DE2738974C2 - Zusammensetzung zur Herstellung feuerfester Gegenstände auf der Basis des Systems A1↓2↓O↓3↓/ZrO↓2↓/SiO↓2↓ und deren Verwendung - Google Patents
Zusammensetzung zur Herstellung feuerfester Gegenstände auf der Basis des Systems A1↓2↓O↓3↓/ZrO↓2↓/SiO↓2↓ und deren VerwendungInfo
- Publication number
- DE2738974C2 DE2738974C2 DE2738974A DE2738974A DE2738974C2 DE 2738974 C2 DE2738974 C2 DE 2738974C2 DE 2738974 A DE2738974 A DE 2738974A DE 2738974 A DE2738974 A DE 2738974A DE 2738974 C2 DE2738974 C2 DE 2738974C2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- azs
- weight
- grain
- sio
- zro
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 37
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 5
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 17
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 18
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 14
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 14
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 11
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000011491 glass wool Substances 0.000 description 6
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000005388 borosilicate glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000156 glass melt Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 3
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BYFGZMCJNACEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium(i) oxide Chemical compound [Al]O[Al] BYFGZMCJNACEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008119 colloidal silica Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003298 dental enamel Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001879 gelation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 1450 ° C. 3 days Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017976 MgO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000003834 Triticum spelta Species 0.000 description 1
- RHBRWKIPYGZNMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O--].[O--].[O--].[Al+3].[Cr+3] Chemical compound [O--].[O--].[O--].[Al+3].[Cr+3] RHBRWKIPYGZNMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QRRWWGNBSQSBAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;chromium Chemical compound [AlH3].[Cr] QRRWWGNBSQSBAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IHNDUGMUECOVKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum chromium(3+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Cr+3].[O-2].[Al+3] IHNDUGMUECOVKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PHKCHPXVCZIZPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum dioxosilane oxygen(2-) zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4].[Si](=O)=O.[O-2].[Al+3] PHKCHPXVCZIZPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- INJRKJPEYSAMPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;silicic acid;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Al].[Al].O[Si](O)(O)O INJRKJPEYSAMPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052570 clay Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052850 kyanite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010443 kyanite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006060 molten glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005361 soda-lime glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005382 thermal cycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/10—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on aluminium oxide
- C04B35/101—Refractories from grain sized mixtures
- C04B35/105—Refractories from grain sized mixtures containing chromium oxide or chrome ore
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
- C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
- C03B5/42—Details of construction of furnace walls, e.g. to prevent corrosion; Use of materials for furnace walls
- C03B5/43—Use of materials for furnace walls, e.g. fire-bricks
