DK143415B - S.G. IRON WITH A MICROSTRUCTURE OF ISOTHERMIC BAINITE AND 20-50VOL.-PCT. RESTAUSTENIT - Google Patents
S.G. IRON WITH A MICROSTRUCTURE OF ISOTHERMIC BAINITE AND 20-50VOL.-PCT. RESTAUSTENIT Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
- C22C37/04—Cast-iron alloys containing spheroidal graphite
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Description
143415143415
Den foreliggende opfindelse angår et med molybden og mangan legeret S.G.-jern, som efter en isotermisk varmebehandling har opnået en bainitisk mikrostruktur og heri en betydelig mængde resterende austenit.This invention relates to molybdenum and manganese alloyed S.G. iron which, after an isothermal heat treatment, has obtained a bainitic microstructure and therein a considerable amount of residual austenite.
S.G.-jern anvendes i almindelighed i ulegeret form og på mange måder legeret til en mikrostruktur, der kan være ferritisk, ferritisk-perlitisk, anløbningsmart ens it i sk og bainitisk.S.G. iron is generally used in unalloyed form and in many ways alloyed to a microstructure that can be ferritic, ferritic-perlitic, temperamentally similar in IT and bainitic.
Et væsentligt træk ved S,G.-jernet ifølge opfindelsen er den bainitiske egenskab hos dets mikrostruktur.An essential feature of the S, G. iron of the invention is the Bainitic property of its microstructure.
Der kendes en fremgangsmåde til bainitisering af S.G,-jern, hvorved man i et forholdsvis kraftigt legeret S.G.-jern tilvejebringer en bainitreaktion i direkte forbindelse med afkølingen efter støbningen. Et sådant S.G.-jern er beskrevet i USA patentskrift nr. 682 985 samt i det tyske offentliggørelsesskrift nr. 1 808 515. I fig. 1 er vist et eksempel på et sådant S.G.-jern, hvorved S-kurverne ved påvirkning af legeringsstofferne er skubbet betydeligt mod højre fra sin plads for det ulegerede S.G.-jern, således at man takket være den rigelige legering får dannet bainit i tilknytning til afkølingen. Den stiplede kurve er afkølingskurven.A method of bainitization of S.G. iron is known, whereby in a relatively strongly alloyed S.G. iron, a bainite reaction is obtained in direct connection with the cooling after the casting. Such a S.G. iron is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 682,985 and in German Publication No. 1,808,515. 1 is an example of such an SG iron, whereby the S-curves, by the influence of the alloys, are pushed significantly to the right from their place for the unalloyed SG iron, so that thanks to the abundant alloy bainite is formed in connection with the cooling . The dotted curve is the cooling curve.
Som legeringsstof anvendes foruden molybden rigeligt nikkel (5,2 - 7,0^). Ved hjælp af denne fremgangsmåde opnås en bainitisk struktur selv for genstande med stor vægtykkelse, men det må betragtes som en ulempe, at det høje legeringsindhold medfører en høj pris, samt at legeringssammensætningen må afpasses i forhold til vægtykkelsen af det støbte emne.In addition to molybdenum, nickel (5.2 - 7.0 ^) is used as an alloying agent. By this method, a bainitic structure is obtained even for objects with high wall thickness, but it must be considered a disadvantage that the high alloy content entails a high price and that the alloy composition must be adjusted in relation to the wall thickness of the molded article.
Der kendes endvidere en fremgangsmåde til bainitisering, hvorved af ulegeret 5.G.-jern fremstillede stykker varmebehandles isotermisk. Ved denne varmebehandling opvarmes det støbte emne efter støbningen igen til austenitiserings- 143415 2 temperaturen og afkøles hurtigt fra denne temperatur i et opvarmet bad af en passende temperatur. Emnet holdes i badet ved konstant temperatur i så lang tid, at bainit-udskillelsen finder stfd, hvorefter emnet afkøles til stuetemperatur. I fig. 2 er vist S-kurver ved denne fremgangsmåde med optrukne linier, medens den stiplede kurve angiver et emnes afkøling i et tidstemperatur-koordinatsystem. Ved denne fremgangsmåde opnås en bainitisk mikrostruktur i S.G.-jern uden anvendelse af dyre legeringstoffer. Den hurtige afkøling, som kræves ved denne fremgangsmåde, kan kun realiseres ved støbte emner med ringe vægtykkelser. Den i praksis højst anvendelige godstykkelse er ca. 20 mm.There is also known a method of bainitization, whereby pieces of unalloyed 5.G. iron are heat-treated isothermally. In this heat treatment, after casting, the molded article is again heated to the austenitization temperature and rapidly cooled from this temperature in a heated bath of a suitable temperature. The workpiece is kept in the bath at constant temperature for so long that the bainite secretion finds solid, after which the workpiece is cooled to room temperature. In FIG. 2, S-curves are shown in this line-drawn method, while the dotted curve indicates the cooling of a workpiece in a time-temperature coordinate system. By this method, a bainitic microstructure is obtained in S.G. iron without the use of expensive alloys. The rapid cooling required by this process can only be realized by molded blanks with low wall thicknesses. The thickness of the material most practically applicable is approx. 20 mm.
