DE69702769T2 - Verfahren zur herstellung von rutschhemmender oberflächebeschichtung und gegenstand mit rutschhemmender oberflächebeschichtung - Google Patents

Verfahren zur herstellung von rutschhemmender oberflächebeschichtung und gegenstand mit rutschhemmender oberflächebeschichtung

Info

Publication number
DE69702769T2
DE69702769T2 DE69702769T DE69702769T DE69702769T2 DE 69702769 T2 DE69702769 T2 DE 69702769T2 DE 69702769 T DE69702769 T DE 69702769T DE 69702769 T DE69702769 T DE 69702769T DE 69702769 T2 DE69702769 T2 DE 69702769T2
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
surface coating
slip surface
preparation
slip layer
applying
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
DE69702769T
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
DE69702769T3 (de
DE69702769D1 (de
Inventor
Walther Boogaard
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BADERET HOLDING B.V., MIJDRECHT, NL
Original Assignee
Boogaard Beheer BV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=19763130&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=DE69702769(T2) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Boogaard Beheer BV filed Critical Boogaard Beheer BV
Publication of DE69702769D1 publication Critical patent/DE69702769D1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE69702769T2 publication Critical patent/DE69702769T2/de
Publication of DE69702769T3 publication Critical patent/DE69702769T3/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/009After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47KSANITARY EQUIPMENT NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; TOILET ACCESSORIES
    • A47K3/00Baths; Douches; Appurtenances therefor
    • A47K3/001Accessories for baths, not provided for in other subgroups of group A47K3/00 ; Insertions, e.g. for babies; Tubs suspended or inserted in baths; Security or alarm devices; Protecting linings or coverings; Devices for cleaning or disinfecting baths; Bath insulation
    • A47K3/002Non-slip mats for baths
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47KSANITARY EQUIPMENT NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; TOILET ACCESSORIES
    • A47K3/00Baths; Douches; Appurtenances therefor
    • A47K3/001Accessories for baths, not provided for in other subgroups of group A47K3/00 ; Insertions, e.g. for babies; Tubs suspended or inserted in baths; Security or alarm devices; Protecting linings or coverings; Devices for cleaning or disinfecting baths; Bath insulation
    • A47K3/003Grips for baths
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05DPROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D5/00Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
    • B05D5/02Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain a matt or rough surface
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/45Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
    • C04B41/52Multiple coating or impregnating multiple coating or impregnating with the same composition or with compositions only differing in the concentration of the constituents, is classified as single coating or impregnation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/60After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only artificial stone
    • C04B41/61Coating or impregnation
    • C04B41/70Coating or impregnation for obtaining at least two superposed coatings having different compositions
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/80After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics
    • C04B41/81Coating or impregnation
    • C04B41/89Coating or impregnation for obtaining at least two superposed coatings having different compositions
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09DCOATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D175/00Coating compositions based on polyureas or polyurethanes; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D175/04Polyurethanes
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09DCOATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D7/00Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
    • C09D7/40Additives
    • C09D7/65Additives macromolecular
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09DCOATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D7/00Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
    • C09D7/40Additives
    • C09D7/66Additives characterised by particle size
    • C09D7/69Particle size larger than 1000 nm
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K3/00Materials not provided for elsewhere
    • C09K3/14Anti-slip materials; Abrasives
    • C09K3/149Antislip compositions
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/00241Physical properties of the materials not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
    • C04B2111/00362Friction materials, e.g. used as brake linings, anti-skid materials
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L23/00Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L23/02Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08L23/10Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
    • C08L23/12Polypropene
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L23/00Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L23/02Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08L23/16Elastomeric ethene-propene or ethene-propene-diene copolymers, e.g. EPR and EPDM rubbers
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2982Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
    • Y10T428/2991Coated
    • Y10T428/2998Coated including synthetic resin or polymer
DE69702769T 1996-07-03 1997-06-27 Verfahren zur herstellung von rutschhemmender oberflächebeschichtung und gegenstand mit rutschhemmender oberflächebeschichtung Expired - Fee Related DE69702769T3 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL1003495 1996-07-03
NL1003495A NL1003495C1 (nl) 1996-07-03 1996-07-03 Preparaat en werkwijze voor het aanbrengen van een anti-sliplaag op een oppervlak en voortbrengsel voorzien van een anti-sliplaag.
PCT/NL1997/000367 WO1998000241A1 (en) 1996-07-03 1997-06-27 Preparation and method for applying an anti-slip layer to a surface and product provided with an anti-slip layer

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE69702769D1 DE69702769D1 (de) 2000-09-14
DE69702769T2 true DE69702769T2 (de) 2001-04-12
DE69702769T3 DE69702769T3 (de) 2005-07-21

