DE19934666A1 - Energy absorbing support for vehicles has compound structure with outside support and inside support intimately connected in interspace by interposed polymer or metal structural foamed strip - Google Patents
Energy absorbing support for vehicles has compound structure with outside support and inside support intimately connected in interspace by interposed polymer or metal structural foamed stripInfo
- Publication number
- DE19934666A1 DE19934666A1 DE1999134666 DE19934666A DE19934666A1 DE 19934666 A1 DE19934666 A1 DE 19934666A1 DE 1999134666 DE1999134666 DE 1999134666 DE 19934666 A DE19934666 A DE 19934666A DE 19934666 A1 DE19934666 A1 DE 19934666A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- carrier
- support
- energy absorbing
- energy
- structural foam
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D29/00—Superstructures, understructures, or sub-units thereof, characterised by the material thereof
- B62D29/001—Superstructures, understructures, or sub-units thereof, characterised by the material thereof characterised by combining metal and synthetic material
- B62D29/002—Superstructures, understructures, or sub-units thereof, characterised by the material thereof characterised by combining metal and synthetic material a foamable synthetic material or metal being added in situ
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D21/00—Understructures, i.e. chassis frame on which a vehicle body may be mounted
- B62D21/15—Understructures, i.e. chassis frame on which a vehicle body may be mounted having impact absorbing means, e.g. a frame designed to permanently or temporarily change shape or dimension upon impact with another body
- B62D21/152—Front or rear frames
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf einen energieabsorbierenden Träger einer Fahrzeugstruktur eines Fahrzeuges, insbesondere einen vorderen oder hinteren Längsträger eines Kraftfahrzeugs.The invention relates to an energy absorbing carrier Vehicle structure of a vehicle, in particular a front or rear Side member of a motor vehicle.
Vordere bzw. hintere Längsträger an Kraftfahrzeugen sollen bei einem Frontalaufprall bzw. Heckaufprall Energie dadurch umwandeln, daß die Träger sich kontrolliert, das heißt in vorgesehener Weise deformieren.Front or rear side members on motor vehicles are said to be in a frontal impact or rear impact convert energy by controlling the wearer that means deform in the intended manner.
Eine gute Energieaufnahme wird in an sich bekannter Weise erreicht, wenn ein Längsträger bei einer Belastung in Längsrichtung verkürzt wird, wobei sich durch ein sogenanntes Faltenbeulverhalten aus der Belastungsrichtung eine Falte an die andere anschließt, wodurch dann die Gestalt eines zusammengeschobenen Faltenbalgs entsteht.Good energy intake is achieved in a manner known per se when a Longitudinal beam is shortened in the longitudinal direction, with a So-called buckling behavior from the direction of loading one fold to the other connects, which then creates the shape of a collapsed bellows arises.
Dieses Faltenbeulverhalten weisen bei geeigneter Dimensionierung und Anordnung im Fahrzeug Längsträger mit üblichen Profilquerschnitten wie Viereckprofile, Sechseckprofile, Achteckprofile und Kreisprofile auf (FR 2 439 124).This fold buckling behavior with a suitable dimensioning and arrangement in Vehicle side members with usual profile cross-sections such as square profiles, Hexagonal profiles, octagonal profiles and circular profiles on (FR 2 439 124).
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, einen energieabsorbierenden Träger unter Beibehaltung der Querschnittsgeometrie und der Baulänge so weiterzuentwickeln, daß das Energieabsorptionsvermögen erheblich gesteigert wird.The object of the invention is to maintain an energy absorbing carrier to further develop the cross-sectional geometry and the overall length so that the Energy absorption capacity is increased significantly.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruchs 1 gelöst.This object is achieved with the features of claim 1 solved.
Erfindungsgemäß wird ein Verbundträger vorgeschlagen, der sich aus einem äußeren Träger und einem - im Querschnitt gesehen - mit Abstand dazu verlaufenden inneren Träger zusammensetzt, wobei beide Träger unterschiedliche oder gleichartige Querschnittsformen aufweisen und der - im Querschnitt gesehen - allseitig mit Abstand zum äußeren Träger verlaufende innere Träger zumindest örtlich über langgestreckte polymere oder metallische Strukturschaumstreifen mit dem äußeren Träger verbunden ist. Vorzugsweise wird der äußere Träger durch eine zweiteilige Stahlblechaußenschale und der innere Träger durch ein Rohr aus Aluminium gebildet. Es sind auch Materialpaarungen Alu/Alu, Stahl/Stahl, Stahl/Kunststoff usw. für den äußeren Träger und den inneren Träger möglich.According to the invention, a composite carrier is proposed which consists of an outer Carrier and - seen in cross section - spaced inner Carrier composed, both carriers different or similar Have cross-sectional shapes and - seen in cross-section - on all sides at a distance inner beams running to the outer beam at least locally via elongated ones polymeric or metallic structural foam strips connected to the outer carrier is. The outer carrier is preferably formed by a two-part steel sheet outer shell and the inner support is formed by an aluminum tube. They are too Material combinations aluminum / aluminum, steel / steel, steel / plastic etc. for the outer carrier and the inner support possible.
