DE2635486A1 - Als betonersatz verwendbare masse und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung - Google Patents
Als betonersatz verwendbare masse und verfahren zu ihrer herstellungInfo
- Publication number
- DE2635486A1 DE2635486A1 DE19762635486 DE2635486A DE2635486A1 DE 2635486 A1 DE2635486 A1 DE 2635486A1 DE 19762635486 DE19762635486 DE 19762635486 DE 2635486 A DE2635486 A DE 2635486A DE 2635486 A1 DE2635486 A1 DE 2635486A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- polyester
- emulsion
- acid
- binder
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 32
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 title claims description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 28
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Inorganic materials [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- ZOMBKNNSYQHRCA-UHFFFAOYSA-J calcium sulfate hemihydrate Chemical compound O.[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O ZOMBKNNSYQHRCA-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011507 gypsum plaster Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003700 epoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006337 unsaturated polyester resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012223 aqueous fraction Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011396 hydraulic cement Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 6
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 3
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- MMEDJBFVJUFIDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(carboxymethyl)phenyl]acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1CC(O)=O MMEDJBFVJUFIDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WFUGQJXVXHBTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroperoxy-2-(2-hydroperoxybutan-2-ylperoxy)butane Chemical compound CCC(C)(OO)OOC(C)(CC)OO WFUGQJXVXHBTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYZKQGGPNIFCLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3-dimethylhexane-2,2-diol Chemical compound CCCC(C)(C)C(C)(O)O VYZKQGGPNIFCLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- QHWKHLYUUZGSCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrabromophthalic anhydride Chemical compound BrC1=C(Br)C(Br)=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1Br QHWKHLYUUZGSCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phthalic anhydride Natural products C1=CC=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1 LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl 2,2-difluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1CC1(F)F JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003827 glycol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001473 noxious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005871 repellent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- GJBRNHKUVLOCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl benzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GJBRNHKUVLOCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/68—Polyesters containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
- C08G63/682—Polyesters containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen containing halogens
- C08G63/6824—Polyesters containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen containing halogens derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/6828—Polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds in which at least one of the two components contains aliphatic unsaturation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
- C04B24/24—Macromolecular compounds
- C04B24/28—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C04B24/283—Polyesters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F299/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond reactions, in the absence of non-macromolecular monomers
- C08F299/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond reactions, in the absence of non-macromolecular monomers from unsaturated polycondensates
- C08F299/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond reactions, in the absence of non-macromolecular monomers from unsaturated polycondensates from polyesters
- C08F299/0478—Copolymers from unsaturated polyesters and low molecular monomers characterised by the monomers used
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/12—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/52—Polycarboxylic acids or polyhydroxy compounds in which at least one of the two components contains aliphatic unsaturation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/66—Polyesters containing oxygen in the form of ether groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/68—Polyesters containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/01—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients characterized by their specific function
