DE10210991A1 - Winter sports hall operation for snow-covered sloping floors specifies incoming air temperature and humidity and proposes incoming air mix with outside air and cooled by crushed snow input. - Google Patents

Abstract

The hall is ventilated according to these specifications, notably humidity of incoming air to amount to 4 g/kg dry air and temperature 1-3degreesC at the top of the floor above the snow crystal cover, possibly bringing air in at 2degreesC and humidity of 4.4 g/kg dry air. The air feed is a mixture of surrounding air and outside air and is cooled by spraying crushed ice in the air mix.

Description

For the practice of winter sports in a hall, the quality is that of the gliding Substance important, whereby the energy requirement, the hall temperature and the initial filling of the Gliding necessary substance with are of importance.

Winter sports halls in the sense of the invention are completely or partially enclosed spaces and / or Buildings for winter sports, which differ from the environmental conditions Show indoor air conditions and frozen substance (snow or crystal snow according to above definition) included. The snow or crystal snow is used for the purpose of Exercise of winter sports used.

Crystal snow is understood to mean snow that is produced by being in a liquid, which contains a freezing point lowering substance (hereinafter referred to as "additive") Cooling to or below freezing causes the formation of ice crystals and this Suspension of liquid and ice crystals (so-called porridge) separates so that a large part of the Ice crystals are used for winter sports purposes (e.g. by suitable concentration and / or drying ice crystals).

To ensure the first loading of the winter sports hall, d. H. to before opening a Winter sports hall in most cases, a first layer of snow is (ground) Bought ice and / or snow z. B. from snowy areas to the winter sports hall. Water can freeze on or around the cooling pipes before ice or snow is introduced what an ice bandage can do. The first loading with "external" snow is necessary because the snow production in a normally operated winter sports hall in Compared to the amount of snow for the initial loading is so small that an unreasonably long time There would be a waiting period before the winter sports hall would reach its minimum snow depth.

On the one hand, ground water ice (also called "crush (ed) ice") is used as snow, that is produced with conventional ice machines in the form of flake ice or similar and fine is ground until a gritty or powdery, ground snow is formed, which in is brought into the winter sports hall and distributed at certain intervals. On the other hand you spray atomized water into the cold hall because of the low hall temperature freezes to snow crystals. This snow can also be used - in contrast to ground ice let yourself snow down on the slopes in full area (this procedure is essentially also the well-known "snow cannons" with which ski slopes are snowed outdoors.

The hall temperature is below the freezing point of water, typically -5 ° C (with usually strong gradient between higher and lower lying areas because of the higher specific gravity of cold air). This temperature is chosen to avoid that the snow melts and can bake into a solid layer of ice, which would happen if the air temperature in the winter sports hall near the ground was too warm.

When spraying water in cold air is a low air temperature and a low one Humidity is necessary due to the process anyway in order for the snow crystals to form at all leave (the air condition approximates cold, dry mountain air).

• - Der Betonboden hat entweder an der Unterseite eine Wärmedämmung (und ggf. eine weiter außenliegende Frostschutzheizung) und enthält auf der Oberseite des Betonbodens, d. h. auf der Hallenseite Kühlrohre, welche den darauf liegenden Schnee kalt und somit (an)gefroren halten. Diese Kühlrohre können entweder im Betonboden eingegossen sein oder sie sind aufgelegt.
• - Der Betonboden ist ggf. an der Unterseite mit einer Frostschutzheizung ausgestattet und an der Oberseite (Hallenseite) wärmegedämmt. Über der Wärmedämmung, d. h. zur Hallenseite hin sind Kühlrohre aufgelegt, welche den Schnee kalt und somit (an)gefroren halten.

Usually, the underground of the winter sports hall (called "concrete floor" or "hall floor") in concrete is made as follows.

• - The concrete floor either has thermal insulation on the underside (and possibly a frost protection heater located further out) and contains cooling pipes on the top of the concrete floor, ie on the hall side, which keep the snow on it cold and thus (frozen) frozen. These cooling pipes can either be cast in the concrete floor or they are laid on.
• - The concrete floor may be equipped with an anti-freeze heater on the underside and thermally insulated on the top (hall side). Cooling pipes are placed over the thermal insulation, ie towards the hall side, which keep the snow cold and therefore (frozen).

There are also other variants of floor design, which are essentially based on the above. Measures can result. These are not fully mentioned here as they are used for Invention itself have no closer reference.

Because a snow "loses" in winter sports halls that have cooled below the freezing point of the snow are only caused by snow sublimating (because of the low temperatures in the Winter sports hall and on the cooling pipes, melt product can not arise or only marginally by radiation from lamps or sunlight) or by discharge of the user Winter sports hall is relocated, the performance of the snow making system is proportional low. It must e.g. T. even cleared snow and removed from the winter sports hall to the Not to let snow depth increase inappropriately. This is energetically disadvantageous. Out From a hygienic point of view, a long dwell time of the snow is also disadvantageous.

Likewise, the usual floor cooling is not suitable for melting, so that too There is hardly any snow "loss".

The floor cooling is very complex, since long cooling distances are required, which also from a frost-proof liquid must be kept cold. The bottom cooling has the disadvantage that it lies under the snow cover and that it is very difficult to locate in the event of a leak. In addition, escaping cooling fluid due to the non-freezing substance component Thaw snow when this coolant comes into contact with the snow. This can be too Lead instabilities in the snow underground. Furthermore, the energy requirement is higher because of the Cooling caused lower soil temperature a higher driving temperature difference to Represents the environment than would be the case in the uncooled state. This will make the Heat input into the hall floor is higher and the required cooling capacity increases.

The cooling of the air in the winter sports hall, which is below the freezing point of the snow must be very expensive, since the usual -5 ° C below the freezing point in the indoor air contained water vapor causes frosting or icing of the air cooler. Therefore must either be defrosted at certain intervals or there are two switchable Air cooler used, which increases the investment.

