DE69129893D1 - Optisches Übertragungsnetz mit Frequenzmultiplexierung - Google Patents
Optisches Übertragungsnetz mit FrequenzmultiplexierungInfo
- Publication number
- DE69129893D1 DE69129893D1 DE69129893T DE69129893T DE69129893D1 DE 69129893 D1 DE69129893 D1 DE 69129893D1 DE 69129893 T DE69129893 T DE 69129893T DE 69129893 T DE69129893 T DE 69129893T DE 69129893 D1 DE69129893 D1 DE 69129893D1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- frequency division
- optical transmission
- division multiplexing
- transmission network
- network
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 title 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0062—Network aspects
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0201—Add-and-drop multiplexing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0201—Add-and-drop multiplexing
- H04J14/0202—Arrangements therefor
- H04J14/0204—Broadcast and select arrangements, e.g. with an optical splitter at the input before adding or dropping
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0201—Add-and-drop multiplexing
- H04J14/0202—Arrangements therefor
- H04J14/0205—Select and combine arrangements, e.g. with an optical combiner at the output after adding or dropping
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0201—Add-and-drop multiplexing
- H04J14/0202—Arrangements therefor
- H04J14/0206—Express channels arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0201—Add-and-drop multiplexing
- H04J14/0202—Arrangements therefor
- H04J14/0209—Multi-stage arrangements, e.g. by cascading multiplexers or demultiplexers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0201—Add-and-drop multiplexing
- H04J14/0202—Arrangements therefor
- H04J14/021—Reconfigurable arrangements, e.g. reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers [ROADM] or tunable optical add/drop multiplexers [TOADM]
- H04J14/0212—Reconfigurable arrangements, e.g. reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers [ROADM] or tunable optical add/drop multiplexers [TOADM] using optical switches or wavelength selective switches [WSS]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0201—Add-and-drop multiplexing
- H04J14/0202—Arrangements therefor
- H04J14/0213—Groups of channels or wave bands arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0005—Switch and router aspects
- H04Q2011/0007—Construction
- H04Q2011/0009—Construction using wavelength filters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0005—Switch and router aspects
- H04Q2011/0007—Construction
- H04Q2011/0011—Construction using wavelength conversion
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0005—Switch and router aspects
- H04Q2011/0007—Construction
- H04Q2011/0013—Construction using gating amplifiers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0005—Switch and router aspects
- H04Q2011/0007—Construction
- H04Q2011/0015—Construction using splitting combining
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0005—Switch and router aspects
- H04Q2011/0037—Operation
- H04Q2011/0039—Electrical control
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0062—Network aspects
- H04Q2011/0086—Network resource allocation, dimensioning or optimisation
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Optical Communication System (AREA)
- Sub-Exchange Stations And Push- Button Telephones (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP33711890A JP3308525B2 (ja) | 1990-11-30 | 1990-11-30 | ネットワーク |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE69129893D1 true DE69129893D1 (de) | 1998-09-03 |
