DE19782068B4 - Fuel mixture - Google Patents

Abstract

One Fuel mixture consisting of a combination of fuel and a small proportion of a fuel additive, wherein the additive of a fatty acid monoethanolamide or a fatty acid diethanolamide, an alcohol ethoxylate and a fatty acid ethoxylate, wherein the volume fractions of fatty acid monoethanolamide or fatty acid diethanolamide and fatty acid ethoxylate in are the same size.

Description

The The invention relates to a fuel mixture and in particular to such a liquid Mixture burned in an engine, such as an internal combustion engine is, for example, in a gasoline or diesel engine or any Engines for the operation with liquid Fuels were constructed.

It it is known that liquid fuels, if they are burned in an internal combustion engine, soiling or other unwanted Can cause side effects. Numerous suggestions have been made to reduce these side effects and increase the efficiency, for example, the miles driven per gallon, to improve. you has recognized that surfactants a useful one in this context Play a role; however, as far as we know, none of these products have the modern ones met commercial criteria. An object of the present invention is to meet this need.

In In one aspect, the invention provides a fuel mixture Inclusion of one with the fuel-miscible additive that has been selected to solubilize the fuel, the additive and any water present, to form a clear and homogeneous mixture.

The preferred additive of the present invention is a nonionic surfactant, and preferably a mixture of surfactants. A preferred feature of the present invention is that the surfactants are selected for their nature and concentration so that the additive (as well as any existing water or other non-fuel liquid present) is solubilized in the fuel. In this context, it is useful to consider the hydrophillipophilic balance (HLB) of the surfactant, the value of which is calculated using the formula below

The Values are hanging of the length hydrophilic chain, typically an ethoxylate chain. The length strengthened the chain to solubilize the extent of solubilization due to a greater ability.

Usually For example, a mixture of surfactants is preferred, preferably by selection one for the Suitable fuel, for example 10 to 18 for hydrocarbon fuel, preferably 13. In the case of an alcohol, the HLB value of the surfactant is between 3 and 7, preferably about 4. The addition of surfactants but usually leads to ratios 1: 1 at high volume emulsions or ratios of 5: 1 when the Solubilization at 1: 100 is required.

The invention is capable of standardizing the requirements for the HLB value of any liquid fuel. This in turn allows the use of a uniform dose in any of the fuels of C ₅ carbon chains upwards. The advantage in the scope of the treatment is directly related to the ability of mixed solution transfer (according to the attached tables). The tables show three different additive combinations, which allow a cost comparison with regard to the performance requirement.

Of the Aspect of the monomolecular layer of the invention requires a very low additive concentration, typically of the order of magnitude from 0.5 to 1: 1000, preferably about 1: 1000, especially 1: 1200. It seems in one increased addition no technical or economic advantage unless a co-solvent double action is required, if the priority is set to dosage against performance.

• – einen öllöslichen ethoxylierten Alkohol
• – ein Superdiethanolamid
• – eine ethoxylierte Fettsäure mit 7er-Kette

The additive preferably contains the following:

• - an oil-soluble ethoxylated alcohol
• - a super diethanolamide
• - An ethoxylated fatty acid with a 7-chain

These three ingredients must according to one Fuel and molecular manufacturing process be added.

Preferably makes the ethoxylate of the fatty acid about 25% by volume and, preferably also, the ethoxylated alcohol 50% by volume of the additive.

One Additive according to the invention can be a hydrocarbon fuel. for example diesel, gasoline or alcohol, which may be contaminated with water may or not. The invention then shows a particularly good Effect when based on addition to synthetic fuels of oils the low-boiling fraction takes place.

When Another aspect of the invention is a fuel mixture for disposal which contains a light weight fraction and comprises an additive which is miscible with the fuel and has been selected to the fuel, to solubilize the additive and any existing water to a to form a clear homogeneous mixture.

The Presence of the additive according to the invention guaranteed that this Fuel mixture at the same time a stable in consistency homogeneous Mixture forms and creates a monomolecular layer, resulting in a result which leads to better and more complete combustion, thereby Pollution is reduced and miles per gallon are increased.