Dieser Verbundträger weist aufgrund der Kopplung beider Träger mittels Strukturschaumstreifen eine wesentlich höhere längenspezifische Energieaufnahme gegenüber der Summe der Energieaufnahmen der Einzelkomponenten auf. Die mittlere Faltenbeulkraft liegt bedeutend höher als bei einem gleichschweren seriennahen Träger. Ferner steigt die theoretische Biegesteifigkeit bei diesem Verbundträger im Vergleich zu einem annähernd massengleichen Träger.Due to the coupling of the two beams, this composite beam means Structural foam strips have a much higher length-specific energy consumption compared to the sum of the energy consumption of the individual components. The middle Wrinkle buckling force is significantly higher than that of a similarly heavy series Carrier. Furthermore, the theoretical bending stiffness increases with this composite beam Comparison to an approximately equal-mass carrier.
Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung dargestellt und wird im folgenden näher erläutert:An embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawing and is in the following:
Es zeigenShow it
Fig. 1 eine perspektivische Ansicht von schräg vorne auf eine Fahrzeugstruktur, Fig. 1 is a perspective view obliquely from the front of a vehicle structure,
Fig. 2 einen Schnitt nach der Linie II-II der Fig. 1 durch einen energieabsorbierenden Träger der Fahrzeugstruktur in größerer Darstellung, wobei die Strukturschaumstreifen noch nicht aufgequollen sind. Fig. 2 shows a section along the line II-II of Fig. 1 by an energy absorbing carrier of the vehicle structure in a larger representation, the structural foam strips are not yet swollen.
Das in Fig. 1 dargestellte, durch eine Personenkraftwagen gebildete Fahrzeug 1 weist eine nur bereichsweise gezeigte Aufbaustruktur 2 mit einem energieabsorbierenden Träger 3 auf. The vehicle 1 shown in FIG. 1, formed by a passenger car, has a body structure 2 with an energy-absorbing carrier 3 , which is only shown in regions.
Im Ausführungsbeispiel wird der energieabsorbierende Träger 3 durch einen vorderen Längsträger 4 gebildet. Der energieabsorbierende Träger 3 kann jedoch auch durch einen hinteren Längsträger, einen Querträger, eine Säule oder einen sonstigen Träger der Aufbaustruktur gebildet werden.In the exemplary embodiment, the energy-absorbing carrier 3 is formed by a front longitudinal carrier 4 . The energy-absorbing carrier 3 can, however, also be formed by a rear longitudinal carrier, a cross member, a column or another carrier of the body structure.
Erfindungsgemäß ist als energieabsorbierender Träger 3 ein Verbundträger 5 vorgesehen, der sich aus einem äußeren Träger 6 und einem inneren Träger 7 zusammensetzt, wobei beide Träger 6, 7 unterschiedliche oder gleichartige Querschnittsformen aufweisen.According to the invention, a composite carrier 5 is provided as the energy-absorbing carrier 3 , which is composed of an outer carrier 6 and an inner carrier 7 , both carriers 6 , 7 having different or similar cross-sectional shapes.
Beide Träger 6, 7 sind über örtlich angeordnete zwischengeschaltete, sich in Längsrichtung der Träger 6, 7 erstreckende polymere oder metallische Strukturschaumstreifen 8 miteinander verbunden.Both carriers 6 , 7 are connected to one another via locally arranged interposed, polymeric or metallic structural foam strips 8 , which extend in the longitudinal direction of the carriers 6 , 7 .
Der äußere Träger 6 verläuft - im Querschnitt gesehen - über den kompletten Umfang mit Abstand zum inneren Träger 7, wobei sich im verbleibenden Zwischenraum 9 örtlich die Strukturschaumstreifen 8 erstrecken.The outer carrier 6 runs - seen in cross section - over the entire circumference at a distance from the inner carrier 7 , the structural foam strips 8 locally extending in the remaining space 9 .
In Fig. 1 nehmen die Strukturschaumstreifen 8 ihre nicht aufgequollene Stellung ein. In aufgequollener Stellung füllen die Strukturschaumstreifen 8 den Zwischenraum 9 nahezu vollständig aus.In Fig. 1, the structural foam strips 8 assume their non-swollen position. In the swollen position, the structural foam strips 8 fill the space 9 almost completely.
