DE3174885D1 - Process for the extraction of metal values and novel metal extractants - Google Patents

Process for the extraction of metal values and novel metal extractants

Info

Publication number
DE3174885D1
DE3174885D1 DE8181306103T DE3174885T DE3174885D1 DE 3174885 D1 DE3174885 D1 DE 3174885D1 DE 8181306103 T DE8181306103 T DE 8181306103T DE 3174885 T DE3174885 T DE 3174885T DE 3174885 D1 DE3174885 D1 DE 3174885D1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
metal
extraction
extractants
values
novel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
DE8181306103T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Raymond Frederick Dalton
Raymond Price
Peter Michael Quan
David Stewart
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Syngenta Ltd
Original Assignee
Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd filed Critical Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE3174885D1 publication Critical patent/DE3174885D1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C07D213/79—Acids; Esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C07D213/79—Acids; Esters
    • C07D213/80—Acids; Esters in position 3
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C07D213/81—Amides; Imides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C07D213/81—Amides; Imides
    • C07D213/82—Amides; Imides in position 3
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
    • C22B3/20—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching
    • C22B3/26—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by liquid-liquid extraction using organic compounds
    • C22B3/36—Heterocyclic compounds
    • C22B3/362—Heterocyclic compounds of a single type
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/20—Recycling
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S423/00—Chemistry of inorganic compounds
    • Y10S423/09—Reaction techniques
    • Y10S423/14—Ion exchange; chelation or liquid/liquid ion extraction

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Pyridine Compounds (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
  • Extraction Or Liquid Replacement (AREA)
DE8181306103T 1981-02-03 1981-12-23 Process for the extraction of metal values and novel metal extractants Expired DE3174885D1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8103223 1981-02-03
GB8126079 1981-08-26

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE3174885D1 true DE3174885D1 (en) 1986-07-31

Family

ID=26278318

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE8181306103T Expired DE3174885D1 (en) 1981-02-03 1981-12-23 Process for the extraction of metal values and novel metal extractants

Country Status (16)