When Result is a mixed fuel, especially based from alcohol, able to burn more accurately with a cooler charge, to reduce the iron formate, which consists of the aldehyde, peracid and Peroxide reactions are present, which are normally attributed to engine wear are.

When Another aspect of the invention provides a method of formation a stable mixture consisting in the addition of the three mentioned Ingredients, for example as defined as an additive, to a Fuel in a volume ratio from about 0.5 to 1: 1000. The addition ratio is preferably about 1: 1000. especially about 1: 1200.

One Procedure for the operation of an engine adapted to the use of a fuel alcohol-based the addition of a miscible additive to the fuel which selected was to solubilize the fuel and the additive and thus exclude the deposition of by-products. during the combustion of the fuel be formed.

Fuel production process

• 1. Review of Contamination by water according to Karl Fischer and determination of Amount of water in the consumer tank.
• 2. Choose the right formula from the list of stabilizers considering the price / performance ratio.
• 3. When the percentage content of the stabilizer is determined, mix the required components according to the list and dose accordingly, adding the molecule to the fuel without mixing.

Molecule production method

• 1. After proper selection of the superamide (im Original "Great Amide ") the alcohol and mix the ethylene oxide at the phase inversion temperature (P.I.T.) (55-58 ° C).
• 2. Mixing 1. with the selected superamide at the PIT
• 3. fatty acid mixed with ethylene oxide and with 2nd in the P.I.T. Mix.
• 4. The result is a total mixture of alcohol ethoxylate. This must account for at least 50% of the total weight of the molecule with equal parts of the superamide and fatty acid ethoxylate to reach 100%.

Although the exemplified stock solution is suitable for problems with minimal water contamination, the preferred alcohol ethoxylate is directly chained linearly, and 3 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol, since the accuracy in the calculation is greater and the micelle absorption forces are further additions of ethoxylates become stronger. The primary and linear alcohol must account for at least 80 w / w%, since the predominantly isomeric residue is considered unhelpful as an impurity and for the ethoxylation process.

The Diethanolamide should be a superamide that has a ratio of fatty acid to diethanolamine of 1: 1 is identifiable, since in the 2: 1 ratio 10% free amine esters and the nature of the process allows this contamination, the not helpful for the preparation of the equilibrium of the polymer.

The fatty acid is preferably a _C14 acid and is not manufactured by the polyethylene glycol method, since the free polyethylene glycols inhibit Ethoxylierungsprozeß and change HLB.

For a better understanding of the invention, it will now be described by way of illustration only with reference to the following example. Example I Oil soluble primary alcohol ethoxylate (average 2.75 moles of ethylene oxide, 1 mole of alcohol) available as NEODOL 91 / 2.5; predominantly C ₉ -C ₁₁ ; Molecular weight about 270 1 liter lauric 500 ml A fatty acid with 7 ethoxylates per mole of fatty acid (available as ATLAS G5507), molecular weight about 506 500 ml

Of the Approach was according to diagram heated to 55-58 ° C and gave 2 liters stock solution.

Various Used cars with diesel and gasoline engines were in a test building of the local Ministry of Transport tested. The fuel tank of each car was filled, and the vehicle about 112 km at an average speed driven from 96 km / h. In the tank of each of these vehicles became one Dose of the stock solution in a volume ratio given by 1: 1000. A visual check revealed that a clear homogeneous solution had been obtained. The tank was refilled and the Vehicle then over again driven the same distance. The MOT test was repeated.

The Results showed a decrease in fuel consumption in the area from 11 - 20 %, with the larger savings at the larger sized Engines were achieved.

The Tests showed the following reductions in emissions:

gasoline engine

• CO reduction on average 80%
• Hydrocarbon reduction averages 40%

diesel engine

• Diesel smoke reduction on average 50%

Example II

One Mercedes M 111 - basic test engine was cleaned and for prepared the test for any changes in reference gasoline with and without additive addition in a ratio of 1: 1000 to capture.