. S,G.-jernet ifølge opfindelsen og den omhandlede bainiti-seringsmetode egner sig både til tykke og tynde støbeem-ner. Ved den omhandlede fremgangsmåde er det ikke nødven-* digt at ændre legerings sammensætningen i forhold til vægtykkelsen.. The S, G. iron of the invention and the method of bait initiation are suitable for both thick and thin castings. In the present process, it is not necessary to change the alloy composition with respect to the wall thickness.
Den foreliggende opfindelse er baseret på erkendelsen af, at hvis man efterlader et vist restaustenitindhold i S.G.-jeraet, bliver dette hårdt nok til bearbejdning, d.v.s. at - S.G.-jernet får en forøget styrke under anvendelse, og dette gælder specielt de partier, som udsættes for belastning.The present invention is based on the recognition that leaving some residual austenite content in the S.G. era, this becomes hard enough for machining, i.e. that - the S.G. iron gains increased strength in use, and this is especially true of the batches that are subjected to stress.
I modsætning til denne opfindelses tanke forudsættes det i det tyske offentliggørelsesskrift 1 805 515 udtrykkeligt (se side 5j linie 11 - 13), at restausténit bør vmdgås.Contrary to the idea of this invention, German publication specification 1 805 515 expressly states (see page 5j lines 11 - 13) that residual austenite should be avoided.
Desuden forudsætter det nævnte offentliggørelsesskrift, at S.G.-jernet bør indeholde mindst 3,2% nikkel (se tabel I, side 3), mens S.G.-jernet ifølge den foreliggende opfindelse har de ovennævnte egenskaber også i fraværelse af nikkel.In addition, said disclosure disclosure states that the S.G. iron should contain at least 3.2% nickel (see Table I, page 3), while the S.G. iron of the present invention has the aforementioned properties also in the absence of nickel.
S.G.-jernet ifølge opfindelsen er forholdsvis lavt legeret hvorfor legeringsstofferne ikke forhøjer prisen særlig meget. Desuden medfører den foruden bainitten i dette S.G.- 143415 3 jern forekommende restaustenit, at jernet bliver sejt og hærdeligt ved bearbejdning. Bearbejdningshærdningen fremkalder trykspænding ved overfladen og forøger således udmattelsesstyrken. Brudforlængelsen er stor.The S.G. iron according to the invention is relatively low alloyed, which is why the alloys do not raise the price very much. In addition, besides the bainite of this S.G. 143415 3 iron residue austenite, the iron becomes tough and hardenable during machining. The machining cure induces compressive stress at the surface, thus increasing the fatigue strength. The fracture extension is large.
Den foreliggende opfindelse angår således et S.O.-jern, særlig egnet til maskinelementer, som er udsat for udmattel-sesbrud, indeholdende 3>2 - 4 vægt-% carbon, 1,5-8 vægt-% silicium, mindre end 0,08 vægt-% phosphor, mindre end 0,02 vægt-% svovl og 0,02 - 0,08 veegt-% magnesium, og som efter støbningen eller efter bearbejdning har været underkastet en isotermisk varmebehandling ved afkøling i et opvarmet bad til omdannelse af austenit til bainit, til opnåelse af en mikrostruktur af isotermisk bainit og 20 - 50 vol.-% restaustenit, som muliggør forøget styrke af S.G.-jernet ved udmattelse vinder brug og/eller ved bearbejdning, hvilket S.G.-jern er kendetegnet ved, at det som legeringsstoffer indeholder 0,10 - 0,26 vægt-% molybden og 0,3 - 1»4 vægt-% mangan samt eventuelt op til 2,5 vægt-% af et eller flere af legeringsstofferne nikkel, tin og kobber, som fremmer dannelsen af perlitisk mikrostruktur ved støbningen og således fremskynder austenitiseringen.Thus, the present invention relates to an SO iron, particularly suitable for machine elements subjected to fatigue fractures containing 3> 2 to 4% by weight of carbon, 1.5 to 8% by weight of silicon, less than 0.08% by weight -% phosphorus, less than 0.02% by weight of sulfur and 0.02 - 0.08% by weight of magnesium, which has been subjected to isothermal heat treatment upon cooling in a heated bath to convert austenite to, after casting or after machining, bainite, to obtain a microstructure of isothermal bainite and 20 - 50% by volume of residual austenite, which enables increased strength of the SG iron upon fatigue gains use and / or machining, which SG iron is characterized in that it as alloying substances contains 0.10 - 0.26 wt% molybdenum and 0.3 - 1 »4 wt% manganese, and optionally up to 2.5 wt% of one or more of the alloying materials nickel, tin and copper, which promote the formation of perlitic microstructure of the cast and thus accelerates austenitization.