In summary, it can be stated that winter sports halls with snow from ground Ice or frozen water droplets that form in cold air have a number of disadvantages exhibit. The indoor air must be very cold (approx. -5 ° C), which is technical (freezing of Water vapor on the air cooler) and is energy-intensive. Likewise, this temperature is called felt extremely uncomfortable. Floor cooling is an additional source of loss as Transmission and / or convection increased due to the higher driving temperature difference become. Because of the low temperatures, the snow melts only to a small extent, which is why the Snow depth increases and excess snow is removed and / or little snow is applied must, which can also be disadvantageous for hygienic and optical reasons. Last is found that the initial loading of snow in most cases with the installed The snow-producing facilities do not perform within a reasonable period can and snow has to be procured "from the outside".

The production of crystal snow is described in the published patent application DE 199 04 463.5. The preferred additive for crystal snow is in patent application DE 100 16 374.2 described. Possible improvements and the optical influencing of the crystal snow are in DE 299 05 577 listed. A cheap hall floor structure for crystal snow is in Utility model 200 19 826.9 proposed. The measurement and control of the Crystal snow concentration during crystal snow production is in DE 197 37 983.4 explained. The possibly desired air conditioning of rooms of the winter sports center (not the Winter sports hall) with the still liquid suspension of ice crystals and an aqueous solution or mixture of the crystal snow production is in the patent DE 199 48 654.9 described.

The invention has for its object a method for operating a winter sports hall to propose that can be operated at low energy costs.

According to the invention, this object is achieved by the features of the main claim.

• - die Erzeugung von Kristallschnee für die Erstbeschickung und den Normalbetrieb der Wintersporthalle,
• - eine Kühlung/Heizung bzw. Klimatisierung der Wintersporthalle unter Einhaltung einer angestrebten Lufttemperatur, Luftfeuchtigkeit, Luftgeschwindigkeit, Luftstromrichtung und Lufthygiene,
• - die Aufrechterhaltung einer qualitativ und quantitativ geeigneten Schneedecke einschl. Einhaltung hygienischer Parameter,
• - Sicherheit gegen die Ablösung von Schneemassen ("Lawinen"),
• - die Heizung und/oder Kühlung/Klimatisierung der Nebeneinrichtungen, Aufrechterhaltung eines Raumklimas hinsichtlich Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit sowie der Lufthygiene und
• - das Abdecken von Spitzenlast-Kühlbedarf.

The invention describes a novel method for operating a winter sports center with crystal snow. It enables

• - the production of crystal snow for the initial loading and normal operation of the winter sports hall,
• - Cooling / heating or air conditioning of the winter sports hall while maintaining the desired air temperature, humidity, air speed, air flow direction and air hygiene,
• - the maintenance of a qualitatively and quantitatively suitable snow cover including compliance with hygienic parameters,
• - security against detachment of snow masses ("avalanches"),
• - The heating and / or cooling / air conditioning of the secondary facilities, maintaining a room climate with regard to temperature and humidity as well as air hygiene and
• - Covering peak load cooling needs.

The principle is followed that crystal snow is created by the construction of the hall floor in the Sufficiently melt the winter sports hall near the ground and run off on the ground can to a significant, preferably daily dose of freshly produced crystal snow to be able to supply. This is desirable for optical, hygienic and qualitative reasons is transported by the increased melting without (significant) insulation. Find out If melting does not take place or does not take place to any appreciable extent, that would remain Keeping the snow covering too long would become dirty and hygienically unsafe in the end, which is also an energetic loss (albeit a Energy recovery can be used).

According to the invention, melting takes place in a controlled manner in the form that a Indoor air temperature on the snow surface above the freezing point of the crystal snow is maintained and the hall floor is warm enough that crystal snow melts there. The The melted product can be discharged via the channels described in utility model 200 19 828.9 become. This ensures that wet crystal snow and melting product are always on Hall floor occur and not on the surface of the crystal snow in the winter sports hall. If the indoor air temperature on the snow surface is above the freezing point of the Crystal snow lies, namely condenses and freezes of water vapor from the Indoor air on the snow surface of the winter sports hall on the crystal snow surface, making the crystal snow even drier and faster, e.g. B. for sporting activities of sliding down is more suitable. The addition of additive (by definition freezing point lowering substance) namely lowers the temperature of the crystal snow below Freezing temperature of pure water, which acts as water vapor in the room air Winter sports hall is included and condenses or freezes on the crystal snow surface. The increased addition of crystal snow also leads to the snow machine regarding their performance must be made larger, which is an advantage for the first loading because more power is available and an external supply can be omitted or at least reduced becomes.

The invention is explained in the following description with reference to figures. there shows:

Fig. 1 a classification of the construction and operation types of winter sports halls,

Fig. 2 shows the operation of a winter sports hall with indoor cooling and cold air introduction,

Fig. 3 shows the operation of a spray cooler with ice slurry for cooling the winter sports hall,

4 shows the functional principle of a crystal snow machine ,

Fig. 5 shows the embodiment of a slush machine for the simultaneous supply of the slave devices and to increase the amount of snow for the crystal Erstbeschneiung,

Fig. 6 shows the arrangement of Eisbrei- and crystal snow machines for "long" winter sports halls,

Fig. 7 shows an embodiment of an electrically or mechanically driven Eisbrei- and crystal snow machine,

Fig. 8 shows an embodiment for a thermally (steam) driven ice slurry and crystal snow machine, and

Fig. 9 is a variant of a Eisbrei- and crystal snow machine with Eisbreispeicherung.

The entire winter sports hall and the secondary areas are founded on the flat surface on (concrete) foundations on a steadily rising construction, preferably made of steel (however also made of concrete). This construction preferably consists of partially round supports and gem. statically designed wind and cross braces. On this steel column construction a "table" made of steel girders is built, which leads to the concrete floor of the Downhill and on the other hand the heat-insulated winter sports hall. The one for the concrete floor necessary for winter sports, which also serves as a base for crystal snow serves as a rigid construction. Drainage channels are installed on this reinforced concrete ceiling installed within the concrete floor structure and arranged so that occurring melt water a pipeline or channel system via these channels Intermediate containers can be supplied. These gutters become sloping in the direction of the slope led to the outer edges of the hall floor of the winter sports hall, so that melt water on by the shortest route and does not increasingly wet the crystal snow underground.