DE69129893T2 DE69129893T2 (de) | 1999-04-15 |
Family
ID=18305610
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE69129893T Expired - Fee Related DE69129893T2 (de) | 1990-11-30 | 1991-11-27 | Optisches Übertragungsnetz mit Frequenzmultiplexierung |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (5) | US5321540A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0488241B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP3308525B2 (de) |
DE (1) | DE69129893T2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (68)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE69120582T2 (de) * | 1990-04-18 | 1996-11-28 | Canon Kk | Optisches Übertragungsnetzwerk und Übertragungsverfahren für dasselbe |
JP3117018B2 (ja) * | 1990-10-29 | 2000-12-11 | 株式会社日立製作所 | ネットワーク装置 |
JP3308525B2 (ja) | 1990-11-30 | 2002-07-29 | 株式会社日立製作所 | ネットワーク |
FR2690799B1 (fr) * | 1992-04-30 | 1994-06-10 | Cit Alcatel | Systeme optique de raccordement d'installations d'abonne a un centre de commutation d'un reseau de telecommunication assurant des services interactifs et des services non interactifs. |
FR2690800B1 (fr) * | 1992-04-30 | 1995-05-12 | Cit Alcatel | Système optique configurable automatiquement, pour le raccordement d'installations d'abonné à un centre de commutation d'un réseau de télécommunication. |
US5594581A (en) * | 1993-12-29 | 1997-01-14 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Low loss optical transmission/monitoring path selection in redundant equipment terminals |
EP0670550B1 (de) * | 1994-02-28 | 1999-06-16 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Informationsverarbeitungsverfahren und -vorrichtung |
FR2720883B1 (fr) * | 1994-06-07 | 1997-01-10 | Cit Alcatel | Multiplexeur spectral optique à insertion-extraction. |
JP2888272B2 (ja) * | 1994-12-15 | 1999-05-10 | 日本電気株式会社 | 光ネットワークおよび中継ノード |
ES2109148B1 (es) * | 1994-12-30 | 1998-07-01 | Alcatel Standard Electrica | Red optica de comunicaciones. |
US9191117B2 (en) | 1995-05-11 | 2015-11-17 | Ciena Corporation | High-speed optical transponder systems |
US6233077B1 (en) | 1995-05-11 | 2001-05-15 | Ciena Corporation | Remodulating channel selectors for WDM optical communication systems |
JPH0918452A (ja) * | 1995-06-30 | 1997-01-17 | Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd | 光波長変換機エレメントおよび光波長変換機装置 |
DE19530644C1 (de) * | 1995-08-21 | 1996-12-19 | Ams Optotech Vertrieb Gmbh | Optischer Kanalmultiplexer und/oder -demultiplexer |
DE19605808C2 (de) * | 1996-02-16 | 1997-12-18 | Siemens Ag | WDM-Koppelanordnung |
JPH09289520A (ja) * | 1996-02-19 | 1997-11-04 | Canon Inc | 伝送制御方法及びそれを用いたネットワークシステム |
FR2754352B1 (fr) * | 1996-10-07 | 1998-11-13 | Alsthom Cge Alcatel | Commutateur optique |
DE19701888A1 (de) * | 1997-01-21 | 1998-07-23 | Alsthom Cge Alcatel | System zur optischen Übertragung von Informationen |
DE19714650A1 (de) * | 1997-04-09 | 1998-10-15 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Zugangsnetz zur Übertragung von optischen Signalen |
KR100251692B1 (ko) | 1997-09-12 | 2000-04-15 | 윤종용 | 광섬유 가입자 망 |
WO1999020012A1 (de) * | 1997-10-10 | 1999-04-22 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Übertragungsnetz für wellenlängenmultiplex-verfahren |
JP3442277B2 (ja) * | 1998-02-20 | 2003-09-02 | 富士通株式会社 | 光交換機 |
US6795442B1 (en) * | 1998-04-23 | 2004-09-21 | Emulex Design & Manufacturing Corporation | System and method for scheduling message transmission and processing in a digital data network |
US5959749A (en) * | 1998-05-20 | 1999-09-28 | Nortel Networks Corporation | Optical add/drop multiplexer/demultiplexer |