Der äußere Träger 6 weist im Ausführungsbeispiel einen polygonen Querschnitt und der inneren Träger 7 einen rohrförmigen Querschnitt auf. Diese Anordnung könnte auch umgekehrt sein. Es ist ein beliebig geformter äußerer und ein beliebig geformter innerer Querschnitt möglich.In the exemplary embodiment, the outer carrier 6 has a polygonal cross section and the inner carrier 7 has a tubular cross section. This arrangement could also be reversed. An arbitrarily shaped outer and an arbitrarily shaped inner cross section are possible.
Der äußere Träger 6 weist eine Vierkant-, Sechskant oder Achtkantform auf und setzt sich gemäß Fig. 2 aus zwei an gleich gerichteten Flanschen 10, 11 miteinander verschweißten Blechpreßteilen 12, 13 aus Stahl- oder Aluminiumblech zusammen. Der äußere Träger 6 kann auch einteilig ausgebildet sein (z. B. durch Innenhochdruckumformen) und keine Flansche aufweisen.The outer carrier 6 has a square, hexagonal or octagonal shape and, according to FIG. 2, is composed of two pressed sheet metal parts 12 , 13 made of steel or aluminum sheet welded to one another in the same direction on flanges 10 , 11 . The outer carrier 6 can also be formed in one piece (for example by hydroforming) and have no flanges.
Beide Träger 6, 7 weisen vorzugsweise die gleiche Längserstreckung auf. Die Längserstreckungen können jedoch auch unterschiedlich ausgebildet sein.Both carriers 6 , 7 preferably have the same longitudinal extent. However, the longitudinal extensions can also be designed differently.
Der innere Träger 7 ist über an seinem Umfang verteilte Strukturschaumstreifen 8 mit dem äußeren Träger verbünden. Die Strukturschaumstreifen 8, die je nach Abstand einlagig oder mehrlagig vorgesehen sein können, sind entweder am inneren Träger 7 oder am äußeren Träger 6 vorfixiert.The inner carrier 7 is connected to the outer carrier via structural foam strips 8 distributed over its circumference. The structural foam strips 8 , which can be provided in one or more layers depending on the distance, are pre-fixed either on the inner support 7 or on the outer support 6 .
Das Aufquellen der Strukturschaumstreifen 8 erfolgt z. B. durch Wärme im KTL-Ofen. Im verschäumten Zustand ist das Material nahezu unelastisch und wenig duktil.The swelling of the structural foam strips 8 takes place, for. B. by heat in the KTL furnace. When foamed, the material is almost inelastic and not very ductile.
Der erfindungsgemäße Verbundträger 5 erreicht aufgrund der Kopplung beider Teile mittels Strukturschaum eine wesentlich höhere mittlere Faltenbeulkraft als die Summe der Einzelkomponenten und erzielt eine bedeutende Steigerung gegenüber einem seriennahen Träger mit näherungsweise gleicher Masse.Due to the coupling of the two parts by means of structural foam, the composite carrier 5 according to the invention achieves a significantly higher mean buckling force than the sum of the individual components and achieves a significant increase compared to a near-series carrier with approximately the same mass.
Der äußere Träger 6 stabilisiert über dem Strukturschaum den inneren Träger 7, der seinerseits über den Schaum die Beulform des äußeren Trägers 6 bestimmt.The outer carrier 6 stabilizes the inner carrier 7 over the structural foam, which in turn determines the bulge shape of the outer carrier 6 via the foam.
Im Gegensatz zu polygonförmigen Trägern in reiner Schalenbauweise, die im Schachbreftmuster beulen, handelt es sich bei den Verformungen des Verbundträgers 5 um Ringbeulen. Diese werden vom inneren Träger 7 hervorgerufen und durch den Strukturschaum auf den äußeren Träger 6 übertragen. Ferner ist ein derartiger Verbundträger 5 erheblich steifer gegen Querbiegungen. Im Ausführungsbeispiel wurde für den inneren Träger 7 eine Wandstärke von 1 mm gewählt, wogegen der äußere Träger 6 mit einer Wandstärke von 1,2 mm ausgeführt ist. Der Verbundträger 5 weist somit kein höheres Gewicht auf als eine herkömmliche Trägerstruktur aus Stahl mit einer Wandstärke von 1,8 mm.In contrast to polygonal beams in a pure shell design, which bulge in the chess pattern, the deformations of the composite beam 5 are ring bulges. These are caused by the inner carrier 7 and transferred to the outer carrier 6 through the structural foam. Furthermore, such a composite beam 5 is considerably stiffer against transverse bends. In the exemplary embodiment, a wall thickness of 1 mm was chosen for the inner carrier 7 , whereas the outer carrier 6 is designed with a wall thickness of 1.2 mm. The composite beam 5 thus has no greater weight than a conventional steel support structure with a wall thickness of 1.8 mm.