So that any slipping of the snow is avoided, between the individual Slope sections just created calming sections. Also in the concrete ceiling connected brackets via plastic ropes prevent the snow from slipping.

The thermal insulation of the winter sports hall can be wholly or entirely through heat-insulated panels or partially with multiple glass walls in heat-insulating construction (vacuum insulation, Gas filling for thermal insulation) may be carried out with fixed or adjustable shading.

For a winter sports hall with a width of 60 m (preferred dimension) and for example 465 m long a column grid of 15 m in the longitudinal direction and 25 m in the transverse direction is a preferred dimension. The The concrete floor of the winter sports hall should have a thickness of 0.25 m with this grid dimension.

As will be explained and explained later in FIG. 6, at the top station the last row of supports at the end of the winter sports hall can be designed in such a way that instead of a continuous row of supports ( 47 in FIG. 6), an enclosed space is used in whole or in part for support. This enclosed space can be made of concrete, masonry, wood or steel. The enclosed space is suitable to serve as a technical room in addition to general accommodation tasks. In the following we speak of the "technology tower". This technology tower can be used to hold the refrigeration system (s), which are used to generate crystal snow, cool and / or dehumidify the indoor air of the winter sports hall as well as for cooling tasks in the secondary areas

If the winter sports hall is built on a slope (mountain, embankment, stockpile, slope, etc.) should, the above statements apply - in particular for concrete floor design - analogously, one Support of the winter sports hall adapted to the course of the railing as described above can be added. The execution of the cladding surfaces with panels and / or glass walls is also carried out in the manner described above.

The rear view of a support structure of the winter sports hall (view on "Mountain station") is not subject to any special requirements and is landscape and climatically and adapted to the functionality. It is different with the "Valley station" - be it a winter sports hall on supports or one adapted to the mountainous terrain Hall. The valley station should be connected to the side areas frontally and / or laterally. This Secondary areas can include restoration, shops, hotel, conference center, rooms for celebrations, Theater, casino, function rooms (e.g. ski rental, changing rooms, technical facilities etc.) included.

These secondary areas form a conclusion of the winter sports hall and are used by this in the Geometrically dominated. A "pleasing" design of this building or parts of it Building is therefore not unimportant for visual and / or landscaping reasons.

This task is solved in that the secondary area architecturally meets the requirements of Visitor, the landscape or the cliché "winter sports" is adapted.

To make the winter sports experience pleasing and varied, the slope of the Hall floor of the winter sports hall varies. This happens in segments with a downward slope "Slope sections" and horizontal "calming sections". At the bottom of the winter sports hall ("Valley station") follows a negative gradient as the "braking section".

A distinction must be made between different operating modes and states of the winter sports hall, as shown in a matrix in FIG. 1. The hall floor is designed in such a way that the ice can melt because this is desired for qualitative, operational and energy reasons. Depending on the type of hall (S or B in Fig. 1) and location (H, M and C in Fig. 1), there are different types of flooring.

Winter sports halls with a flat (solid) surface (S in Fig. 1 and thus the variants HS and MS and possibly CS) are preferably designed as concrete floors without thermal insulation, it being particularly advantageous if the floor thickness is chosen so that the dew point is in the ground and therefore no condensation / ice formation can occur. The design of the floor without thermal insulation means that crystal snow melts faster than with thermal insulation, but this is intended within the scope of the invention (cf. description in one of the previous paragraphs).

If the subsurface is particularly hot in the long term (e.g. extreme cases in the tropics, geothermal anomalies, etc., variant HS in Fig. 1), thermal insulation of the hall floor (in extreme cases even in connection with floor cooling) can be considered which ensures that the temperature on the surface of the hall floor is slightly above the melting temperature of the crystal snow. If the subsoil is permanently very cold (e.g. permafrost areas, arctic latitudes, etc., variant CS in Fig. 1). even floor heating - but then in connection with thermal insulation - is necessary. The measures for thermal insulation or floor heating in the two aforementioned extreme cases with regard to the variants HS and CS of FIG. 1 are, however, to be seen as an exception and are by no means a fixed rule.

Winter sports halls, which (preferably in terms of their expansion) stand on stands and do not rest on a flat surface (B in Fig. 1 and thus variants HB, MB and CB), are in climatically temperate countries (variant MB in Fig. 1, z. B. Central and Northern Europe) equipped without thermal insulation. The ground will be warmer in summer and colder in winter. The lower melting rate in winter is compensated by the higher melting rate in summer to such an extent that the snow depth is reached again after one year if the snow is given correctly every day. The climate data of the location of a winter sports hall can be used to calculate which daily snow addition is required to maintain a certain snow depth.

In climatically hot countries (variant HB in Fig. 1, e.g. southern Europe, Southeast Asia), thermal insulation is necessary, which, however, should be dimensioned so that a minimum amount of snow can melt. In climatically very cold countries (variant CB in Fig. 1, e.g. Northern Europe, Canada) with long-lasting or permanent frost, thermal insulation is essential so that the snow cannot freeze on the hall floor, which would hinder the formation and drainage of the melt product , Underfloor heating may even be necessary here.

The melting rate should be within the values given in the table below to ensure the quality and appearance requirements for the snow layer:

• - Maximaler Wasserdampfgehalt: ≤ 7 g/kg tr. L.
• - Maximale Taupunkttemperatur: ≤ 8°C

The interaction of water vapor content in the indoor air of the winter sports hall and the temperature of the crystal snow causes a change in the sliding properties of the crystal snow. This only becomes "fast" after about an hour after application in the winter sports hall. This requires a room air condition on the snow surface that has a maximum water vapor content in the air, which can be limited as follows:

• - Maximum water vapor content: ≤ 7 g / kg tr. L.
• - Maximum dew point temperature: ≤ 8 ° C

• - Bevorzugter Wasserdampfgehalt max.: 4,4 g/kg tr. L.
• - Bevorzugte Taupunkttemperatur der Luft ca.: +2°C

It is particularly beneficial if the indoor air condition on the snow surface is between 0 ° C and + 5 ° C. A temperature of 2 ° C. is particularly preferred.