S.G,rjernet ifølge opfindelsen indeholder de for ulegeret S.G.-jern sædvanlige mængder kul, silicium, phosphor, svovl og magnesium samt som egentlige legeringsbestanddele 0,10-0,26 vægt-%, hensigtsmæssigt 0,15 - 0,22 vægt-% molybden, og 0,3 - 1,4 vægt-% mangan. Et sådant legeret S.G.-jern er direkte egnet til isotermisk bainitisering. Hvis legeringen yderligere tilføres enten 0,03 - 2 vægt-% tin, 0,3 - 1,0 vægt-% kobber eller 0,5 - 2,5 vægt-% nikkel, opnås i forbindelse med støbningen en perlitisk krystalstruktur, som ved genopvarmning til austenitiseringstemperatu-ren austenitiseres betydeligt hurtigere end en krystalstruktur indeholdende fri ferrit, og således fås en kortere behandlingstid. Tin, kobber og nikkel påvirker perlit-dannelsen på samme måde, hvorfor de helt eller delvis 143415 4 kan erstatte hverandre; man kan f. eks. anvende en tredie-del af hver af de stoffer. Fordelagtigt indeholder S.G.-jernet ifølge opfindelsen op til 0,2% tin og/eller op til 1,0% kohber.SG, the iron according to the invention contains the usual amounts of coal, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and magnesium, as well as alloying constituents 0.10-0.26% by weight, suitably 0.15-0.22% by weight molybdenum , and 0.3 - 1.4% by weight of manganese. Such alloyed S.G. iron is directly suitable for isothermal bainitization. If the alloy is additionally added to either 0.03 - 2% by weight tin, 0.3 - 1.0% by weight copper or 0.5 - 2.5% by weight nickel, a perlitic crystal structure is obtained, re-heating to the austenitization temperature austenitizes considerably faster than a crystal structure containing free ferrite, thus obtaining a shorter treatment time. Tin, copper and nickel affect the perlite formation in the same way, so that they can completely or partially replace each other; for example, one-third of each of the substances can be used. Advantageously, the S.G. iron according to the invention contains up to 0.2% tin and / or up to 1.0% copper.
Et S,G.-jernemne ifølge opfindelsen kan i.e^cs. fremstilles på følgende måde:An S, G. iron blank according to the invention can be c. prepared as follows:
Af en smelte, der som legeringsbestanddel indeholder kul (C) = 3,5 - 3,7%, silicium (Si) = 2,1 - 2,4%, mangan (Mn) = 0,50 - 0,55%> molybden (Mo) * 0,2 - 0,22% og kobber (Cu) = 0,7 - 0,8% samt et normalt tillæg af magnesium, støbes en rund skive med en diamter på 150 mm og tykkelse på 50 mm. Emnet får lov til at afkøles frit, og behandlingen af dette fortsættes i opvarmet tilstand. Emnet overføres til en varmebehandlingsovn, hvis temperatur er 900° C. I ovnen overgår emnets mikrostruktur til auste-nitisk form. Efter to timers austenitisering flyttes emnet og afkøles i et bad, hvis temperatur er 370° C. Badet vejer 200 kg og indeholder en del natriumnitrit (NaM^) og en del kaliumnitrat (KNO-^). Badet er forsynet med en omrører og er termostatstyret til opvarmning og afkøling. Forsøgsemnet holdes i badet mellem 10 minutter og 4 timer i afhængighed af den mængde bainit, som man ønsker at opnå. Emnet udtages af badet og bringes til afkøling i fri luft. Emnet kan herefter indeholde f. eks. ca. 50 vol«-% bainit, ca. 40 vol.-% austenit og ca. 10 vol.-% grafit. En passende mængde for restaustenitten er 20 - 50 vol.-%. Et S.G.-jern med mindre austenit-indhold kan ikke hærdes ved bearbejdning, og et S,G.