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
- C08K3/36—Silica
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
- Macromonomer-Based Addition Polymer (AREA)
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU13401/76A AU513486B2 (en) | 1976-04-27 | 1976-04-27 | Emulsion of unsaturated polyester resin and unsaturated monomer |
| GB32896/76A GB1555521A (en) | 1975-08-07 | 1976-08-06 | Composition for use as a concrete substitute |
| FR7624928A FR2366234A1 (fr) | 1976-04-27 | 1976-08-06 | Procede de fabrication d'un produit a base d'une emulsion et d'un agent de prise, et produit obtenu par application de ce procede |
| DE19762635486 DE2635486A1 (de) | 1976-04-27 | 1976-08-06 | Als betonersatz verwendbare masse und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung |
| US05/773,097 US4115336A (en) | 1975-08-07 | 1977-02-28 | Stable aqueous polyester-monomer emulsions |
| US05/914,700 US4204988A (en) | 1975-08-07 | 1978-06-12 | Method of forming a product for use as a concrete substitute |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU13401/76A AU513486B2 (en) | 1976-04-27 | 1976-04-27 | Emulsion of unsaturated polyester resin and unsaturated monomer |
| US71118276A | 1976-08-03 | 1976-08-03 | |
| FR7624928A FR2366234A1 (fr) | 1976-04-27 | 1976-08-06 | Procede de fabrication d'un produit a base d'une emulsion et d'un agent de prise, et produit obtenu par application de ce procede |
| DE19762635486 DE2635486A1 (de) | 1976-04-27 | 1976-08-06 | Als betonersatz verwendbare masse und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE2635486A1 true DE2635486A1 (de) | 1978-02-09 |
Family
ID=27422520
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19762635486 Ceased DE2635486A1 (de) | 1975-08-07 | 1976-08-06 | Als betonersatz verwendbare masse und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE2635486A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| FR (1) | FR2366234A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0223592A3 (en) * | 1985-11-19 | 1988-06-08 | Cheng-Chong Lin | Polymer containing concrete and concrete-like compositions |
| US5754716A (en) * | 1992-02-07 | 1998-05-19 | Baxter International Inc. | Optical mode mixer using fiber optic bundle |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS55500406A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1978-06-08 | 1980-07-10 | ||
| FR2544304A1 (fr) * | 1983-04-18 | 1984-10-19 | Nocera Jacques Di | Procede de preparation de compositions a base de resine polyester fortement chargee |
| CH654436A5 (fr) * | 1983-04-29 | 1986-02-14 | Syncrete Sa | Procede d'enrobage de dechets radioactifs. |
| CH656539A5 (fr) * | 1983-08-23 | 1986-07-15 | Syncrete Sa | Procede de traitement de dechets chimiques ou radioactifs. |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1402889A (fr) * | 1964-02-18 | 1965-06-18 | Résines synthétiques liquides, durcissables in situ, pour fabrication de tous produits hydrauliques tels qu'agglomérés, pierres artificielles ou reconstituées, produits de préfabrication ainsi que mortiers et bétons | |
| GB1157292A (en) * | 1967-01-20 | 1969-07-02 | British Resin Prod Ltd | Water-Setable Compositions |
| US3539441A (en) * | 1967-12-15 | 1970-11-10 | Ppg Industries Inc | Emulsifiable compositions |
| US3673132A (en) * | 1969-12-02 | 1972-06-27 | Ppg Industries Inc | Foams formed by hardening emulsions of glycol in polyester resin |
| FR2139464A5 (en) * | 1971-05-13 | 1973-01-05 | Williams John | Flowable gypsum compsns - contg calcium sulphate alpha semi-hydrate and an aq resin emulsion |
-
1976
- 1976-08-06 FR FR7624928A patent/FR2366234A1/fr active Granted
- 1976-08-06 DE DE19762635486 patent/DE2635486A1/de not_active Ceased
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0223592A3 (en) * | 1985-11-19 | 1988-06-08 | Cheng-Chong Lin | Polymer containing concrete and concrete-like compositions |
| US5754716A (en) * | 1992-02-07 | 1998-05-19 | Baxter International Inc. | Optical mode mixer using fiber optic bundle |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2366234A1 (fr) | 1978-04-28 |
| FR2366234B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1979-09-07 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8128 | New person/name/address of the agent |
Representative=s name: HENKEL, G., DR.PHIL. FEILER, L., DR.RER.NAT. HAENZ |
|
| 8110 | Request for examination paragraph 44 | ||
| 8127 | New person/name/address of the applicant |
Owner name: BARROW INVESTMENTS S.A., 1003 LAUSANNE, CH |
|
| 8128 | New person/name/address of the agent |
Representative=s name: HENKEL, G., DR.PHIL., 8000 MUENCHEN PFENNING, J., |
|
| 8125 | Change of the main classification |
Ipc: C08L 67/06 |
|
| 8131 | Rejection |