• - Preferred water vapor content max .: 4.4 g / kg tr. L.
• - Preferred air dew point temperature approx .: + 2 ° C

Lower water vapor contents and dew point temperatures on the snow surface are possible and beneficial for the snow quality, but more difficult and with higher technical effort observed. In addition, lower temperatures are increasingly becoming physiologically uncomfortable felt.

If desired or necessary, the indoor air temperature on the snow surface can be raised above the recommended 2 ° C or above 8 ° C, whereby the air condition must have conditions, as can be seen from the following table, whereby dry bulb temperatures should only be used. if this is necessary.

Increasing the water vapor content of the air on the snow surface above the recommended 4.4 g / kg tr. L., the snow is increasingly icing over. Such an effect is desirable if an "icy" slope is needed, e.g. B. Your skid vehicles such as sleds, bobsleigh etc. or for that Production of snow sculptures Therefore higher water vapor contents are not express excluded but limited to special requirements.

In connection with the requirement for a defined indoor air condition on the snow surface, the question arises as to how the air flow should be in the winter sports hall. A winter sports hall is shown schematically in FIG . The preferred air flow is shown in Fig. 2.

The ski hall 1 normally has a trough-shaped boundary 2 to the outer walls, the so-called "gang", within which the winter sport is practiced. If a gang is not provided, the outer walls serve as a boundary 2 .

In order to bring conditioned air with the conditions according to the previous explanations to the snow surface, conditioned supply air 3 is introduced via a special outlet 4 in such a way that air 5 flows into the winter sports hall 1 . This air should preferably flow in at 2 ° C dew point temperature or a water vapor content of 4.4 g / kg dry water. Deviations downwards and upwards are, however, permissible and / or reasonable or necessary in the sense of the statements made above.

The air flow 5 flows downwards on the snow surface 6, heat input in the form of transmission, convection and radiation as well as enthalpy input by adding water vapor (respiration and perspiration of people, evaporation or sublimation of water from the snow surface, etc.) lead to a Part of the air flow 5 or 6 becomes warmer (and humid) and rises due to the lower specific weight 7 and preferably collects under the hall ceiling and flows upwards 8 .

The cold air flow 5 and 6 is directed downward, the warm air flow 7 and 8 is directed upward. A flow "roll" is thus formed, which runs counterclockwise due to the difference in density and flow guidance. The heated (and more humid) air on the hall ceiling can be discharged as exhaust air (not shown in the figure). This exhaust air can pre-cool the outdoor air to be replenished via energy recovery before the exhaust air is released as exhaust air (not shown).

Cold air 5 is preferably introduced via an air outlet 4 , as it is shown enlarged as "Detail A" in FIG. 2. At the upper end of the ski hall 1 4 is arranged - preferably over the entire width of the hall. Cooled air with an adequate water vapor content (recommended + 2 ° C, 4.4 g / kg tr. L., but also above or below, see previous explanations) enters the air outlet via a feed 3 (in Fig. 2 only represented symbolically, must be adapted to the local geometric conditions). Due to overpressure, the air 3 as 11 flows through the outlet 4 and enters the winter sports hall as 5 . In order to achieve a clearer flow guidance, it may be useful to arrange a "hood" 9 . In order to achieve a uniform loading of the outlet 4 , for. B. a perforated plate, wire mesh or the installation of another, a pressure difference causing device 10 useful. In addition to the hood 9, the deflectors 12 can have a positive influence on the flow into the winter sports hall in the desired direction. The exit speed of 5 should be so low that the cold air 5 "falls" through the outlet 4 - due to the high specific weight - onto the snow surface and flows downwards in the direction of the slopes.

Cold air only needs to be kept in a cooling system if the air condition is above the desired temperature and humidity values. With sufficiently cold and cooling is not necessary in dry outside air conditions. The following Therefore, explanations only refer to cases where cooling is necessary.

The air that the winter sports hall needs to set and maintain a desired Temperature and moisture content (recommended near the snow surface + 2 ° C, 4.4 g / kg tr. L., but also above or below, cf. previous versions) is supplied (so-called supply air) consists of two sub-streams. A partial flow of the supply air is conditioned outside air that is used for Maintaining a hygienic air condition serves and above all has the task To displace carbon dioxide from human breathing as well as odors and possibly pollutants and / or to leave their concentration within a tolerance range. The second sub-stream is Recirculated air from the winter sports hall, which serves, among other things, to recirculate an interior Ensure air turnover, which is used to cool the hall and to feed the Snow surface (recommended near the snow surface + 2 ° C, 4.4 g / kg dry water, but also above or below, cf. previous explanations).

The winter sports hall is therefore provided with supply air, which from the two partial flows "outside air" and "circulating air" exists. The exhaust air from the winter sports hall also consists of two partial flows. On Partial flow of the exhaust air is led outside (so-called exhaust air), a second partial flow is used as recirculating air recirculated. The exhaust air from the hall via a heat-recovering heat exchanger in which the colder exhaust air pre-cools warmer outside air and this pre-cooled Outside air mixes with the recirculating air. This will result in the lowest possible mixed air temperature reached (if the exhaust air is warmer than the outside air, the Heat recovery). This mixed air must now be brought to the desired supply air value by conditioning the temperature and humidity of the supply air (recommended nearby the snow surface + 2 ° C, 4.4 g / kg L., but also above or below, cf. previous Versions).

Normally, air is cooled and, if necessary, dehumidified in heat exchangers. Surface coolers are designed, e.g. B. finned tubes, finned tube register, etc. This has to Disadvantage that in almost all cases, water vapor freezes on the air-side surface of the heat exchanger occurs and extensive measures for defrosting and / or mutual switching of two heat exchangers may be necessary.