Claims (9)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE1999134666 DE19934666A1 (en) | 1999-07-23 | 1999-07-23 | Energy absorbing support for vehicles has compound structure with outside support and inside support intimately connected in interspace by interposed polymer or metal structural foamed strip |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE1999134666 DE19934666A1 (en) | 1999-07-23 | 1999-07-23 | Energy absorbing support for vehicles has compound structure with outside support and inside support intimately connected in interspace by interposed polymer or metal structural foamed strip |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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DE19934666A1 true DE19934666A1 (en) | 2001-01-25 |
Family
ID=7915867
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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DE1999134666 Withdrawn DE19934666A1 (en) | 1999-07-23 | 1999-07-23 | Energy absorbing support for vehicles has compound structure with outside support and inside support intimately connected in interspace by interposed polymer or metal structural foamed strip |
Country Status (1)
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DE (1) | DE19934666A1 (en) |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2813267A1 (en) * | 2000-08-29 | 2002-03-01 | Renault | BODY STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY HAVING REINFORCED BOTTOMS |
WO2003033332A2 (en) * | 2001-10-16 | 2003-04-24 | Ferrari S.P.A. | Vehicle body |
EP1122153A3 (en) * | 2000-01-31 | 2003-10-08 | Sika Corporation | Tubular structural reinforcing member with thermally expansible foaming material |
DE10214051A1 (en) * | 2002-03-26 | 2003-10-09 | Porsche Ag | Collapsible hollow girder, especially a longitudinal girder for a vehicle, comprises an element arranged within the hollow girder and fixed at defined distances to stamped sheet metal parts arranged a distance apart |
WO2005049411A1 (en) * | 2003-11-19 | 2005-06-02 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Component, particularly a lightweight hybrid component |
EP1541447A1 (en) * | 2003-12-10 | 2005-06-15 | Benteler Automobiltechnik GmbH | Longitudinal for an axle construction of a motor vehicle |
DE102004024578A1 (en) * | 2004-05-18 | 2005-12-15 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Energy absorbing laminate beam for motor vehicle structure, especially front or rear side member of crushing zone, has inner holder provided within outer holder and has one end exposed opposite to direction of impact |
DE102004013511B4 (en) * | 2004-03-19 | 2007-03-01 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | body pillar |
DE102006033990A1 (en) * | 2006-07-22 | 2008-01-24 | Dr.Ing.H.C. F. Porsche Ag | Motor vehicle with a longitudinal and transverse beam having support structure |
EP2165919A1 (en) * | 2008-09-19 | 2010-03-24 | Sika Technology AG | Reinforced structure for vehicles |
DE102010018690A1 (en) | 2010-04-29 | 2011-11-03 | Volkswagen Ag | Device for use in malfunction device for improving protection of occupants in motor vehicle, comprises two longitudinal support structures, which are formed by primary and secondary longitudinal support structure sections |
DE102012108738A1 (en) | 2012-09-18 | 2014-04-10 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Shock-absorbing longitudinal beam for motor car, has inserts covering regions of beam, where one of inserts is pushed on other insert through slots, so that overlapping area is formed and inserts are overlapped on overlapping area |
DE102013113869A1 (en) | 2013-12-11 | 2015-06-11 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Sill for a motor vehicle |
US20170210427A1 (en) * | 2016-01-22 | 2017-07-27 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Rocker Insert Formed by Connected Tubular Members |
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AT334221B (en) * | 1972-05-08 | 1976-01-10 | Gen Motors Corp | ENERGY-ABSORBING COMPONENT FOR USE IN VEHICLES, IN PARTICULAR MOTOR VEHICLES |
DE4224489C2 (en) * | 1992-07-24 | 1995-06-01 | Audi Ag | Front side member for a motor vehicle with extruded profile made of light metal |
DE19526119A1 (en) * | 1995-07-19 | 1997-01-23 | Michael T Dipl Ing Witt | Car bumper with impact energy absorber |
DE19703429A1 (en) * | 1997-01-30 | 1998-08-06 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Energy absorbing structure in motor vehicle |
-
1999
- 1999-07-23 DE DE1999134666 patent/DE19934666A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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AT334221B (en) * | 1972-05-08 | 1976-01-10 | Gen Motors Corp | ENERGY-ABSORBING COMPONENT FOR USE IN VEHICLES, IN PARTICULAR MOTOR VEHICLES |