In accordance with the NAMAS specifications became the standard measuring methods with special interest in LAMBDA, because the leaning or enriching the engine no comparable results would allow. LAMBDA was set at l = 0.05.

The basic test was started, the engine was allowed to warm up and then from 4500 rpm WOT (Open Throttle) throttled to 1800 rpm PT (Part Throttle) and lingered at different operating states to allow comparisons. LAMBDA stayed at l = 0.05. At the end of the first test, the cylinder head was cleaned and the test was repeated again with additive in the ratio 1: 1000. The CO ₂ was reduced at 2500 rpm PT by an average of 14.08% and a maximum of 20.64%.

Example III

Under under controlled laboratory conditions, a bench test was carried out to fuel consumption and emissions at 1800 rpm and 2500 rpm RPM throttled (PT) to determine and also the power curve and Record torque curve, with one in use in Europe RF83 fuel was used without additives and all measurements recorded according to the NAMAS criteria. The engine was on equipped with catalyst 2 liter MERCEDES M111-engine test stand for unleaded petrol (all listed Numbers are from pre-catalyst measurements). The results showed that CO at 2500 rpm PT by an average of 11.3% and a maximum of 14.34 % was reduced.

Example IV

A test has been performed to measure any reduction in NO _x , since NO _{x is} directly related to combustibility and represents a hazard which is impossible to negate in engines because an air / fuel mixture always contains nitrogen. The results showed that NO _x at 2500 rpm PT was reduced by an average of 38.2% and a maximum of 39%.

• a) Je weniger Luft, desto weniger Stickstoff
• b) Je niedriger die Temperatur der Ladung, desto weniger NO_x
• c) Je besser die Kraftstoffzufuhr, desto weniger NO_x

To reduce NO _x , there are three ways

• a) The less air, the less nitrogen
• b) The lower the temperature of the charge, the less NO _x
• c) The better the fuel supply, the less NO _x

Be attached Graphics showing the beneficial effect of adding additive according to the invention show.

The performance diagram shows a performance curve that measures the same performance with less fuel and air consumption in terms of repeatability, reducing CO ₂ and NO _x .

The torque diagram shows a torque curve that measures repeatability for the same torque with less fuel and air consumption, reducing CO ₂ and NO _x .

Tests for mixed solution mediation

A certain number of fuels consisting of premium grade gasoline, industry standard diesel and various alcoholized fuels were selected, and from each 100 ml was transferred to twelve 200 ml graduated cylinders to determine the phase separation caused by the saturation of the polymer with water has been. Optimal are two titrations before the measurement. example 1

After the initiation of each titration, the solution was gently stirred for 20 seconds. The resulting effect was allowed to rest for 10 minutes before visual results were recorded. Example 2 - Gasohol (consisting of 90% unleaded regular gasoline with 10% denatured ethanol) Fuel No. Water content Additive Remarks

After the initiation of each titration, the solution was gently stirred for 20 seconds. The resulting effect was allowed to rest for 10 minutes before visual results were recorded. Example 3 - Diesel

After the initiation of each titration, the solution was gently stirred for 20 seconds. The resulting effect was allowed to rest for 10 minutes before visual results were recorded. Example 4 - Alternative fuel (consisting of alcohol and a mixture of hydrocarbons, with the alcohol accounting for the largest proportion)

To At the beginning of each titration, the solution was gently stirred for 20 seconds. The the resulting effect was left Rest for 10 minutes before visual results are recorded.

Example 5

After the initiation of each titration, the solution was gently stirred for 20 seconds. The resulting effect was allowed to rest for 10 minutes before visual results were recorded. Example 6 - Gasohol (consisting of 90% unleaded regular gasoline with 10% denatured ethanol)

After the initiation of each titration, the solution was gently stirred for 20 seconds. The resulting effect was allowed to rest for 10 minutes before visual results were recorded. Example 7 - Diesel

After the initiation of each titration, the solution was gently stirred for 20 seconds. The resulting effect was allowed to rest for 10 minutes before visual results were recorded. Example 8 - Alternative fuel (consisting of alcohol and a mixture of hydrocarbons, with the alcohol accounting for the largest proportion)

To At the beginning of each titration, the solution was gently stirred for 20 seconds. The the resulting effect was left Rest for 10 minutes before visual results are recorded.

