DK2614315T3 - Væskevarmer med temperaturstyring - Google Patents
Væskevarmer med temperaturstyring Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DK2614315T3 DK2614315T3 DK11760624.4T DK11760624T DK2614315T3 DK 2614315 T3 DK2614315 T3 DK 2614315T3 DK 11760624 T DK11760624 T DK 11760624T DK 2614315 T3 DK2614315 T3 DK 2614315T3
- Authority
- DK
- Denmark
- Prior art keywords
- channels
- slot
- channel
- liquid
- downstream
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims description 75
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009428 plumbing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001030 Iron–nickel alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004811 fluoropolymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012886 linear function Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
- F24H1/10—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium
- F24H1/101—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium using electric energy supply
- F24H1/106—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium using electric energy supply with electrodes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
- F24H15/20—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
- F24H15/20—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
- F24H15/212—Temperature of the water
- F24H15/219—Temperature of the water after heating
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
- F24H15/30—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control outputs; characterised by the components to be controlled
- F24H15/355—Control of heat-generating means in heaters
- F24H15/37—Control of heat-generating means in heaters of electric heaters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H9/00—Details
- F24H9/0005—Details for water heaters
- F24H9/001—Guiding means
- F24H9/0015—Guiding means in water channels
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H9/00—Details
- F24H9/14—Arrangements for connecting different sections, e.g. in water heaters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H9/00—Details
- F24H9/14—Arrangements for connecting different sections, e.g. in water heaters
- F24H9/146—Connecting elements of a heat exchanger
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H9/00—Details
- F24H9/20—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F24H9/2007—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heaters
- F24H9/2014—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heaters using electrical energy supply
- F24H9/2028—Continuous-flow heaters
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K13/00—Thermometers specially adapted for specific purposes
- G01K13/02—Thermometers specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring temperature of moving fluids or granular materials capable of flow
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K13/00—Thermometers specially adapted for specific purposes
- G01K13/02—Thermometers specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring temperature of moving fluids or granular materials capable of flow
- G01K13/026—Thermometers specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring temperature of moving fluids or granular materials capable of flow of moving liquids
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K7/00—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements
- G01K7/16—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements using resistive elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D2220/00—Components of central heating installations excluding heat sources
- F24D2220/04—Sensors
- F24D2220/042—Temperature sensors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
- F24H15/10—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the purpose of the control
- F24H15/174—Supplying heated water with desired temperature or desired range of temperature
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
- F24H15/40—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers
- F24H15/407—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers using electrical switching, e.g. TRIAC
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K2207/00—Application of thermometers in household appliances
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Instantaneous Water Boilers, Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses, And Control Of Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses (AREA)
- Control Of Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Cleaning Or Drying Semiconductors (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
Claims (10)
1. Væskevarmer, som omfatter: (a) en kanalstruktur, der definerer et indløb (20), et udløb (22) og en flerhed af kanaler (48), der strækker sig i en nedstrøms retning og står i forbindelse med indløbet og udløbet, således at væsken kan strømme parallelt gennem kanalerne fra indløbet til udløbet, hvilken kanalstruktur indbefatter et eller flere elektriske energioverførselselementer (46; 50), som er tilknyttet hver kanal (48); (b) en temperaturfølerindretning (76); og (c) et styrekredsløb, som er forbundet med de elektriske energioverførselsselementer (46; 50) og temperaturfølerindretningen (76), hvilket styrekredsløb er indrettet til at overvåge temperaturen og styre overførsel af effekt til de elektriske energioverførselselementer som reaktion på temperaturen, således at under mindst nogle styrebetingelser væsken, der strømmer gennem nogle af kanalerne, bliver opvarmet til forskellige temperaturer, kendetegnet ved, at temperaturfølerindretningen (76) er en ledning (76), der strækker sig over flerheden af kanaler i nærheden af nedstrøms ender deraf, og styrekredsløbet er indrettet til at overvåge temperaturen gennem en elektrisk modstand af ledningen og styre overførslen af effekt som reaktion på ledningens elektriske modstand.
2. Væskevarmer ifølge krav 1, hvor styrekredsløbet indbefatter en strømforsyningsforbindelse (84; 86) og mindst en kontakt (82), som er forbundet mellem hvert elektrisk energioverførselselement og strømforsyningen, hvilket styrekredsløb er indrettet til at aktivere kontakterne (82), således at de elektriske energioverførselselementer forbindes med strømforsyningen og afbrydes fra denne.
3. Væskevarmer ifølge krav 2, hvor de elektriske energioverførselselementer (46; 50) indbefatter elektroder, der udsættes for kontakt med en væske, der strømmer i kanalerne (49), og styrekredsløbet er indrettet til at aktivere kontakterne (82), således at elektrisk strøm går gennem væsken i mindst nogle af kanalerne.