US6388782B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2002-05-14 | Sarnoff Corporation | Multi-wavelength dense wavelength division multiplexed optical switching systems |
US6014237A (en) * | 1998-06-01 | 2000-01-11 | Sarnoff Corporation | Multiwavelength mode-locked dense wavelength division multiplexed optical communication systems |
US6192058B1 (en) | 1998-09-18 | 2001-02-20 | Sarnoff Corporation | Multiwavelength actively mode-locked external cavity semiconductor laser |
US6721508B1 (en) * | 1998-12-14 | 2004-04-13 | Tellabs Operations Inc. | Optical line terminal arrangement, apparatus and methods |
US6344921B1 (en) | 1999-02-22 | 2002-02-05 | Almantas Galvanauskas | Optical parametric amplifiers and generators in optical communication systems |
JP2000341728A (ja) * | 1999-05-31 | 2000-12-08 | Fujitsu Ltd | 光クロスコネクト装置 |
US7386236B1 (en) * | 1999-09-27 | 2008-06-10 | Alloptic, Inc. | Multiple wavelength TDMA optical network |
US6539144B1 (en) * | 1999-10-04 | 2003-03-25 | At&T Corp. | Method and system for restoring optical ring-networks |
EP1126650A3 (de) * | 2000-02-18 | 2007-01-03 | Ericsson AB | Vorrichtung zur optischen Kommunikation |
JP2001251252A (ja) * | 2000-03-03 | 2001-09-14 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 光アクセス網、幹線ノード装置及び支線ノード装置 |
US7130541B2 (en) * | 2000-10-04 | 2006-10-31 | Wave7 Optics, Inc. | System and method for communicating optical signals upstream and downstream between a data service provider and subscriber |
US6973271B2 (en) * | 2000-10-04 | 2005-12-06 | Wave7 Optics, Inc. | System and method for communicating optical signals between a data service provider and subscribers |
US7606492B2 (en) * | 2000-10-04 | 2009-10-20 | Enablence Usa Fttx Networks Inc. | System and method for communicating optical signals upstream and downstream between a data service provider and subscribers |
KR20030060925A (ko) * | 2000-10-26 | 2003-07-16 | 웨이브7 옵틱스 인코포레이티드 | 광통신망의 상향스트림 패킷 처리 방법 및 시스템 |
EP1271825A1 (de) * | 2001-06-25 | 2003-01-02 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Verfahren und System zur Übertragung von multiplexierten optischen Nachrichten |
US7146104B2 (en) | 2001-07-05 | 2006-12-05 | Wave7 Optics, Inc. | Method and system for providing a return data path for legacy terminals by using existing electrical waveguides of a structure |
US6654565B2 (en) | 2001-07-05 | 2003-11-25 | Wave7 Optics, Inc. | System and method for increasing upstream communication efficiency in an optical network |
US7269350B2 (en) * | 2001-07-05 | 2007-09-11 | Wave7 Optics, Inc. | System and method for communicating optical signals between a data service provider and subscribers |
US7190901B2 (en) * | 2001-07-05 | 2007-03-13 | Wave7 Optices, Inc. | Method and system for providing a return path for signals generated by legacy terminals in an optical network |
US20060020975A1 (en) * | 2001-07-05 | 2006-01-26 | Wave7 Optics, Inc. | System and method for propagating satellite TV-band, cable TV-band, and data signals over an optical network |
US7218855B2 (en) * | 2001-07-05 | 2007-05-15 | Wave7 Optics, Inc. | System and method for communicating optical signals to multiple subscribers having various bandwidth demands connected to the same optical waveguide |
WO2003005612A1 (en) | 2001-07-05 | 2003-01-16 | Wave7 Optics, Inc. | Methods and systems for providing return path for signals generated by legacy terminals in optical network |
US7333726B2 (en) * | 2001-07-05 | 2008-02-19 | Wave7 Optics, Inc. | Method and system for supporting multiple service providers within a single optical network |