The type "surface cooler" replaced by a "spray cooler" by adding porridge in the Mixed air flow is sprayed and this air flow cools down to the saturation limit or at least close to the saturation limit. The high reaction kinetics of Breieis can be expected in most cases that the mixed air as saturated air of the desired Air temperature becomes available (recommended near the snow surface + 2 ° C, 4.4 g / kg L., however also above or below, cf. previous explanations). The spray cooler cannot ice up. It is therefore possible that the same slurry system is used both for the provision of Crystal snow and also used to condition the indoor air in the winter sports hall can be.

Fig. 3 shows the circuit diagram for a spray cooler device, which is supplied with slurry as cooling fluid. The ice pulp 13 enters a spray chamber 14 and is turned into a spray cone 15 via atomizing nozzles (not shown). Instead of a "cone", other geometries such as, for. B. rectangular, oval or the like can be used). Mixed air 16 to be cooled enters the spray chamber 14 and is passed through the spray zone (s) of the spray cone, where an intensive heat and material exchange takes place. The air 16 is cooled because of the low temperature of the ice slurry 13 (lowering the drying temperature and possibly the wet temperature) and dehumidified if the wet ball temperature is above the temperature of the ice slurry 13 .

A heat exchange (air cooling) and a mass exchange (condensation of water vapor from the air 16 ) thus take place. The spray cones 15 can be oriented in the direction of flow of the air 16 as well as against the direction of flow of the air 16 (countercurrent or cocurrent) and in a mixed countercurrent and cocurrent arrangement. This is primarily determined by the overall length and height of the spray chamber 14 , with questions of intensive heat and material exchange being decisive.

After flowing through the spray chamber 14 , the air 16 will therefore emerge with the colder and drier air condition than supply air 17 (referred to as “conditioned supply air” in FIG. 2 with the number 3 ) and can be supplied to the ski hall via the air outlet 4 .

The air flow 16 is composed of the exhaust air 17 and the outside air 19 . The air condition of the exhaust air 17 is largely identical to the warm hall air 7 and 8 from FIG. 2. The outside air 18 is precooled via a heat-recovering heat exchanger 19 , provided that the indoor exhaust air 21 is colder than the outside air 18 (otherwise, at least at these times, the use of the heat-recovering heat exchanger 19 is not necessary). When cooling, the outside air 18 becomes a treated outside air 20 at the outlet of the heat-recovering heat exchanger 19 . The cooling is effected by exhaust air 21 (exhaust air 21 is largely identical in terms of the air condition to the warm indoor air 7 and 8 in FIG. 2), which flows through the heat-recovering air and is released to the surroundings as heated exhaust air 22 .

From the mixture of hall exhaust air 17 and pretreated outside air 20 (if applicable) in point 23 as mixed air, these two air streams become air of the state according to 16, which is cooled in the spray cooler 14 and normally dehumidified.

The ice pulp emerging in the spray cones 15 is collected in the spray cooler at the bottom and is returned to the slurry ice makers as return 18 , the return 18 also being able to be wholly or partially mixed with the forward flow 13 .

During the condensation of water vapor from the air 16 , an excess of water can occur, which is reflected in the amount of the return 18 . This excess water must be removed or can be used elsewhere in the slurry production process.

Winter sports halls are usually built over a certain period of a day or one other time period used for the intended winter sport (hereinafter referred to as "active time" prepared) and prepared outside of this active time (hereinafter referred to as "passive time"). In During the passive time, all measures are taken to ensure safety, functionality and cleanliness and maintain the quality of the winter sports hall. These measures include the Slope maintenance and preparation with snow.

The typical process for producing crystal snow is shown in FIG. 4. An ice slush machine 24 is supplied with a solution or mixture of water and additive 25 . In this way, the solution or mixture 25 is enriched with ice crystals in the ice slush machine 24 by means of a cooling process (not shown) and leaves the ice slush machine 24 as slurry ice 26 . If the proportion of ice crystals in the slurry 26 is to be higher, a so-called preconcentrator 27 is used, which removes solution or mixture 28 low or free of ice crystals and feeds a "thick" ice slurry 29 (without preconcentrator in state 26 ) to the concentrator 30 . In this concentrator 30 , the ice crystals contained in the ice pulp 29 ( 26 ) are separated and leave the concentrator 30 as crystal snow 31 , which can be placed on the slopes of the winter sports hall or in a snow store 32 . The solution or mixture 33 separated in the concentrator 30 and free of ice or free of ice is conveyed to a receiver 34 . The ice-free or low-ice solution or mixture 28 which is separated off in the preconcentrator 27 which may be used is also fed into this template 34 . For quantitative compensation of the crystal snow 31 separated in the concentrator 30 , water or melt product of the crystal snow 31 is added as 35 . Depending on how much additive (if any) is contained in the fluid 35 , this additive must also be added for refreshing ( 36 ). In the template 34 , therefore, a solution or mixture that is suitable in terms of its composition and quantity is kept and is given as 25 in the slurry ice-making system 24 . The pump 37 shown in FIG. 4 can be omitted at this point if a geometrical position of the template 34 permits this or if the ice-making machine 24 is under negative pressure (vacuum). Then the pump 37 would have to be arranged elsewhere (e.g. in the case of negative pressure between the ice-making machine 24 and the preconcentrator 27 - if applicable - or the concentrator 30 ).

Usually, snow is applied and distributed on the slopes during the passive time. That snow is held in the usual winter sports halls in storage tanks or rooms and held in the passive time. This also applies to the winter sports halls in use today This makes sense, since the melting rate is very low or even "negative" and only little re-coating is required becomes. The melting rate is the same for the training of a winter sports hall proposed here high that a daily - mathematically constant - fresh snow is required in order to deal with the seasonally different melting rates throughout the year integrated a constant to get minimal crystal snow depth. This means that the daily gift of crystal snow constant and - in relation to previously used "cold" winter sports halls - clear is higher.

Therefore, a winter sports hall with crystal snow and the hall floor design according to the Invention described here supplied with "a lot of snow" in the passive time. A lead in one Snow storage makes little sense and involves manipulative effort. Therefore proposed to use the ice slush machine directly in the passive period as a crystal snow producer, d. H. without To operate porridge ice or crystal snow storage. Since the passive time lasts about 8-12 hours (late in the evening to in the morning) the cooling capacity of the ice slush machine (s) is higher than that of a pure one all-day operation with snow storage.