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/10—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on aluminium oxide
- C04B35/101—Refractories from grain sized mixtures
- C04B35/106—Refractories from grain sized mixtures containing zirconium oxide or zircon (ZrSiO4)
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
- Ceramic Products (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/719,364 US4119472A (en) | 1976-09-01 | 1976-09-01 | Rebonded fusion-cast AZS refractory grain |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE2738974A1 DE2738974A1 (de) | 1978-03-02 |
| DE2738974C2 true DE2738974C2 (de) | 1986-04-03 |
Family
ID=24889787
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2738974A Expired DE2738974C2 (de) | 1976-09-01 | 1977-08-30 | Zusammensetzung zur Herstellung feuerfester Gegenstände auf der Basis des Systems A1↓2↓O↓3↓/ZrO↓2↓/SiO↓2↓ und deren Verwendung |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4119472A (OSRAM) |
| JP (1) | JPS5330615A (OSRAM) |
| BE (1) | BE858303A (OSRAM) |
| DE (1) | DE2738974C2 (OSRAM) |
| FR (1) | FR2363535A1 (OSRAM) |
| GB (1) | GB1529137A (OSRAM) |
Families Citing this family (31)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2458520B1 (OSRAM) * | 1979-06-11 | 1983-07-22 | Produits Refractaires | |
| DE3022213C2 (de) * | 1980-06-13 | 1987-12-23 | Feldmühle AG, 4000 Düsseldorf | Keramischer Formkörper mit eutektischen Gefügebestandteilen und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
| US4555492A (en) | 1983-04-22 | 1985-11-26 | Manville Service Corporation | High temperature refractory fiber |
| US5171491A (en) * | 1986-02-04 | 1992-12-15 | The Carborundum Company | Method of producing near net shape fused cast refractories |
| US4791077A (en) * | 1986-02-04 | 1988-12-13 | Stemcor Corporation | Near net shape fused cast refractories and process for their manufacture by rapid melting/controlled rapid cooling |
| US4724224A (en) * | 1986-08-01 | 1988-02-09 | A.P. Green Refractories Co. | High density chronic oxide refractory block |
| DE3836852A1 (de) * | 1987-11-05 | 1989-05-18 | Corhart Refractories Co | Hochfeste, abriebbestaendige, feuerfeste giessfaehige mischung |
| US4992396A (en) * | 1987-12-16 | 1991-02-12 | Corhart Refractories Corporation | Fused AZS refractory composition |
| FR2624851B1 (fr) * | 1987-12-16 | 1993-05-07 | Corhart Refractories Co | Composition refractaire de grains d'alumine-zirconium-silice pour la fabrication d'articles refractaires, notamment carrelage, revetement refractaire de fours ou analogues |
| US4838919A (en) * | 1987-12-28 | 1989-06-13 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Pretreatment of fused cast refractories |
| US5151918A (en) * | 1990-08-28 | 1992-09-29 | Argent Ronald D | Electrode blocks and block assemblies |
| US5373976A (en) * | 1993-04-16 | 1994-12-20 | Vesuvius Crucible Company | Refractory zirconia mortar |
| US5403794A (en) * | 1994-04-14 | 1995-04-04 | Vesuvius Crucible Company | Alumina-zirconia refractory material and articles made therefrom |
| DE69901468T2 (de) * | 1998-02-26 | 2002-11-28 | Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. | Schmelzgegossenes Aluminiumoxid-Zirkonoxid-Siliziumoxid-Feuerfestmaterial und Glasschmelzofen, in den dieses eingesetzt wird |
| RU2172727C2 (ru) * | 1999-10-08 | 2001-08-27 | Закрытое акционерное общество "Научно-технический центр "Бакор" | Способ изготовления керамических бакоровых огнеупоров |
| FR2804425B1 (fr) * | 2000-01-31 | 2002-10-11 | Produits Refractaires | Produits electrofondus a base d'alumine-zircone-silice a microstructure amelioree |
| FR2810315B1 (fr) * | 2000-06-20 | 2002-08-16 | Produits Refractaires | Produits azs fondus et coules de cout reduit et leurs utilisations |
| RU2196118C2 (ru) * | 2001-04-06 | 2003-01-10 | Закрытое акционерное общество "Научно-технический центр "Бакор" | Способ изготовления хромалюмоциркониевых огнеупоров |