To capture the visible aspects of phase separation for the one percent water and 0.1% titrations, it was decided to increase the volumes tenfold to allow accurate readings. Therefore, 1 liter of each fuel was filled into twelve 2-liter graduated cylinders. Example 9

After the initiation of each titration, the solution was gently stirred for 20 seconds. The resulting effect was allowed to rest for 10 minutes before visual results were recorded. Example 10 - Gasohol (consisting of 90% unleaded regular gasoline with 10% denatured ethanol)

After the initiation of each titration, the solution was gently stirred for 20 seconds. The resulting effect was allowed to rest for 10 minutes before visual results were recorded. Example 11 - Diesel

After the initiation of each titration, the solution was gently stirred for 20 seconds. The resulting effect was allowed to rest for 10 minutes before visual results were recorded. Example 12 - Alternative fuel (consisting of alcohol and a mixture of hydrocarbons, with the alcohol accounting for the largest proportion)

To At the beginning of each titration, the solution was gently stirred for 20 seconds. The the resulting effect was left Rest for 10 minutes before visual results are recorded.

EXAMINATION - USA

Examination of Exhaust gas emissions when using indoline fuel with Treatment with an additive known to be a major component to stabilize fuel.

introduction

With the replacement Of the leaded gasoline, it was imperative to the maximum Combustion of the available To allow fuel order through a complete Burning the largest possible amount Fuel to maximize performance and pollution to minimize. To compare the results of treated and untreated fuel arranged tests were under extreme controls carried out, and indoline was used since this fuel is a very has much more constant carbon content than unleaded gasoline.

experimental details

The The vehicle used was a Mercury approved in California in 1993 Cougar with 26,333 miles on the tachometer. This vehicle is equipped with a 3.8 liter engine with an SFI fuel system and has one inertia weight of 38,875 pounds. This vehicle was tested by the test laboratories provided at Roush Laboratories, Los Angeles, California and from them for prepared the test.

In accordance with the federal test method CFR 40, also known as LA4 test, a chassis dynamometer was similar to one Clayton-water brake model used.

• 1) Entleeren und Füllen des Tanks mit Indolin auf 40 % seines Fassungsvermögens.
• 2) Abtrennen der Fahrzeugbatterie, um falsche Werte durch den Kraftstoff-Computer auszuschließen.
• 3) Fahrzeug über 10 Meilen am Dynamometer unter den vorgeschriebenen Kontrollbedingungen fahren und dann mindestens 12 bis maximal 24 Stunden die Flüssigkeit einwirken lassen.

The vehicle was initially preconditioned with indoline, this being done in the following order:

• 1) Draining and filling the tank with indoline to 40% of its capacity.
• 2) Disconnect the vehicle battery to eliminate incorrect values from the fuel computer.
• 3) Drive the vehicle over 10 miles on the dynamometer under the prescribed control conditions and then allow the fluid to act for at least 12 to a maximum of 24 hours.

Prescribed control conditions:

At the Comparison of additive added fuel and base fuel was first the test carried out with base fuel.

The Exposure time from preconditioning to test was 15 hours, the reaction temperature was 76 ° F, and the mercury barometer stood at 29.85 mm.

control conditions for the Additive mixed with fuel

Of the Test with additive added fuel was not performed until after another preconditioning test was completed.

The Exposure time from preconditioning to test was 20.5 Hours, the onset temperature was 76 ° F, and the mercury barometer stood at 29.82 mm.

There the results of interest in a potential reduction hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions after collecting the diluted ones Exhaust gases in Tedlar sacks Flame ionization detector system (FID system) used. The content of these sacks was analyzed within one hour after the test, so no Loss of any sensitive components occurred for one Total collection of hydrocarbons were required.

There a more complete one Combustion was expected, the CO detection was carried out in accordance with the LA4 CVS11 test according to the recommendations of the California Air Resources Board.