The invention takes advantage of the fact that snow is generated in the passive time in such a way that Ice slurry machine (s) during the active period (and partly in the context of the installed cooling capacity) Passive time) is used to cool the winter sports hall. The spray cooler is ideal for this - as described before - on who can be supplied with the same ice cream that is also used for Crystal snow production is used. Because of the low degree of spray cooler and in view of the fact that the air temperature in the winter sports hall can be higher than the snow temperature, is the spray cooler in connection with the ice-maker (s) of the Temperatures suitable for indoor cooling. The same chiller (porridge maker) thus serves to generate snow in the passive time and to cool the winter sports hall in the Active time and, if necessary, (partially) in the passive time.

The premises connected to the winter sports hall outside of the actual one Snow areas (by definition referred to as "secondary area") need in corresponding Climatic zones and according to the execution and operation of the premises (shading, Thermal insulation, storage mass of the building structure, internal heat and moisture load, Odor formation etc.) ventilation or room air cooling and / or dehumidification if not an air conditioning.

If room air cooling, dehumidification or air conditioning are necessary, these are Measures always associated with a cold supply. Usually this is a separate one Refrigeration system installed, which is also faced with cold demand during peak load times. This Tasks lead to the fact that these refrigeration systems are mostly operated in part-load operation and at Peak load has high connection values that can be penalized according to the tariff.

This problem is solved as follows: The snow machine is larger than the pure one Snow-making capacity designed under normal conditions. The ice slush machines should - if necessary using an ice mash store - to be able to cool the secondary areas too enable. On the one hand, this higher installed cooling capacity of the ice slush machine (s) increases the Redundancy of the installation, on the other hand, this cooling capacity (due to low temperature the use of ice pulp instead of cold water!) for the supply of the secondary areas or partially free.

FIG. 5 shows an ice slush machine 24 which supplies the concentrator ( 30 in FIG. 4) and possibly the preconcentrator ( 27 in FIG. 4) via the line 26 in the left branch. From the template ( 24 in Fig. 4), the ice slurry machine is supplied via line 25 . The right branch of FIG. 5 shows the cooling or dehumidification and / or air conditioning of the secondary areas. Ice slurry 38 emerges from the ice slurry machine 24 and is supplied to the cold consumer (s) 39 directly or indirectly via a heat exchanger (not shown in the figure). Possibly. The ice slurry 38 can also be supplied via a (not shown) mixing device for temperature control in front of the cold consumer (s), a practice of flow temperature control generally used in air conditioning technology, which is of no further relevance to the invention. The ice pulp return 40 is fed back to the slurry machine 24 . It is possible to store ice cream 38 in an ice cream store 41 , the illustration of the ice cream store 41 in FIG. 5 not being a hydraulically sophisticated solution, but merely intended to reflect the idea of ice cream storage. The slurry machine 24 can consist of two separate units 42 and 43 or can be a unit without separation.

The installation of a higher cooling capacity of the slurry machine 24 than is necessary for the production of crystal snow supplies the secondary areas. The thus available low temperature of the coolant 38 (ice pulp) offers the possibility of operating a higher dehumidification capacity in the secondary areas, which is good from an air hygiene point of view (moisture induces mold formation, germ growth and promotes the spread of germs) and also promotes thermal comfort, by allowing the air to be warmer with a correspondingly low level of moisture or with a low water vapor content than would be the case with cooling with cold water. For health reasons, it is desirable that the temperature difference (dry bulb temperature) between outside air and room air is as small as possible to prevent colds. Areas entered from outside, such as the secondary areas (restaurants, shops, changing rooms, etc.) should therefore not be as cold as possible in summer or in warm climates, but as dry as necessary and as warm as possible. Ice mash as a coolant is particularly well suited for this. In addition, this type of air cooling can reduce the energy requirement despite the lower temperature of the ice slurry 38 compared to cold water.

The completed winter sports hall requires a snow covering before starting operation has a minimum amount. This first layer of snow is in so far Common winter sports halls either on site with short-term rented or bought Snow producers who used in addition to the snow machines already provided or snow or ice is obtained from outside (ice from ice factories, Snow from snow-sure areas such as B. in Europe the Alps or from Norway per Vehicle transportation). This first snow pad is both a cost factor and in some Areas without guaranteed snow are not possible.

The problem of first snowmaking with the crystal snow machine - which is anyway larger due to the increased melting rate - is at least alleviated by the proposed training. Depending on the climatic zone (option H, M or C in Fig. 1) and the design of the winter sports hall (option B or S from Fig. 1), the installed snow generation capacity can already be used for the first snow covering (in the following, to be installed anyway when there is snow) Crystal snow machines referred to as "first snow") can be used. In temperate climates (Central Europe), a first snowmaking period of 20 to 50 days is feasible. This means that the crystal snow machine, which is to be installed anyway, can also be used for the purposes of first snowmaking. First snowmaking is easier in colder climates and additional measures can be taken in hot climates.

• - Es werden zusätzliche Kristallschneemaschinen installiert. Dies erhöht die Verfügbarkeit der Schneemaschinen und erhöht die Leistung zur Luftkühlung in der Wintersporthalle bei Normalbetrieb.
• - Die erhöhte installierte Leistung der Kristallschneemaschine(n) kann nach Beendigung der Erstbeschneiung für die Luftkühlung und -entfeuchtung sowie zur Klimatisierung der Nebenbereiche mit den beschriebenen Vorzügen verwendet werden (Fig. 5).
• - Der Eisbrei läßt sich in geeigneten Behältern (41 in Fig. 5) speichern und steht somit für die Deckung von Spitzenlast zur Verfügung. Damit wird auch ein (unwirtschaftlicher) Teillastbetrieb von üblicherweise verwendeten Wasserkühlmaschinen vermieden.