4. Væskevarmer ifølge krav 3, hvor elektroderne (46; 50) har nedstrøms kanter, og ledningen (76) er anbragt inden for ca. 10 mm af elektrodernes nedstrøms kanter.
5. Væskevarmer ifølge krav 1, hvor ledningen (76) er aflang og strækker sig over kanalerne (48) i en bredderetning, hvilken væskevarmer omfatter: en udgangsstruktur (54), som begrænser hver kanal (48) ved en nedstrøms ende af kanalen, hvilken udgangsstruktur definerer en slids (66), der strækker sig over kanalerne i en bredderetning flugtende med ledningen (76), hvilken slids (66) har et tværsnitsområde, som er mindre end tværsnitsområdet af hver kanal, hvilken slids er åben mod strøm af væske, der kommer ud fra kanalerne, hvilken udgangsstruktur desuden definerer et par af opsamlingskamre (70) anbragt på modstående sider af slidsen (66) og forskudt fra slidsen i sideretninger på tværs af nedstrøms retningen og bredderetningen, og et par af aflange læber (64), der strækker sig i bredderetningen og adskiller kamrene fra slidsen (66), hvilke opsamlingskamre (70) er åbne i opstrøms retningen og strækker sig nedstrøms fra læberne (64), hvilken udgangsstruktur (54) desuden definerer udgangsboringer (72), der står i forbindelse med opsamlingskamrene (70) og er åbne mod en strøm af væske, der kommer ud fra kanalerne, hvilke udgangsboringer (72) tilsammen har et tværsnitsområde, som er mindre end tværsnitsområdet af slidsen (49).
6. Væskevarmer ifølge krav 5, hvor ledningen strækker sig inden i slidsen (66).
7. Væskevarmer ifølge krav 5, hvor hvert af kamrene (70) har en indvendig begrænsningsvæg defineret af en af læberne (64), hvor den indvendige begrænsningsvæg hælder væk fra slidsen (66) i en sideretning langs med nedstrøms udstrækningen af begrænsningsvæggen.
8. Væskevarmer ifølge krav 7, hvor hvert af kamrene (70) har en udvendig begrænsningsvæg i afstand fra slidsen (49) og hælder mod slidsen langs med nedstrøms udstrækningen af den udvendige begrænsningsvæg.
9. Væskevarmer ifølge krav 5, hvor hvert af kamrene (70) har begrænsningsvægge generelt i form af en halvdel af en cirkulær cylinder med en akse, der strækker sig i bredderetningen.
10. Væskevarmer ifølge krav 5, hvor hver af kanalerne (49) generelt er rektangulær i tværsnittet, og hvor opsamlingskamrene (70) og slidsen (49) tilsammen strækker sig over i det væsentlige hele tværsnitsområdet af hver kanal.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US87923310A | 2010-09-10 | 2010-09-10 | |
US12/889,581 US8861943B2 (en) | 2005-05-04 | 2010-09-24 | Liquid heater with temperature control |
PCT/US2011/050967 WO2012034000A2 (en) | 2010-09-10 | 2011-09-09 | Liquid heater with temperature control |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DK2614315T3 true DK2614315T3 (da) | 2016-05-30 |
Family
ID=44674887
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DK11760624.4T DK2614315T3 (da) | 2010-09-10 | 2011-09-09 | Væskevarmer med temperaturstyring |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2614315B1 (da) |
JP (2) | JP5801399B2 (da) |
CN (1) | CN103154631B (da) |
BR (1) | BR112013005715B1 (da) |
CO (1) | CO6690796A2 (da) |
DK (1) | DK2614315T3 (da) |
ES (1) | ES2565931T3 (da) |
HK (1) | HK1181107A1 (da) |
PH (1) | PH12015501730B1 (da) |
SG (1) | SG188440A1 (da) |
WO (1) | WO2012034000A2 (da) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102734915B (zh) * | 2012-07-05 | 2016-03-16 | 佛山市四季茶香茶具有限公司 | 一种带引水通道的即热式加热器组件 |
CN103431767B (zh) * | 2013-09-09 | 2016-06-22 | 汕头经济特区和通电讯有限公司 | 加热管道及包括该加热管道的即热式饮水机 |
JP2019184164A (ja) * | 2018-04-10 | 2019-10-24 | 株式会社デンソー | 電気ヒータ装置 |
GB2627502A (en) * | 2023-02-24 | 2024-08-28 | Dyson Technology Ltd | Liquid heating assembly |
EP4431831A1 (de) * | 2023-03-16 | 2024-09-18 | Gerdes Holding GmbH & Co. KG | Vorrichtung zur leckageerkennung und durchlauferhitzer mit einer solchen |