-jern med højere austenitindhold er ikke tilstrækkeligt stærkt.Of a melt containing as alloy constituent coal (C) = 3.5 - 3.7%, silicon (Si) = 2.1 - 2.4%, manganese (Mn) = 0.50 - 0.55%> molybdenum (Mo) * 0.2 - 0.22% and copper (Cu) = 0.7 - 0.8% as well as a normal supplement of magnesium, cast a round disc with a diameter of 150 mm and a thickness of 50 mm. The subject is allowed to cool freely and the treatment of this is continued in the heated state. The blank is transferred to a heat treating furnace, the temperature of which is 900 ° C. In the furnace, the microstructure of the blank changes to aesthetic form. After two hours of austenitization, the workpiece is moved and cooled in a bath whose temperature is 370 ° C. The bath is equipped with a stirrer and is thermostatically controlled for heating and cooling. The test subject is kept in the bath between 10 minutes and 4 hours depending on the amount of bainite that one wishes to obtain. The item is taken out of the bath and brought to cool in free air. The subject may then contain, e.g. 50 vol «-% bainite, ca. 40 vol.% Austenite and approx. 10 vol.% Graphite. An appropriate amount for the residual austenite is 20 - 50 vol.%. A S.G. iron with less austenite content cannot be hardened by machining, and a S, G. iron with higher austenite content is not sufficiently strong.
S.G.-jernets isotermiske varmebehandling ifølge opfindelsen illustreres i fig. 3 ved hjælp af et tids-temperaturko-ordinatsystem. De fuldt optrukne linier viser S.G.-jernets S-kurver. Den stiplede linie viser emnets afkølingstem 143415 5 peratur.The S.G.'s isothermal heat treatment according to the invention is illustrated in FIG. 3 by means of a time-temperature coordinate system. The fully drawn lines show the S.G.'s S curves. The dotted line shows the temperature of the workpiece cooling temperature.
Et emne, som støbes af S.G.-Jern ifølge opfindelsen, og som bainitlseres isotermisk, er særdeles ensartet i kvalitet og er velegnet til spåntagende bearbejdning. Ved trækprøver er det konstateret, at brudforlrøigelsen er oa. 10% ved en brudstyrke på 110 kp/mm2, hvilken brudforøgelse er betydelig højere end de tilsvarende værdier for højlegeret bainitisk S.G.-jern eller tempergods.An item cast by S.G.-Iron according to the invention and which is isothermally bainitized is extremely uniform in quality and is suitable for machining. In tensile tests it is found that the fracture increase is, among other things. 10% at a breaking strength of 110 kp / mm2, which increase is significantly higher than the corresponding values for high alloy Bainitic S.G. iron or tempered goods.
Brudstyrke og brudforlængelsesværdierne for nogle baini-tiserede S.G.-jern ifølge opfindelsen er angivet i efterfølgende tabel:The breaking strength and the breaking elongation values of some bain initialized S.G. iron according to the invention are given in the following table:
Nr. Mo Mn Ni Cu Sn Brudstyrke Forlængelse % % % % % kp/mm2 % 1 0,10 0,3 0 0 0 104 8,7 2 0,18 0,8 0 0,7 0 110 9,6 3 0,26 1,4 2,5 O 0 107 7,0No. Mo Mn Ni Cu Sn Break strength Extension%%%%% kp / mm2% 1 0.10 0.3 0 0 0 104 8.7 2 0.18 0.8 0 0.7 0 110 9.6 3 0.26 1.4 2.5 O 0 107 7.0
Hvis molybdenmængden er mindre end 0,10%, kan bainitise-ringen ikke gennemføres med tykke emner, og hvis den overstiger 0,26%, forøges karbiddannelsen, og prisen stiger.If the molybdenum amount is less than 0.10%, the bain initiation cannot be carried out with thick blanks and if it exceeds 0.26%, the carbide formation is increased and the price increases.
Hvis manganmængden overstiger 1,4%, forøges risikoen for karbiddannelse, og bainitiseringstiden bliver længere,If the manganese content exceeds 1.4%, the risk of carbide formation increases and the bainitization time becomes longer,
Hvis nikkelindholdet er højere end 2,5%, bliver prisen unødvendig høj.If the nickel content is higher than 2.5%, the price becomes unnecessarily high.