Country Link
US (4) US4525330A (de)
EP (1) EP0057797B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH02288863A (de)
AU (1) AU554466B2 (de)
BR (1) BR8200554A (de)
CA (1) CA1193265A (de)
DE (1) DE3174885D1 (de)
ES (1) ES8301651A1 (de)
FI (1) FI74045C (de)
IE (1) IE52435B1 (de)
NO (1) NO169784C (de)
NZ (1) NZ199506A (de)
PH (1) PH17697A (de)
PL (1) PL141585B1 (de)
PT (1) PT74372B (de)
ZW (1) ZW1082A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (42)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3174885D1 (en) * 1981-02-03 1986-07-31 Ici Plc Process for the extraction of metal values and novel metal extractants
DE3368618D1 (en) * 1982-11-04 1987-02-05 Ici Plc Process for the extraction of metal values and novel metal extractants
GB8318412D0 (en) * 1983-07-07 1983-08-10 Ici Plc Extraction of metal values
US4581220A (en) * 1982-11-04 1986-04-08 Imperial Chemical Industries, Plc Process for the extraction of metal values and novel metal extractants
GB8330715D0 (en) * 1983-11-17 1983-12-29 Ici Plc Extraction of metal values
US5136038A (en) * 1984-07-19 1992-08-04 University Of Florida Radiopharmaceuticals and chelating agents useful in their preparation
US5155227A (en) * 1984-07-19 1992-10-13 University Of Florida Compounds for site-enhanced delivery of radionuclides
GB8504818D0 (en) * 1985-02-25 1985-03-27 Imperial Chemical Industries Plc Extraction of metal values
US4691018A (en) * 1985-05-23 1987-09-01 Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha Pyridine derivatives and their use as anti-allergic agents
DE3683556D1 (de) * 1985-07-31 1992-03-05 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd Verfahren zur generierung von alkali.
US4761473A (en) * 1985-10-15 1988-08-02 The Dow Chemical Company Novel compositions prepared from organic amines and nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic compounds substituted with at least one group selected from carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid anhydride and carboxylic acid halide
DE3703959A1 (de) * 1987-02-10 1988-08-18 Hoechst Ag Pyridin-2,4- und 2,5-dicarbonsaeureamide, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung, verwendung derselben sowie arzneimittel auf basis dieser verbindungen
US5512586A (en) * 1987-02-10 1996-04-30 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Medicaments based on pyridine-2,4- and 2,5-dicarboxylic acid amides
US5238948A (en) * 1987-02-10 1993-08-24 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Pyridine-2,4- and -2,5-dicarboxylic acid derivatives and medicaments based on these compounds
US5153208A (en) * 1987-02-10 1992-10-06 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Pyridine-2,4- and -2,5-dicarboxylic acid amides and their medicinal compositions and methods of use
DE68903969T2 (de) * 1988-03-09 1993-04-29 Ici Plc Loesungsextraktionsverfahren.
US5196095A (en) * 1990-04-03 1993-03-23 Henkel Corporation Process for recovering a metal from an aqueous solution comprising a mixture of metal chlorides
DE4022472C1 (de) * 1990-07-14 1991-10-24 Schering Ag Berlin-Bergkamen, 1000 Berlin, De
FR2684670B1 (fr) * 1991-12-05 1995-04-07 Commissariat Energie Atomique Amides a substituant heterocyclique azote, leur procede de preparation et leur utilisation pour extraire selectivement les actinides (iii) et les separer en particulier des lanthanides (iii).
US5820653A (en) * 1993-04-19 1998-10-13 Electrocopper Products Limited Process for making shaped copper articles
GB9406279D0 (en) * 1994-03-30 1994-05-25 Zeneca Ltd Solvent extraction process
DK0823897T3 (da) * 1995-05-01 2004-12-06 Scarista Ltd Nicotinsyreestere og farmaceutiske præparater indeholdende disse
USRE40546E1 (en) * 1996-05-01 2008-10-21 Scarista, Ltd. 1,3-Propane diol esters and ethers and methods for their use in drug delivery
MY118354A (en) * 1995-05-01 2004-10-30 Scarista Ltd 1,3-propane diol derivatives as bioactive compounds
CN1056194C (zh) * 1995-08-01 2000-09-06 新疆大学 多种金属氯化物电解萃取分离方法及装置
US6391899B1 (en) * 1998-07-17 2002-05-21 North Shore—Long Island Jewish Research Institute Compounds and compositions for treating tissue ischemia
CA2352964C (en) 1998-12-01 2006-10-17 University Of Kentucky Research Foundation A method for enhancing protective cellular responses to genotoxic stress in skin
US8124630B2 (en) 1999-01-13 2012-02-28 Bayer Healthcare Llc ω-carboxyaryl substituted diphenyl ureas as raf kinase inhibitors
CA2359244C (en) 1999-01-13 2013-10-08 Bayer Corporation .omega.-carboxy aryl substituted diphenyl ureas as p38 kinase inhibitors
US6586600B2 (en) * 2000-12-06 2003-07-01 University Of Kentucky Research Foundation Multidentate sulfur-containing ligands
DK1478358T3 (da) 2002-02-11 2013-10-07 Bayer Healthcare Llc Sorafenibtosylat til behandling af sygdomme kendetegnet ved unormal angiogenese
UY28213A1 (es) 2003-02-28 2004-09-30 Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corp Nuevos derivados de cianopiridina útiles en el tratamiento de cáncer y otros trastornos.
PT1626714E (pt) 2003-05-20 2007-08-24 Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corp Diarilureias para doenças mediadas por pdgfr
ES2297490T3 (es) 2003-07-23 2008-05-01 Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corporation Omega-carboxiarildifenilurea fluoro sustituida para el tratamiento y prevencion de enfermadades y afecciones.
MX2010007795A (es) * 2008-01-17 2011-02-23 Freeport Mcmoran Corp Metodo y aparato para la recuperacion por via electrolitica de cobre usando lixiviacion atmosferica con extraccion por via electrolitica de reaccion de anodo ferroso/ferrico.
US8950583B2 (en) 2008-12-06 2015-02-10 Ermes Medical Company Limited Method to remove heavy metals from a mammal
US8575218B2 (en) 2009-09-28 2013-11-05 The University Of Kentucky Research Foundation Thiol-containing compounds for the removal of elements from tissues and formulations therefor
US8426368B2 (en) 2010-03-25 2013-04-23 The University Of Kentucky Research Foundation Method of ameliorating oxidative stress and supplementing the diet
US9994962B2 (en) 2016-02-23 2018-06-12 Minextech, Llc Solvent extraction and stripping system
JP7220904B2 (ja) * 2018-03-07 2023-02-13 国立研究開発法人量子科学技術研究開発機構 グルカミン誘導体、グルカミン誘導体からなる金属吸着剤、グルカミン誘導体からなる金属吸着剤を備える金属抽出装置、金属抽出キット
CN110483378B (zh) * 2019-09-12 2020-09-11 中南大学 一种吡啶类醚类化合物及其制备方法和作为铜萃取剂的应用
GB202108372D0 (en) * 2021-06-11 2021-07-28 Johnson Matthey Plc A recycling method for battery and catalyst materials