US20030072059A1 (en) * | 2001-07-05 | 2003-04-17 | Wave7 Optics, Inc. | System and method for securing a communication channel over an optical network |
US7877014B2 (en) | 2001-07-05 | 2011-01-25 | Enablence Technologies Inc. | Method and system for providing a return path for signals generated by legacy video service terminals in an optical network |
US7529485B2 (en) * | 2001-07-05 | 2009-05-05 | Enablence Usa Fttx Networks, Inc. | Method and system for supporting multiple services with a subscriber optical interface located outside a subscriber's premises |
US7593639B2 (en) * | 2001-08-03 | 2009-09-22 | Enablence Usa Fttx Networks Inc. | Method and system for providing a return path for signals generated by legacy terminals in an optical network |
US7038910B1 (en) | 2002-01-07 | 2006-05-02 | Wave7 Optics, Inc. | System and method for removing heat from a subscriber optical interface |
US7583897B2 (en) * | 2002-01-08 | 2009-09-01 | Enablence Usa Fttx Networks Inc. | Optical network system and method for supporting upstream signals propagated according to a cable modem protocol |
US7623786B2 (en) * | 2002-05-20 | 2009-11-24 | Enablence Usa Fttx Networks, Inc. | System and method for communicating optical signals to multiple subscribers having various bandwidth demands connected to the same optical waveguide |
US7058260B2 (en) * | 2002-10-15 | 2006-06-06 | Wave7 Optics, Inc. | Reflection suppression for an optical fiber |
US7454141B2 (en) * | 2003-03-14 | 2008-11-18 | Enablence Usa Fttx Networks Inc. | Method and system for providing a return path for signals generated by legacy terminals in an optical network |
GB0311563D0 (en) * | 2003-05-20 | 2003-06-25 | Nokia Corp | Optical data transmission system |
KR20050070566A (ko) * | 2003-12-30 | 2005-07-07 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 다파장 광원과 그를 이용한 파장 분할 다중 시스템 |
US8086103B2 (en) * | 2004-04-29 | 2011-12-27 | Alcatel Lucent | Methods and apparatus for communicating dynamic optical wavebands (DOWBs) |
WO2006020538A2 (en) * | 2004-08-10 | 2006-02-23 | Wave7 Optics, Inc. | Countermeasures for idle pattern srs interference in ethernet optical network systems |
US7599622B2 (en) * | 2004-08-19 | 2009-10-06 | Enablence Usa Fttx Networks Inc. | System and method for communicating optical signals between a data service provider and subscribers |
WO2006041784A2 (en) * | 2004-10-04 | 2006-04-20 | Wave7 Optics, Inc. | Minimizing channel change time for ip video |
WO2006069172A2 (en) * | 2004-12-21 | 2006-06-29 | Wave7 Optics, Inc. | System and method for operating a wideband return channel in a bi-directional optical communication system |
US7616901B2 (en) | 2005-08-10 | 2009-11-10 | Enablence Usa Fttx Networks Inc. | Countermeasures for idle pattern SRS interference in ethernet optical network systems |
US20070047959A1 (en) * | 2005-08-12 | 2007-03-01 | Wave7 Optics, Inc. | System and method for supporting communications between subcriber optical interfaces coupled to the same laser transceiver node in an optical network |
CN100433834C (zh) * | 2006-01-04 | 2008-11-12 | 天津大学 | 单纤多点视频传输系统 |
US20080063411A1 (en) * | 2006-09-11 | 2008-03-13 | Lumera Corporation | Photonics-based Multi-band Wireless Communication System |
US9507661B2 (en) * | 2011-03-01 | 2016-11-29 | As-International Association E.V. | Bus system having a master and a group of slaves and communication method for interchanging data in said bus system |
Family Cites Families (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4491983A (en) * | 1981-05-14 | 1985-01-01 | Times Fiber Communications, Inc. | Information distribution system |
JPS5866488A (ja) | 1981-10-16 | 1983-04-20 | Fujitsu Ltd | 光波長多重スイツチ |