Restaustenitten i S.G.-jernet ifølge opfindelsen muliggør en hærdning ved bearbejdning, hvorved fås høj modstandskraft mod udmattende belastning. Bøjnlngsudmattel-sesprøver med en 12 mm glat afdrejet prøvestav giver værdier på 50 kg/mm2, hvilket er højt i forhold til de tilsvarende værdier for andet S.G.-jern, Søjningsudmattelses- 163415 6 prøver med en 12 mm udhulet stav, hvori der er uddrejet en fordybning med en vinkel på 60° og en bundrundings-radius på 0,1 mm, giver værdier på 40 kp/mm , hvilket er højt, endog i forhold til stål. Forholdet mellem værdierne for udmattelsesprøver for ét og. samme S.G.-jern, d.v.s.The residual austenite of the S.G. iron according to the invention allows for curing by machining, thereby obtaining high resistance to fatigue loading. Bend fatigue tests with a 12 mm smooth pivoted test bar give values of 50 kg / mm 2, which is high compared to the corresponding values for other SG iron, Suction fatigue tests with a 12 mm hollow rod in which a recess with an angle of 60 ° and a bottom radius of 0.1 mm gives values of 40 kp / mm, which is high, even in relation to steel. The relationship between the fatigue test values for one and. same S.G. iron, i.e.
OISLAND
forholdet 1,25 mellem værdien 50 kp/mm for en glat af- p drejet stav og -værdien 40 kp/mm for en ved uddrejning udhulet stav, eller kærvtallet, er særdeles lavt.the ratio of 1.25 between the value of 50 kp / mm for a smooth cut-off rod and the value 40 kp / mm for a rod hollowed out, or the notch number, is extremely low.
Rulningsudmattelsesprøver med et S.G.-jern ifølge opfindelsen giver følgende værdier. Sammensætningen af til prøven anvendte S.G.-jern er følgende: C = 3,66%, Si = 2,24%, Mn = 0,54%, Mo = 0,22%, Cu = 0,78%, P = 0,02% og S = 0,008%.Scroll fatigue tests with a S.G. iron according to the invention give the following values. The composition of the SG iron used for the sample is as follows: C = 3.66%, Si = 2.24%, Mn = 0.54%, Mo = 0.22%, Cu = 0.78%, P = 0, 02% and S = 0.008%.
Det er varmebehandlet på en sådan måde, at mikrostrukturen indeholder ca. 53 vol.-% bainit, ca. 37 vol.-% auste-nit og ca. 10 vol.-% grafit. Ved rulningsudmattelsesprø-ven bestemtes Hertz-overfladetrykket med de i DIN 2990 Bl 9 angivne værdier. Forsøgshjulene blev fremstillet ved fræsning, modulet er 3,5» tandantallet 33, hældningsvinkelen er 15°, og bredden er 45 mm, Modhjulet er fremstillet af kulstofstål (DIN 17210, 15 CrNi6), opkullet og hærdet til en hårdhed på 58 - 62 HRC, samt slebet. Mod-.hullets tandantal er 65. Med forsøgshjulet opnåedes vær- p dier på 132, 138 og .150 kp/mm ._Disse værdier er mere end dobbelt så høje som de DIN 2990 Bl 9 angivne tilsvarende værdier for det hårdeste S.G.-jern GGG100. Forsøgsresultaterne viser, hvor udmærket S.G,-jernet ifølge opfindelsen tåler rulningspåvirkninger. Det kan således udsættes for et betydeligt overfladetryk, uden at der opstår beskadigelser.It is heat treated in such a way that the microstructure contains approx. 53 vol.% Bainite, ca. 37 vol.% Austenit and approx. 10 vol.% Graphite. In the rolling fatigue test, the Hertz surface pressure was determined with the values given in DIN 2990 B1. The test wheels were made by milling, the module is 3.5 "tooth number 33, the angle of inclination is 15 ° and the width is 45 mm, The counter wheel is made of carbon steel (DIN 17210, 15 CrNi6), coiled and cured to a hardness of 58 - 62 HRC , as well as towed. The counterhole number of teeth is 65. With the test wheel, values of 132, 138 and .150 kp / mm were obtained. These values are more than twice the corresponding values for the hardest SG iron GGG100 . The test results show how well the S.G. iron according to the invention can withstand rolling effects. Thus, it can be subjected to considerable surface pressure without causing any damage.