Family

ID=19763130

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE69702769T Expired - Fee Related DE69702769T3 (de) 1996-07-03 1997-06-27 Verfahren zur herstellung von rutschhemmender oberflächebeschichtung und gegenstand mit rutschhemmender oberflächebeschichtung

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US6197377B1 (de)
EP (1) EP0925120B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE195271T1 (de)
AU (1) AU713919B2 (de)
DE (1) DE69702769T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2151281T5 (de)
HK (1) HK1022117A1 (de)
NL (1) NL1003495C1 (de)
NZ (1) NZ333618A (de)
WO (1) WO1998000241A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NO985317D0 (no) * 1998-11-13 1998-11-13 Borealis As Polyolefin-basert gjenstand med modifisert overflate
CA2326257C (en) * 2000-11-17 2003-07-08 Interwrap Industries Inc. Sheet material with anti-slip surface
FR2826664B1 (fr) * 2001-06-29 2005-09-09 Rhodia Chimie Sa Procede de realisation d'un revetement etanche de surfaces pour batiment comprenant un membrane silicone reticulee et etanche, colle et kit pret a l'emploi pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede
FR2832724B1 (fr) * 2001-08-07 2004-02-06 Christian Kowalski Antiderapant pour engin de glisse tel qu'un surf
EP1627860A3 (de) * 2004-08-18 2008-09-03 Eurolack Foundation Rutschhemmende Strukturbeschichtung unter Verwendung von pyrogener Kieselsäure
ES2265285B1 (es) * 2005-07-12 2008-01-01 Juan Lopez Redondo Procedimiento para convertir superficies resbaladizas en antideslizantes y dispositivo para su puesta en practica.
US20070090122A1 (en) * 2005-10-26 2007-04-26 Caplugs Llp Textured vinyl pull cap
ES2327093B1 (es) * 2008-04-22 2010-07-23 Manuel Planellas Parera Alfombra para baño y ducha.
GB2496644B (en) * 2011-11-17 2016-06-22 Altro Ltd Non-slip coating composition
EP2813554A3 (de) 2013-06-13 2015-07-29 Eczacibasi Yapi Gerecleri Sanayi Ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi Mischung/Zusammensetzung zur Herstellung einer rutschfesten Oberfläche, Verfahren zur Herstellung und Verwendung der Mischung und der Produkte mit dieser Zusammensetzung darauf
EP3088632A4 (de) * 2013-12-23 2017-09-13 Two H Chem Ltd. Rutschfestes fussbodenmaterial, verfahren zur herstellung von rutschfestem fussbodenmaterial und verfahren zur herstellung eines fussboden durch verwendung eines rutschfesten fussbodenmaterials
CN104926369B (zh) * 2014-03-19 2018-03-23 3M创新有限公司 防滑件及其制备方法
CN105086794B (zh) * 2014-05-09 2018-03-06 3M创新有限公司 防滑液、防滑件及其制备方法
ITUB20151819A1 (it) * 2015-07-02 2017-01-02 Cores S R L Prodotto verniciante antisdrucciolo per il trattamento di superfici di calpestio, relativi uso, metodo di preparazione e kit produttivo
US9951234B1 (en) * 2017-03-10 2018-04-24 Donald D. Sloan Extender and adhesion promoter
US20210189171A1 (en) * 2018-09-28 2021-06-24 Construction Research & Technology Gmbh Slip-resistant coating, method of coating a substrate and a coated substrate
US11492511B2 (en) * 2020-05-14 2022-11-08 Linda Stevens Thin, lightweight marine traction surfacing

Family Cites Families (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2793136A (en) 1953-10-08 1957-05-21 United Shoe Machinery Corp Slip-resistant surfaces and processes for making the same
JPS598869A (ja) * 1982-07-06 1984-01-18 東洋リノリユ−ム株式会社 ノンスリツプ性床材
DE3320929A1 (de) * 1983-06-09 1984-12-13 Isoklepa-Werk Emil Häfele GmbH + Co KG, 7062 Rudersberg Verfahren zur rutschsicheren ausruestung von badewannen, duschbecken od. dgl.
GB8408712D0 (en) 1984-04-04 1984-05-16 Ici Plc Articles of sanitaryware
GB8615360D0 (en) * 1986-06-24 1986-07-30 Bath Transformations Ltd Bath coating system
US5070138A (en) * 1990-07-13 1991-12-03 E. R. Carpenter Company, Inc. Polyurethane elastomer tire fill compositions and method of making same
US5494729A (en) * 1992-05-20 1996-02-27 Impact Coatings, Inc. Non-slip, non-abrasive coated surface
JP3328360B2 (ja) 1993-03-31 2002-09-24 三井化学株式会社 熱可塑性エラストマー
US5380785A (en) 1993-04-05 1995-01-10 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Rubbery polymer
NL9300665A (nl) * 1993-04-20 1994-11-16 Werner Walther Richard Boogaar Werkwijze voor het aanbrengen van een antislipvoorziening.
DE4317784A1 (de) 1993-05-28 1994-12-01 Basf Lacke & Farben Verfahren zur Erzeugung von strukturierten Beschichtungen auf Kunststoffoberflächen
US5578095A (en) * 1994-11-21 1996-11-26 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Coated abrasive article