Family Cites Families (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4547079A (en) * | 1984-04-04 | 1985-10-15 | Honeywell Inc. | Averaging temperature responsive apparatus |
GB8419987D0 (en) * | 1984-08-01 | 1984-09-12 | Cave N M | Heating devices |
EP0239928A3 (de) * | 1986-04-01 | 1988-03-02 | Przedsiebiorstwo Projektowania i Dostaw Kompletnych Obiektow Przemyslowych "Chemadex" | Elektrisches Heizgerät für Flüssigkeiten |
US5167153A (en) * | 1986-04-23 | 1992-12-01 | Fluid Components, Inc. | Method of measuring physical phenomena using a distributed RTD |
JPH0438537U (da) * | 1990-07-30 | 1992-03-31 | ||
JP3378828B2 (ja) * | 1999-05-25 | 2003-02-17 | 有限会社 日本建装工業 | 給湯装置 |
ATE445210T1 (de) * | 2003-08-20 | 2009-10-15 | Boeing Co | Verfahren und systeme zur erkennung von vereisungsbedingungen |
US7817906B2 (en) * | 2005-05-04 | 2010-10-19 | Isi Technology, Llc | Direct electric resistance liquid heater |
ITMO20060030A1 (it) * | 2006-01-30 | 2007-07-31 | Illycaffe Spa | Metodi e apparati per ottenere bevande |
CN201045531Y (zh) * | 2006-05-16 | 2008-04-09 | 费罗技术控股公司 | 加热液体的设备 |
JP2008025907A (ja) * | 2006-07-20 | 2008-02-07 | Calsonic Kansei Corp | 加熱装置 |
EP2247894B1 (en) * | 2008-02-11 | 2018-06-20 | MicroHeat Technologies Pty Ltd. | Segmented rapid heating of fluid |
CA2717437C (en) * | 2008-03-05 | 2018-02-13 | Mark E. Campbell | Molecular heater and method of heating fluids |
JP5178459B2 (ja) * | 2008-11-04 | 2013-04-10 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 流体加熱装置 |
CN101447467B (zh) * | 2008-12-23 | 2011-03-23 | 中国科学院广州能源研究所 | 一种种子气泡微换热器及种子气泡微换热器系统 |
JP2011152907A (ja) * | 2010-01-28 | 2011-08-11 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 電気式加熱装置及び車両用空気調和装置 |
-
2011
- 2011-09-09 DK DK11760624.4T patent/DK2614315T3/da active
- 2011-09-09 EP EP11760624.4A patent/EP2614315B1/en active Active
- 2011-09-09 JP JP2013528322A patent/JP5801399B2/ja active Active
- 2011-09-09 WO PCT/US2011/050967 patent/WO2012034000A2/en active Application Filing
- 2011-09-09 ES ES11760624.4T patent/ES2565931T3/es active Active
- 2011-09-09 SG SG2013016894A patent/SG188440A1/en unknown
- 2011-09-09 BR BR112013005715-7A patent/BR112013005715B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2011-09-09 CN CN201180051171.1A patent/CN103154631B/zh active Active
-
2013
- 2013-04-09 CO CO13092042A patent/CO6690796A2/es unknown
- 2013-07-19 HK HK13108480.5A patent/HK1181107A1/zh unknown
-
2015
- 2015-06-02 JP JP2015112056A patent/JP5934827B2/ja active Active
- 2015-08-06 PH PH12015501730A patent/PH12015501730B1/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2614315B1 (en) | 2016-03-02 |
CO6690796A2 (es) | 2013-06-17 |
CN103154631A (zh) | 2013-06-12 |
EP2614315A2 (en) | 2013-07-17 |
ES2565931T3 (es) | 2016-04-07 |
JP2015172483A (ja) | 2015-10-01 |
JP5934827B2 (ja) | 2016-06-15 |
PH12015501730A1 (en) | 2016-11-21 |
PH12015501730B1 (en) | 2016-11-21 |
WO2012034000A2 (en) | 2012-03-15 |
SG188440A1 (en) | 2013-04-30 |
WO2012034000A3 (en) | 2013-03-14 |
BR112013005715A2 (pt) | 2016-05-03 |
JP5801399B2 (ja) | 2015-10-28 |
JP2013540977A (ja) | 2013-11-07 |
CN103154631B (zh) | 2016-03-23 |
BR112013005715B1 (pt) | 2020-10-06 |
HK1181107A1 (zh) | 2013-11-01 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US10323858B2 (en) | Liquid heater with temperature control | |
DK2614315T3 (da) | Væskevarmer med temperaturstyring | |
US5438642A (en) | Instantaneous water heater | |
AU2006243758B8 (en) | Direct Electric Resistance Liquid Heater | |
EP3775709B1 (en) | Fluid heater with finite element control | |
EP3536122B1 (en) | Devices for ohmically heating a fluid | |
CN114830820A (zh) | 具有多个操作状态的欧姆加热器 | |
KR20220007102A (ko) | 유체를 옴 가열하기 위한 장치 |