These additional snowmaking measures are as follows:

• - Additional crystal snow machines will be installed. This increases the availability of the snow machines and increases the performance for air cooling in the winter sports hall during normal operation.
• - The increased installed capacity of the crystal snow machine (s) can be used after the initial snowmaking for air cooling and dehumidification as well as for air conditioning of the secondary areas with the described advantages ( Fig. 5).
• - The ice pulp can be stored in suitable containers ( 41 in Fig. 5) and is thus available to cover peak loads. This also avoids an (uneconomical) partial-load operation of conventionally used chillers.

FIG. 5 shows the mode of operation of the slurry ice machine control center with the slurry ice machine 42 for the crystal snow production and an additional slurry ice machine 43 of increased installed slurry ice generator output for the supply of the secondary areas (cooling load 39 in FIG. 5 and 46 in FIG. 6). The slurry machines 42 and 43 can also be combined as one large machine in one unit 24 . During the first snowmaking, the cooling of the secondary areas 49 (also 46 in FIG. 6) is switched off, since it is not necessary anyway before regular winter sports hall operations start. Instead of going via the flow 38 cooling to the side regions 39 (46 in Fig. 6) and / or the memory 41 (response would in this case 40) of the slush is driven via line 54 in addition to 26 to crystal snow making and comes with line 55 back to slurry machine 43 or 24 .

A preferred version for first snowmaking and subsequent air cooling, dehumidification or air conditioning of the secondary areas is described below:
In cool and temperate climates, heating of at least the secondary areas 39 ( 46 in FIG. 6) is necessary in the cold season. An oil, gas or solid fuel boiler is usually used for this. In other climates, oil, gas or solid fuel is mostly available and can be burned in a boiler. In addition, heat from district heating or a combined heat and power plant / CHP system (combined heat and power) may be available. In all the cases described, heat is available as energy, which can be used in a thermally operated refrigeration system (preferably with steam jets) to produce ice slurry. Such a refrigeration system with steam jet compressors is simple, reliable and offers the possibility of being brought to higher output than is necessary for pure crystal snow production without great effort. An additional cooling supply for room cooling or dehumidification or air conditioning is possible. The additional cold for the above purposes can be stored in a simple store ( 41 in FIG. 5) in order to cover the basic cooling as well as peak demand during the day. The secondary areas as cold users are not yet relevant or available for the first snowmaking, which is why this additional ice porridge capacity can be used to be used for the first snowmaking. An external supply of ice or snow is no longer necessary and the installation can be carried out independently. In addition, the warmer the outside climate, the higher the cooling requirements for the secondary areas, whereby more power is then available for the first snowmaking. These conditions are stable in terms of performance and can therefore be used universally. The steam generator can be used for heating purposes in (moderate) and cold climates in the cold season. In this context, the nozzle needle control of the steam jet apparatus is particularly advantageous. This means that the steam requirement can be drastically reduced from a certain outside temperature and below. This is particularly welcome because more heat is needed in the cold season / time of day, which is therefore also available.

For "long" winter sports halls (e.g. piste lengths of 200 m and above) it is not mandatory, but nevertheless sensible to give up the relatively large amount of crystal snow at two points. The two end faces of the winter sports hall ("top station" or "top" and "bottom station" or "bottom") are suitable places. This means that the transport routes are shorter and hall cooling can be implemented at both points. Above all the positioning "up" makes sense because of the higher specific weight of the cold supply air ( 5 in Fig. 2) compared to the warmed indoor air ( 7 and 8 in Fig. 2). The cold air flows down and protects the snow cover from heating and from excessive condensation of water vapor from the hall air ( 7 and 8 in Fig. 2).

Fig. 6 shows a winter sports center 44 consisting of the winter sports hall 45 and the side portions 46. The winter sports hall 45 can be elevated. In FIG. 6, the mounting system is exemplified as a support 47, which is large enough, the "top" a technical area 48 for the crystal snow preparation and Hall cooling 49 accommodate (more stand in the middle region of the hall are not shown). in the area "below" a technical room 50 is shown, which supplies both the winter sports hall 45 with crystal snow and hall cooling 51 and the secondary area with cold 52 (cf. FIG. 5). Since the upper technical area 48 will generally be more critical in terms of space than the lower technical area 50 of the winter sports hall, it is appropriate in such cases to choose an electrically operated machine instead of a steam-operated crystal snow machine. There is no steam generator, condensate management and the removal of system-related high amounts of waste heat from the refrigeration machine (s). In the lower area of the winter sports hall 45 , which is usually (largely) at ground level, the steam jet machine can be used to produce crystal snow and porridge ice.

If the situation is reversed, the arrangement of the electrical and steam-powered refrigeration system also reverse. The arrangement of tunnels is arbitrary and is carried out optimally depending on the project.

It is proposed to split snow production into two in long winter sports halls, whereby - if applicable - the steam-operated crystal snow and porridge machine should be in the vicinity of secondary area 46 in order to perform the tasks of air cooling, dehumidification and / or air conditioning as described above perceive.

Since the - relatively high - desired melting rate leads to melting product (melted crystal snow), this is derived locally for reasons of quantity and discharged downwards outside the slope area. This also results in the dissolved / admixed additive in the lower area of the winter sports hall. Since the melting product has to be added as crystal snow in order to achieve a closed quantity balance of the winter sports hall, a suitable amount of aqueous solution or mixture, which also contains the additive, must be added to the crystal snow machines. For the crystal snow machine in the upper area of the winter sports hall, this is preferably done in such a way that melt product is conveyed from the lower to the upper hall area. If additive is also required, it is advisable to add it in the upper hall area in order to be able to make fine adjustments. This return of melt product from the lower to the upper area of the "long" winter sports hall is the only pipe connection between the crystal snow or porridge machines in the upper and lower area of the winter sports hall ( 53 in FIG. 6).

The high melting rates lead to considerable amounts of melting product. Water and Additive) not only costs money, but is also difficult to obtain in some regions. It So it makes perfect sense to reuse the melting product for the production of crystal snow. The high melting rate also ensures that the melting product is contaminated is relatively low (high melting rates "dilute" the dirt load). So it's over too hygienic view possible to reuse part of the melting product. A small part should be discarded for refreshment.