Test criteria:

The Preconditioning was an LA4 test drive that lasted 505 seconds plus 873 seconds lasted.

Of the Basic fuel test was a cold start for the duration of 505 seconds, a cold transitional phase of 873 seconds duration, a 10 minute dwell time and a hot transition phase of 505 seconds duration. The total time was 1883 seconds.

The additive-added fuel test consisted of a cold start for 505 seconds, a cold transition of 873 seconds, a 10 minute dwell, and a hot transition of 505 seconds. The total time was 1883 seconds. Results and discussion:

As is apparent, has been a reduction of hydrocarbons and Carbon monoxide reached. Although this was encouraging, the fact proved that the Control conditions did not allow variations in the ambient temperature, the Theory that through the creation of a monomolecular layer a distribution of Fuel is delivered in a better condition with less resistance.

The The most significant improvements were found in bag # 3. This approved, that the hot transitional phase the test allowed a temperature difference to also react with an additional solvent to enable.

The Encouragement from these results led us to continue testing but with greater accuracy in the measurements and using a fuel tank as in normal environmental conditions.

place for the execution therefor was the company Associated Octel Co. Milton Keynes, England.

EXAMINATION - UNITED KINGDOM

Achieving more miles per gallon with a lead-free reference gasoline offset with a fuel component in a 1: 1000 ratio. The fuel component is a significant factor contributing to the stabilization of the fuel. The reduction in CO ₂ confirmed that the fuel consumption measurements by weight are consistent with our requirements.

introduction

With the replacement Of the leaded gasoline, it was imperative to the maximum Combustion of the available To allow fuel order through a complete Burning the largest possible amount Fuel to maximize performance and pollution to minimize. To compare the results of treated and untreated fuel arranged tests were controlled carried out, and RF-08 comparative gasoline was used in a Mercedes M111 test bench test engine used. The results were recorded before the catalyst.

experimental details

Of the engine used was a Mercedes M111 engine used by the experimental laboratories supplied by Associated Octel Co. The details were registered according to the NAMAS standards.

• 1) Vorbereitung eines 55-Liter-Fasses mit RF08-Benzin und Anordnen des Fasses außerhalb der Prüfbox als Simulation eines regulären Kraftstofftanks.
• 2) Reinigen und Polieren des Zylinderkopfes und Ausführung des Basistestprogrammes von Vollgas (4500 U/min) bis hinunter zum Leerlauf.

The vehicle was initially preconditioned with base fuel in the following steps

• 1) Prepare a 55-liter drum with RF08 gasoline and place the drum outside the test box as a simulation of a regular fuel tank.
• 2) Clean and polish the cylinder head and run the base test program from full throttle (4500 RPM) down to idle.

To Add 1: 1000 fuel to the base run with additive and preparation and testing as with the basic fuel.

Prescribed control conditions

Of the Test of additive added fuel versus base fuel was first carried out with basic fuel.

control conditions for the Additive mixed with fuel

Of the Test with additive added fuel was not performed until after another preconditioning test was completed.

There the results of interest in a potential reduction hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions after collecting the diluted ones Exhaust gases in Tedlar sacks Flame ionization detector system (FID system) used. The content of these sacks was analyzed within one hour after the test, so no Loss of any sensitive components arose for one Total collection of hydrocarbons were required.

There a more complete one Combustion was expected, the CO detection was carried out in accordance with the NAMAS recommendations.

Of the Fuel consumption was determined by checkweighing, which was used in the simulated fuel tank to 100 ml were made accurately.

ERGEBNISDATEN (MERCEDES M111 PRÜFSTANDTEST) DURCHSCHNITTLICHE ERGEBNISSE

The results shown represent a test conducted at 2500 rpm in August 1995 and its complete repetition in November 1995. The results shown represent a test conducted at 1800 rpm using RF83 fuel which has tighter specifications than RF08 fuel. RESULTS (MERCEDES M111 TEST TEST) MAXIMUM RESULTS

RESULTS (MERCEDES M111 TEST TEST) AVERAGE RESULTS

EXAMINATION - UNITED KINGDOM diesel

by virtue of From the above positive results, we arbitrarily took a diesel vehicle and used a dosage of 1: 1000 for one before and after conducted Smoke test.