| ZA200309168B (en) * | 2002-12-10 | 2004-07-22 | Magneco Metrel Inc | Refractory system for glass melting furnaces. |
| FR2859203B1 (fr) * | 2003-09-01 | 2006-02-10 | Saint Gobain Ct Recherches | Piece crue destinee a la fabrication d'un produit refractaire fritte presentant un comportement au bullage ameliore |
| US8187990B2 (en) * | 2003-09-01 | 2012-05-29 | Saint-Gobain Centre De Recherches Et D'etudes Europeen | Hollow piece for producing a sintered refractory product exhibiting improved bubbling behaviour |
| US8505336B2 (en) * | 2007-06-19 | 2013-08-13 | Magneco/Metrel, Inc. | AZS refractory composition |
| US8505335B2 (en) * | 2007-06-19 | 2013-08-13 | Magneco/Metrel, Inc. | Refractoy composition for glass melting furnaces |
| FR2940276B1 (fr) | 2008-12-22 | 2011-02-04 | Saint Gobain Ct Recherches | Bloc refractaire et four de fusion de verre |
| RU2495000C2 (ru) * | 2012-01-10 | 2013-10-10 | Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" | Плавленолитой хромсодержащий огнеупорный материал |
| DE102013020732C9 (de) * | 2013-12-10 | 2020-08-06 | Refratechnik Holding Gmbh | Verwendung eines grobkeramischen, feuerfesten Erzeugnisses |
| CN107646026B (zh) | 2015-06-01 | 2021-03-26 | 圣戈本陶瓷及塑料股份有限公司 | 耐火制品及其形成方法 |
| CN109534791A (zh) * | 2018-12-24 | 2019-03-29 | 淄博八陡耐火材料有限公司 | 电熔再结合刚玉砖 |
| CN110746180B (zh) * | 2019-11-25 | 2022-03-29 | 浙江自立高温科技股份有限公司 | 炼铜阳极炉用烧成铝铬锆滑板砖及其制备方法 |
| CN111087231B (zh) * | 2019-12-30 | 2021-01-26 | 洛阳大洋高性能材料有限公司 | 一种高稳定性熔铸锆刚玉砖生产工艺 |
| CN112225558B (zh) * | 2020-10-30 | 2021-12-10 | 郑州方铭高温陶瓷新材料有限公司 | 用于玻璃窑炉领域的梯度渐变复合技术陶瓷砖及其制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3384500A (en) * | 1965-02-24 | 1968-05-21 | Corhart Refractories Company I | Refractory |
| US3519448A (en) * | 1968-01-26 | 1970-07-07 | Corhart Refractories Co | Zirconia-alumina fused refractory materials and structures |
| US3567473A (en) * | 1968-05-14 | 1971-03-02 | Amsted Ind Inc | Composition for making refractory articles |
| US3632359A (en) * | 1968-11-29 | 1972-01-04 | Corhart Refractories Co | ZrO{11 {13 Al{11 O{11 {13 SiO{11 {0 FUSION-CAST REFRACTORY |
| BE761002A (fr) * | 1969-12-30 | 1971-05-27 | Deketelaere Eugene C | Procede de fabrication de revetements et de pieces de forme quelconque a partir de particules ou d'agregats de particules |
| CS199542B2 (en) * | 1970-07-13 | 1980-07-31 | Giacomo Cevales | Process for thermal treatment of refractory material prepared by the heat for increasing corrosion resistance |
| US3992213A (en) * | 1971-01-08 | 1976-11-16 | L-Electro-Refractaire | Heterogeneous refractory compounds |
| FR2120566A5 (OSRAM) * | 1971-01-08 | 1972-08-18 | Electro Refractaire | |
| US3782980A (en) * | 1972-02-16 | 1974-01-01 | Babcock & Wilcox Co | Refractory pouring tube |
| FR2183604B1 (OSRAM) * | 1972-05-12 | 1980-03-21 | Electro Refractaire | |
| JPS5030649A (OSRAM) * | 1973-07-20 | 1975-03-26 | ||
| US3846145A (en) * | 1973-09-17 | 1974-11-05 | Taylors Sons Co Chas | Refractory articles for metal pouring tubes and the like |
| US3972722A (en) * | 1974-03-04 | 1976-08-03 | Valley Mineral Products Corporation | Alumina-zircon bond for refractory grains |
-
1976
- 1976-09-01 US US05/719,364 patent/US4119472A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1977
- 1977-08-26 GB GB35923/77A patent/GB1529137A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-08-30 DE DE2738974A patent/DE2738974C2/de not_active Expired
- 1977-08-30 JP JP10414677A patent/JPS5330615A/ja active Pending
- 1977-08-30 FR FR7726314A patent/FR2363535A1/fr active Granted
- 1977-08-31 BE BE180598A patent/BE858303A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| NICHTS-ERMITTELT |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BE858303A (fr) | 1978-02-28 |
| GB1529137A (en) | 1978-10-18 |
| US4119472A (en) | 1978-10-10 |
| DE2738974A1 (de) | 1978-03-02 |
| FR2363535B1 (OSRAM) | 1984-06-29 |
| JPS5330615A (en) | 1978-03-23 |
| FR2363535A1 (fr) | 1978-03-31 |
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