JPS58100562A (ja) | 1981-12-11 | 1983-06-15 | Nec Corp | 光交換回路 |
JPS58161489A (ja) | 1982-03-18 | 1983-09-26 | Nec Corp | 光交換回路網 |
DE3585806D1 (de) * | 1984-06-25 | 1992-05-14 | Toshiba Kawasaki Kk | Nachrichtenkommunikationssystem. |
US4658394A (en) * | 1984-12-12 | 1987-04-14 | Bell Communications Research, Inc. | Optical transmission |
US4642804A (en) * | 1985-05-10 | 1987-02-10 | Bell Communications Research, Inc. | Shared laser lightwave transmission systems |
US4760442A (en) * | 1985-07-10 | 1988-07-26 | American Telephone And Telegraph Company, At&T Bell Laboratories | Wideband digital signal distribution system |
US4705350A (en) * | 1985-09-19 | 1987-11-10 | Bell Communications Research, Inc. | Optical transmission network |
CA1274612A (en) * | 1985-11-22 | 1990-09-25 | Nec Corporation | Wavelength division optical switching system having wavelength switching light modulators |
JPS6390232A (ja) | 1986-10-03 | 1988-04-21 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 光通信システム |
DE3853935T2 (de) * | 1987-09-30 | 1995-10-12 | Nippon Electric Co | Zeit- und Wellenlängenmultiplex-Vermittlungssystem. |
US5136411A (en) * | 1987-12-11 | 1992-08-04 | General Instrument Corporation | Dynamically responsive CATV system with shared fiber optic link |
JP2658114B2 (ja) | 1988-01-21 | 1997-09-30 | 日本電気株式会社 | 波長変換スイッチ |
JPH025663A (ja) * | 1988-06-23 | 1990-01-10 | Nec Corp | 光パケット交換装置 |
JPH0286384A (ja) * | 1988-09-22 | 1990-03-27 | Pioneer Electron Corp | 動画像情報サービスシステム及び該システム用ヘッドエンド装置 |
US4989199A (en) * | 1988-10-31 | 1991-01-29 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Photonic switch architecture utilizing code and wavelength multiplexing |
DE3907495A1 (de) * | 1989-03-08 | 1990-09-13 | Standard Elektrik Lorenz Ag | Optisches nachrichtenuebertragungssystem fuer den teilnehmeranschlussbereich |
DE3913300A1 (de) * | 1989-04-22 | 1990-10-25 | Standard Elektrik Lorenz Ag | Optisches nachrichtenuebertragungssystem fuer den teilnehmeranschlussbereich |
JP2777194B2 (ja) * | 1989-05-29 | 1998-07-16 | 株式会社東芝 | 光伝送方式 |
JPH0357343A (ja) * | 1989-07-26 | 1991-03-12 | Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd | 光交換機 |
JP2692316B2 (ja) * | 1989-11-20 | 1997-12-17 | 日本電気株式会社 | 波長分割光交換機 |
JP3308525B2 (ja) * | 1990-11-30 | 2002-07-29 | 株式会社日立製作所 | ネットワーク |
JP2873959B1 (ja) | 1998-03-23 | 1999-03-24 | 農林水産省 野菜・茶業試験場長 | 撥水剤を用いた水耕栽培装置 |
-
1990
- 1990-11-30 JP JP33711890A patent/JP3308525B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1991
- 1991-11-27 EP EP91120309A patent/EP0488241B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-11-27 DE DE69129893T patent/DE69129893T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-11-29 US US07/800,255 patent/US5321540A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-04-28 US US08/233,974 patent/US5510921A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-02-29 US US08/608,725 patent/US5801864A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-07-24 US US09/121,591 patent/US6619865B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-07-21 US US10/623,160 patent/US7127170B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP3308525B2 (ja) | 2002-07-29 |
JPH04207646A (ja) | 1992-07-29 |
US5801864A (en) | 1998-09-01 |
EP0488241A3 (en) | 1993-04-21 |
EP0488241A2 (de) | 1992-06-03 |
DE69129893T2 (de) | 1999-04-15 |
US6619865B1 (en) | 2003-09-16 |
US5510921A (en) | 1996-04-23 |
US20050175351A1 (en) | 2005-08-11 |
EP0488241B1 (de) | 1998-07-29 |
US5321540A (en) | 1994-06-14 |
US7127170B2 (en) | 2006-10-24 |
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