Coarse and fine solids are removed from the melt product by using filters become. The partial flow of the melt product to be discarded is expediently removed in part from the backwashing water of the filter. A discard from 5 to 10% is a reasonable size. This value strongly depends on what kind of Winter sports are practiced and what the equipment and clothing used for this is. The warping rate is higher the warmer the hall is operated and / or and seasonal nucleation gives rise to this. You can do that (usually pre-cleaned) Melted product also before reuse in the crystal snow or slurry machine disinfect by UV radiation, ozonization, chlorination and / or treatment is carried out with hydrogen peroxide.

The type and amount of additive used is generally not harmful to the environment and can, for. B. be used for irrigating green areas. Since melt product either in in the warm season (growing season) or in permanently warm climates all year round (without defined vegetation period) occurs to a significant extent, the use for Irrigation without negative effects on flora and fauna are required.

Due to the cooling and dehumidification of the supply air ( 16 or 17 in FIG. 3) in the spray cooler ( 14 in FIG. 3), there is a quantitative increase in water in the spray cooler in the warm season or in permanently warm and humid (tropical) climates , which reduces the fresh water requirement. For very humid climates with a high water vapor content, the condensed water vapor quantity makes a very significant contribution to the volume balance. In this case, the rejection rate of the melted product should be as high as the water "extracted" from the air.

In the event of extreme peak demand for cooling capacity, which exceeds the installed cooling capacity and the existing storage facilities cannot be covered, it is possible Feeding snow from the winter sports hall to a so-called "melting bunker". This melting bunker is a container - preferably designed as a pit for handling reasons - and becomes direct or indirectly (e.g. via pipes) using warm water from the cooling or air conditioning system or warmed by warm air (circulating air, outside air, exhaust air, etc.), whereby snow melts and the medium "water" or "air" is cooled. This makes it possible to meet a cold spike cover that is not covered by the installed cooling capacity including storage capacity can become (e.g. unexpected and / or short-term peak demand as well as abnormal Weather conditions like the "century summer" etc.).

Based on two examples, preferred ice-cream machine types with electrical or mechanical drive and thermal (steam) drive.

Fig. 7 shows the electrically or mechanically driven variant. The generators 56 for producing porridge are specially designed evaporators which are cooled on the one hand with refrigerant from a refrigeration system (not shown in FIG. 7) and on the other hand freeze out small ice crystals in a solution or mixture of water and additive. This solution or mixture enters the ice generator 56 via the line 57 and - depending on the number of ice generators 56 required - is fed with deflections 58-63 further ice generators in series connection until a thicker ice slurry compared to the state in 57 in the line 64 exits. This ice pulp is fed to the concentrator 30 (possibly via a preconcentrator (not shown in FIG. 7 according to 27 in FIG. 4)). The separated crystal snow 31 is fed to the winter sports hall, the separated liquid phase from 64 is given as 33 in the template 34 , in which water or melt product 35 and possibly additional additive 36 is also added (see FIG. 4). Additive 36 is fed in from an additive supply 37 via a regulated feed 38 (shown as an example of a control valve). It is particularly advantageous if the additive reservoir 37 is above the reservoir 34 and a free inlet is possible, which can save a pump (a pump is not shown in FIG. 7, but could be necessary). The drives 65 are necessary when the ice generators 56 (can) freeze to the surface as ice.

Fig. 8 shows the thermally-driven variant. As already shown in FIGS . 4 and 7, slurry comes via line 64 into a preconcentrator 27 and then as 29 into concentrator 30 , in which crystal snow 31 is separated and the residual fluid 33 is returned to receiver 34 . The return 28 of the preconcentrator 27 which may be used also enters the receiver 34 , like the melt product or water 35 and additive 36 . The template 34 can be carried out particularly advantageously if the evaporator 66 is arranged in this template. This is not only space-saving but also cheap for the evaporation process. Associated with the ice generator (evaporator) 66 via the pipeline 67 is a steam jet device 68 (or several steam jet devices 68 ), which is supplied with motive steam 69 from a steam generator (not shown in FIG. 8). The mixed steam (motive steam 69 and suction steam from 66 ) is liquefied in the condenser 70, for example with cooling water, and can be fed back to the steam generator (not shown in the figure; likewise pumps are only indicated by way of example in FIGS. 7 and 8).

The use of a heat or fuel-fired absorption refrigeration system is possible instead of the electrical / mechanical drive or the thermal (steam) drive and may be preferred because of the better coefficient of performance compared to the steam jet device. In this case, the embodiment according to FIG. 7 applies.

In Fig. 9 a variant of the Breieismaschinenbetriebes and the crystal snow-making is illustrated. This variant is particularly advantageous if the ice maker is not able to produce an ice pulp that is too "thin" for the (pre) concentrator in terms of its ice crystal content and must be enriched before the ice pulp reaches the (pre) concentrator. Is exemplified in Fig. 9, an ice generator 56 shown (it may also be a plurality of individual generators 56, with dashed line in Fig. 9) consisting enters the solution or mixture of water and additive through a pump by means of the line 57. After passing through the ice generator 56 , the fluid 64 enriched with ice crystals emerges again and is brought into the receiver 34 . This template 34 is at the same time designed as a memory in which the ice pulp can be enriched - due to the prolonged operation of the slurry generator and / or buoyancy forces (operation 57 → 56 → 64 represents a "charging circuit", so to speak). By means of a pump, thickened ice pulp can be fed to the concentrator 30 via the line 71 (the preconcentrator which may still be necessary is not illustrated in FIG. 9). Otherwise, the cycle is as described several times before.

Claims (5)

1. A method for ventilating a winter sports hall provided with a crystal snow blanket on a sloping floor, characterized in that the supply air has a temperature of 1 ° C to 3 ° C and a water vapor content of 4 g / kg t. L. up to 5 g / kg t. L. is introduced into the hall at the top of the floor above the crystal snow cover. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the temperature of the supply air is 2 ° C. is. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the water vapor content the supply air 4.4 g / kg t. L. is. 4. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the Supply air is mixed air consisting of recirculated air and outside air. 5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the Supply air is cooled by spraying a slurry in the mixed air.