S,Gt-jernet ifølge opfindelsen er som isotermisk bainiti-seret et udmærket råmateriale til fremstilling af tandhjul, især når tænderne ikke kan efterbehandles ved slibning, eller hvis dette ikke lønner sig. Som eksempel herpå kan nævnes tandhjul, der er forsynet med indvendig . fortanding. Det egner sig til alle slags maskindele, der 143415 7 udsættes for en udmattende belastning. Eksempler på sådanne maskindele er foruden tandhjul også aksler til tandhjul, kædehjul, bærehjul eller valser, gom skal rotere mod en hård overflade, kamhjul, kamaksler, lejer og lignende for slitage udsatte dele, såsom friktionsskiver.The S, Gt iron of the invention, as isothermal bain initiator, is an excellent raw material for making gears, especially when the teeth cannot be post-processed by grinding or if this does not pay off. An example of this may be cogwheels provided with the inside. toothing. It is suitable for all kinds of machine parts that are subjected to an exhausting load. Examples of such machine parts are, in addition to gears, shafts for gears, sprockets, carriers or rollers, gum must rotate against a hard surface, cam wheels, camshafts, bearings and the like for wear-exposed parts, such as friction discs.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FI199672 | 1972-07-12 | ||
FI199772 | 1972-07-12 | ||
FI199772 | 1972-07-12 | ||
FI199672A FI49732C (en) | 1972-07-12 | 1972-07-12 | Alloyed SG iron. |
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DK143415B true DK143415B (en) | 1981-08-17 |
DK143415C DK143415C (en) | 1981-12-21 |
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US (1) | US3860457A (en) |
JP (1) | JPS553422B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA1016372A (en) |
CH (1) | CH606461A5 (en) |
DE (1) | DE2334992C2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK143415C (en) |
FR (1) | FR2192184B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1417435A (en) |
NL (1) | NL7309637A (en) |
NO (1) | NO132764C (en) |
SE (1) | SE396093C (en) |
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FI56699C (en) * | 1976-10-05 | 1980-03-10 | Kymin Oy Kymmene Ab | MASKINELEMENT AV SEGJAERN FOER KRAFTOEVERFOERING MEDELST FRIKTION |
FI780026A (en) * | 1978-01-05 | 1979-07-06 | Ovako Oy | KISELLEGERAT STAOL |
DE2853870A1 (en) * | 1978-12-13 | 1980-07-03 | Schmidt Gmbh Karl | BALL GRAPHITE CAST IRON WITH AUSTENITIC-BAINITIC MIXED TEXTURE |
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US2485760A (en) * | 1947-03-22 | 1949-10-25 | Int Nickel Co | Cast ferrous alloy |
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US3549430A (en) * | 1967-11-14 | 1970-12-22 | Int Nickel Co | Bainitic ductile iron having high strength and toughness |
-
1973
- 1973-07-06 US US377035A patent/US3860457A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1973-07-10 DE DE2334992A patent/DE2334992C2/en not_active Expired
- 1973-07-10 NO NO2828/73A patent/NO132764C/no unknown
- 1973-07-10 NL NL7309637A patent/NL7309637A/xx active Search and Examination
- 1973-07-11 FR FR7325396A patent/FR2192184B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1973-07-11 CH CH1011173A patent/CH606461A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1973-07-11 JP JP7759373A patent/JPS553422B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1973-07-11 DK DK384473A patent/DK143415C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1973-07-11 CA CA176,179A patent/CA1016372A/en not_active Expired
- 1973-07-11 GB GB3303573A patent/GB1417435A/en not_active Expired
- 1973-07-12 SE SE7309824A patent/SE396093C/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NL7309637A (en) | 1974-01-15 |
DK143415C (en) | 1981-12-21 |
SE396093B (en) | 1977-09-05 |
NO132764B (en) | 1975-09-22 |
NO132764C (en) | 1975-12-29 |
FR2192184A1 (en) | 1974-02-08 |
US3860457A (en) | 1975-01-14 |
CA1016372A (en) | 1977-08-30 |
JPS553422B2 (en) | 1980-01-25 |
GB1417435A (en) | 1975-12-10 |
CH606461A5 (en) | 1978-10-31 |
JPS4953115A (en) | 1974-05-23 |
SE396093C (en) | 1981-03-23 |
FR2192184B1 (en) | 1977-09-09 |
DE2334992C2 (en) | 1984-08-16 |
DE2334992A1 (en) | 1974-02-07 |
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PUP | Patent expired |