The Results were very encouraging and confirmed again the two aspects of the invention with the ratio 1: 1000. The outstanding strength is the formation of a monomolecular layer.

The two graphs show a total percentage of soot reduction of 66%, and using a smoke number conversion table, the solids reduction is 71.7%. DIESEL TEST Vehicle: FORD "Fiesta" diesel Test: as with MOT standards Criteria: the exhaust emissions are less than 2.5 m ^-1 for diesel (k) Method: Preconditioning (oil temperature control) Fast idling test No.1 Fast idling test no.2 Fast idling test No.3 Fast idling test No.4 Idling until the governor "settles down", then the reading becomes performed. The computer decides how many readings the means of "k" are required.

Claims (15)

A fuel mixture consisting in combination fuel and a small proportion of a fuel additive, wherein the additive of a fatty acid monoethanolamide or a fatty acid diethanolamide, an alcohol ethoxylate and a fatty acid ethoxylate, wherein the volume fractions of fatty acid monoethanolamide or fatty acid diethanolamide and fatty acid ethoxylate are essentially the same size. A fuel mixture consisting of in combination Fuel and a small proportion of a fuel additive, wherein the additive of a fatty acid monoethanolamide or a fatty acid diethanolamide, an alcohol ethoxylate and a fatty acid ethoxylate, wherein the fatty acid ethoxylate about 25 volume percent of the additive. A fuel mixture according to one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the additive is a nonionic surfactant. A fuel mixture according to any one of the preceding Claims, wherein the additive has an HLB value of about 8. A fuel mixture according to claim 4, wherein the fuel an alcohol is. A fuel mixture according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the additive is present in a weight ratio of about 1: 1000. A fuel mixture according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the ingredients of the additive in a volume ratio of Total additive to fuel from 0.5 to 1: 1000 are present. A fuel mixture according to claim 7, wherein the additive to fuel volume ratio about 1: 1000. A fuel mixture according to one of claims 1 or 2 containing a light fraction fuel and an additive, the with the selected one Fuel is miscible, with the fuel, the additive and existing Water form a homogeneous mixture. A fuel mixture according to claim 9, wherein the light fraction is one of the following: - gasoline; - oil; - alcohol; A C ₅ to C ₁₅ carbon chain; A C ₅ to C ₂₀ carbon chain; An aromatic hydrocarbon; A C ₁₀ to C ₂₅ carbon chain; A C ₁₀ to C ₂₀ carbon chain; A C ₅ to C ₃₀ carbon chain; A C ₁₅ to C ₃₀ carbon chain. A method for preventing the deposition of while fuel combustion by-products, characterized in that in that a fuel-miscible additive according to one of the claims 1 or 2 is added to the fuel. A process according to claim 11, wherein the by-product is one of the following: - iron formate; An aldehyde; A peracid; A peroxide; - carbon monoxide, which is reduced when burned in an engine; A hydrocarbon which is reduced; - NO _x , which is reduced; - CO ₂ , which is reduced. A fuel mixture according to claim 1, 2 or 10, wherein the fuel is one of the following: - diesel; - diesel and alcohol; - diesel and kerosene; Diesel and a C ₅ to C ₄₀ carbon chain; - Diesel and a lighter fraction. A fuel mixture containing in combination a fuel and a fuel additive, wherein the additive is a smaller amount of a fatty acid diethanolamide, an alcohol ethoxylate and a fatty acid ethoxylate, wherein the degree of ethoxylation is chosen such that a long-term stable Fuel mixture is formed and wherein the additive in one of following mass ratios from additive to fuel is present: From 1: 100 to 1: 1000; - 1: 500; - 1: 400; - 1: 300; - 1: 200; - 1: 100. Use of a fuel mixture according to one of claims 1 to 10, 13 and 14 to prevent the deposition of during the Fuel combustion formed by-products.