DE4224489C2 (en) * | 1992-07-24 | 1995-06-01 | Audi Ag | Front side member for a motor vehicle with extruded profile made of light metal |
DE19526119A1 (en) * | 1995-07-19 | 1997-01-23 | Michael T Dipl Ing Witt | Car bumper with impact energy absorber |
DE19703429A1 (en) * | 1997-01-30 | 1998-08-06 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Energy absorbing structure in motor vehicle |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
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Cited By (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1122153A3 (en) * | 2000-01-31 | 2003-10-08 | Sika Corporation | Tubular structural reinforcing member with thermally expansible foaming material |
FR2813267A1 (en) * | 2000-08-29 | 2002-03-01 | Renault | BODY STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY HAVING REINFORCED BOTTOMS |
EP1184261A1 (en) * | 2000-08-29 | 2002-03-06 | Renault | Body structure with reinforced lower beams |
WO2003033332A2 (en) * | 2001-10-16 | 2003-04-24 | Ferrari S.P.A. | Vehicle body |
WO2003033332A3 (en) * | 2001-10-16 | 2004-07-29 | Ferrari Spa | Vehicle body |
DE10214051A1 (en) * | 2002-03-26 | 2003-10-09 | Porsche Ag | Collapsible hollow girder, especially a longitudinal girder for a vehicle, comprises an element arranged within the hollow girder and fixed at defined distances to stamped sheet metal parts arranged a distance apart |
WO2005049411A1 (en) * | 2003-11-19 | 2005-06-02 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Component, particularly a lightweight hybrid component |
DE102004056102C5 (en) * | 2003-11-19 | 2011-12-01 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Component, in particular hybrid component in lightweight construction |
EP1541447A1 (en) * | 2003-12-10 | 2005-06-15 | Benteler Automobiltechnik GmbH | Longitudinal for an axle construction of a motor vehicle |
DE102004013511B4 (en) * | 2004-03-19 | 2007-03-01 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | body pillar |
DE102004024578A1 (en) * | 2004-05-18 | 2005-12-15 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Energy absorbing laminate beam for motor vehicle structure, especially front or rear side member of crushing zone, has inner holder provided within outer holder and has one end exposed opposite to direction of impact |
DE102004024578B4 (en) * | 2004-05-18 | 2007-02-15 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | An energy absorbing composite beam of a vehicle structure of a vehicle and method of manufacturing the same |
US7581778B2 (en) | 2006-07-22 | 2009-09-01 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Ag | Support structure for a motor vehicle having longitudinal members and a crossmember |
DE102006033990A1 (en) * | 2006-07-22 | 2008-01-24 | Dr.Ing.H.C. F. Porsche Ag | Motor vehicle with a longitudinal and transverse beam having support structure |
EP2165919A1 (en) * | 2008-09-19 | 2010-03-24 | Sika Technology AG | Reinforced structure for vehicles |
WO2010031827A1 (en) * | 2008-09-19 | 2010-03-25 | Sika Technology Ag | Reinforced structure of a vehicle |
CN102159442B (en) * | 2008-09-19 | 2013-11-06 | Sika技术股份公司 | Reinforced structure of vehicle |
US9376146B2 (en) | 2008-09-19 | 2016-06-28 | Sika Technology Ag | Reinforced structure of a motor vehicle |
US9592858B2 (en) | 2008-09-19 | 2017-03-14 | Sika Technology Ag | Reinforced structure of a motor vehicle |
DE102010018690A1 (en) | 2010-04-29 | 2011-11-03 | Volkswagen Ag | Device for use in malfunction device for improving protection of occupants in motor vehicle, comprises two longitudinal support structures, which are formed by primary and secondary longitudinal support structure sections |
DE102012108738A1 (en) | 2012-09-18 | 2014-04-10 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Shock-absorbing longitudinal beam for motor car, has inserts covering regions of beam, where one of inserts is pushed on other insert through slots, so that overlapping area is formed and inserts are overlapped on overlapping area |
DE102013113869A1 (en) | 2013-12-11 | 2015-06-11 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Sill for a motor vehicle |
DE102013113869B4 (en) | 2013-12-11 | 2022-10-13 | Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft | Sills for a motor vehicle |
US20170210427A1 (en) * | 2016-01-22 | 2017-07-27 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Rocker Insert Formed by Connected Tubular Members |
US10029734B2 (en) * | 2016-01-22 | 2018-07-24 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Rocker insert formed by connected tubular members |
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