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE195271T1 (de) 2000-08-15
NZ333618A (en) 2000-07-28
AU3277597A (en) 1998-01-21
DE69702769T3 (de) 2005-07-21
NL1003495A1 (nl) 1996-09-30
DE69702769D1 (de) 2000-09-14
ES2151281T3 (es) 2000-12-16
HK1022117A1 (en) 2000-07-28
EP0925120B2 (de) 2005-02-02
NL1003495C1 (nl) 1997-08-05
US6197377B1 (en) 2001-03-06
WO1998000241A1 (en) 1998-01-08
AU713919B2 (en) 1999-12-16
EP0925120B1 (de) 2000-08-09
ES2151281T5 (es) 2005-08-01
EP0925120A1 (de) 1999-06-30

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE69702769T2 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von rutschhemmender oberflächebeschichtung und gegenstand mit rutschhemmender oberflächebeschichtung
ATE184541T1 (de) Schichtverbundmaterial, verfahren zur herstellung und davon abgeleitete produkten
DE69517559D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von anorganisches Material enthaltenden Verbundwerkstoffen
DE69217123D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Schleifkörpern mit chemisch-gebundener haftender Beschichtung
DE69637132D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung einer kontinuierlichen Beschichtung aus thermoplastischem Material, und daraus hergestellte Gegenstände
AT381321B (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von -si-si-nh-si-sigruppen enthaltenden silazanpolymeren, verfahren zur herstellung eines siliciumcarbidenthaltenden keramischen materials und verfahren zur herstellung eines mit diesem material beschichteten gegenstands
DE59403587D1 (de) Beschichtungsmaterial und Verfahren zur Herstellung funktioneller Beschichtungen
DE69838755D1 (de) Polyurethanschaum, verfahren zur herstellung und zusammensetzung zur herstellung von schäumen
DE69016609T2 (de) Beschichtungszusammensetzung, beschichtetes anorganisches gehärtetes Produkt und Verfahren zur Herstellung dieses Produktes.
DE69106755T2 (de) Absorbierende Überzugszusammensetzung, Verfahren zur Herstellung und Verkleidung daraus.
DE69331245T2 (de) Verfahren zur Consolidierung/gleichzeitigen Herstellung von mehreren Verbundstoffen
DE69307811T2 (de) Hartschicht aus Ti-Si-N-Verbundwerkstoff und Verfahren zur Herstellung derselben
ATE287782T1 (de) Schleifgegenstand mit einem geprägten träger und verfahren zur herstellung desselben
DE69324400D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von thermoplastischer Polymerzusammensetzung
DE59707907D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von anorganischen Granulaten
DE69609301T2 (de) Kontinuierliches Pyrolyse- und Entkohlungsverfahren, insbesonders zur Anwendung in der Herstellung von Acetylen
DE69712146T2 (de) Verfahren zur kontinuierlichem Herstellung von Silikongummizusammensetzung
DE69513660D1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von mehrschichtlackierungen, basisschichtzusammensetzung sowie verfahren zur lackierung
ATE178833T1 (de) Rotationsformverfahren und nach dem verfahren hergestellte formkörper
DE69020502D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von polymerem Verbundmaterial mit dispergierten feinen Teilchen.
DE69719733T2 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von absorbierenden Materialien
ATE182557T1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung und verwendungen von polyfluorfulleren
DE69024623T2 (de) Harzzusammensetzung zur Herstellung von haltbarem Schutzüberzug und Verfahren zur Herstellung von haltbarem Schutzüberzug über einem Substrat
DE69206192T2 (de) Zusammensetzung zur Herstellung von Kohlenstoffverbundmaterial, so erhaltenes Kohlenstoffverbundmaterial und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung.
DE69408795D1 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Kohlenstoff/Kohlenstoffverbundmaterial

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
8363 Opposition against the patent
8327 Change in the person/name/address of the patent owner

Owner name: BADERET HOLDING B.V., MIJDRECHT, NL

8366 Restricted maintained after opposition proceedings
8339 Ceased/non-payment of the annual fee