical abutting edge 54 Sewer pipe 10 Groove 30 56 Mains connection 12 Tongue 58 Waste pipe 14 Web 60 Electrical wall socket 16 Depression 62 Connector block 18 Horizontal abutting edge 64 Foundation block 20 Bearing surface 35 66 Foundation slab 22 Head section 68 Comer block 24 Centring slope 70 Window opening 26 Projection 72 Roller shutter box element 28 Bore 74 Insulation panel 30 Bottom edge 40 32 Top edge a Gap 34 Horizontal shaft b Gap 36 Vertical shaft c Gap 38 Inspection block d Gap 40 Cover element 45 42 Access opening 44 Slope 46 Slope

Claims

A system of formwork blocks (2) which can be added to a masonry, wherein the corresponding formwork block (2) is made of an integral structure of concrete, lightweight concrete, shingles, bims, lava or expanded clay and has two side walls (4), associated with a plurality of transverse supports (6), as well as voids which can be filled with a filling composition and are delimited by the side walls (4) and transverse supports (6), whereby the voids are arranged and dimensioned so that continuous vertical forms are formed in the masonry. shafts (36) and continuous horizontal shafts (34) for receiving pipes and similar objects by a water, sanitary, heating and / or electrical installation, characterized in that the free width of each horizontal shaft (34) is at least 10 and the free height of at least 20 cm, and the corresponding transverse support (6) has a body (22) protruding over the upper edge of the sidewalls (4), providing an automatic centering of the building blocks (2) with pe rifle centering slopes (24) to the next higher row of blocks in the construction of the masonry.

The system of claim 1, wherein the corresponding formwork module (2) has two transverse supports (6) for constructing the predicted cavity for forming a horizontal shaft (34).

System according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the corresponding building block (2) is provided with adjustment elements for automatic adjustment during the construction of the masonry, preferably in both the vertical and horizontal directions.

System according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the sidewalls (4) of the corresponding formwork module (2) have upper and lower horizontal impact edges (18) which are flat over the entire thickness of the sidewall and preferably have horizontally aligned support surfaces (20).

System according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the side walls (4) of the corresponding formwork module (2) at the end surfaces have vertical shock edges (8) provided with connecting elements according to the spring and groove principle.

The system of claim 5, comprising a subset of spheres (12) extending vertically with respect to the interior of the block (14) and a second subset of spheres (12) having complementary notches (16). .

A system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein at least one of the building blocks (2) is designed as a revision module (38) allowing access to the cavities in the interior, in particular in the intersection area of the vertical (36). and horizontal shafts (34), via an access hole (42) in one of the side walls (4) which can be closed by a cover element (40).

A system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein, in addition to building blocks (2) which act as basic stone and other building blocks (2), at least one of the following groups exists: foundation block, ceiling connection block, home connection block, T-block. connecting and double T connecting block.

A building constructed using a system of formwork blocks (2) according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

A method of constructing a building using a system of formwork blocks (2) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein during stacking of building blocks (2) for a masonry, objects such as water, sanitary and electrical installations are installed. and are joined in the forming vertical (36) and horizontal shafts (34) without cutting the masonry, and the remaining voids in the masonry are filled with a filling material, especially concrete.