Family Cites Families (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2483250A (en) * 1949-09-27 Tt a it tt
GB184625A (en) * 1921-06-07 1922-08-24 Chem Ind Basel Manufacture of dialkylamides of nicotinic acid
CH284073A (de) * 1950-04-20 1952-07-15 Cilag Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung eines neuen Pyridindicarbonsäurederivates.
GB698965A (en) * 1950-05-12 1953-10-28 Cilag Ltd Process for the production of new pyridine-dicarboxylic acid amides
DE952714C (de) * 1951-09-04 1956-11-22 Troponwerke Dinklage & Co Verfahren zur Herstellung von Nicotinsaeureestern
US2809197A (en) * 1954-09-21 1957-10-08 Phillips Petroleum Co Heavy metal complexes of pyridine-2, 5-dicarboxylic acid esters
US2938907A (en) * 1958-03-03 1960-05-31 Rohm & Haas Production of nu-t-alkylthiopicolinamides and nu-t-alkylthioisonicotinamides
FR1782M (fr) * 1966-12-21 1963-04-22 Rech S Pharmacotechniques Soc Le nicotinate de cétyle comme antalgique et révulsif et les compositions pharmaceutiques pour son administration, notamment par voie percutanée.
US3951649A (en) * 1974-08-19 1976-04-20 University Engineers, Inc. Process for the recovery of copper
US3901776A (en) * 1974-11-14 1975-08-26 Cyprus Metallurg Process Process for the recovery of copper from its sulfide ores
GB1504894A (en) * 1975-06-09 1978-03-22 Ici Ltd Process for the extraction of metal values from aqueous solutions of metal salts
US4390437A (en) * 1979-07-20 1983-06-28 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Lubricant antioxidants
US4254087A (en) * 1979-07-25 1981-03-03 The Dow Chemical Company Extraction of copper, nickel and cobalt using alkylaromatic sulfonic acids and chelating amines
DE3174885D1 (en) * 1981-02-03 1986-07-31 Ici Plc Process for the extraction of metal values and novel metal extractants
NO156724C (no) * 1983-07-08 1987-11-11 Elkem As Fremgangsmaate ved utvinning av kobberinnholdet i sulfidiske malmer og konsentrater.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IE820058L (en) 1982-08-03
EP0057797A3 (en) 1982-09-08
US4683310A (en) 1987-07-28
PL141585B1 (en) 1987-08-31
JPH0474350B2 (de) 1992-11-26
EP0057797B1 (de) 1986-06-25
NO169784C (no) 1992-08-05
NO169784B (no) 1992-04-27
PH17697A (en) 1984-11-08
FI820265L (fi) 1982-08-04
FI74045B (fi) 1987-08-31
FI74045C (fi) 1987-12-10
ES509292A0 (es) 1983-01-16
AU554466B2 (en) 1986-08-21
ZW1082A1 (en) 1983-08-17
EP0057797A2 (de) 1982-08-18
NO820308L (no) 1982-08-04
US4923686A (en) 1990-05-08
PT74372B (en) 1983-08-16
NZ199506A (en) 1985-07-31
CA1193265A (en) 1985-09-10
BR8200554A (pt) 1982-12-07
IE52435B1 (en) 1987-10-28
JPH02288863A (ja) 1990-11-28
PL235702A1 (de) 1982-11-08
AU7967082A (en) 1982-08-12
ES8301651A1 (es) 1983-01-16
US4775763A (en) 1988-10-04
PT74372A (en) 1982-03-01
US4525330A (en) 1985-06-25

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE3174885D1 (en) Process for the extraction of metal values and novel metal extractants
DE3163890D1 (en) Process for the extraction of precious metals from solutions thereof
PT75891A (en) Process for metal sulphide extraction
HK57988A (en) Metal stripping composition and process
JPS5767138A (en) Collection of metal from ore
DE3062835D1 (en) Process of electrowinning metals
PH14334A (en) Metallurgical recovery of metal values
ZM8183A1 (en) Process for the extraction of metal values and novel metal extractants
DE3368618D1 (en) Process for the extraction of metal values and novel metal extractants
YU210682A (en) Process for foram-flotation of sulfidic metallic ores
GB8318412D0 (en) Extraction of metal values
ZM282A1 (en) Process for the extraction of metal values and novel metal extractants
GB8313776D0 (en) Extraction of metal values
PT79508A (en) Extraction of metal values
DE3261569D1 (en) Method of recovering heavy metals
GB8313775D0 (en) Extraction of metal values
GB2069986B (en) Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal values
GB8332236D0 (en) Extraction of metal values
GB8326092D0 (en) Extraction of metal values
ZA80971B (en) Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal values
ZA826573B (en) Process for the extraction of copper
ZA815301B (en) Recovery of metal values
ZM2981A1 (en) Process for electrowinning of metals
ZA812147B (en) Process for electrowinning of metals
ZA844181B (en) Extraction of metals from ores

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
8364 No opposition during term of opposition
8327 Change in the person/name/address of the patent owner

Owner name: ZENECA LTD., LONDON, GB

8328 Change in the person/name/address of the agent

Free format text: DERZEIT KEIN VERTRETER BESTELLT

8339 Ceased/non-payment of the annual fee