DE102021110776A1 - cable plow system - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a cable plow system (10), comprising a cable plow (11) for inserting one or more, preferably three, lines (12), in particular pipes or cables, into the ground, the cable plow (11) having one or more, preferably comprises three laying units (13), wherein the or each laying unit (13) has a tongue (14) suitable for engaging in the subsoil to form a gully and a line guide (15) for laying a line (12) in the passage through the tongue ( 14) has a formed or formable earth channel.The invention is characterized in that the cable plow system (10) has an additional plow (16), the additional plow (16) being arranged behind the cable plow (11) in an intended direction of travel (F), and wherein the additional plow (16) for inserting a number of line strips (17) and/or cover strips (18) corresponding to the number of lines (12) is designed in the ground, the additional plow (16) having a the number of plow bodies (19) corresponding to the number of laying units (13), preferably three plow bodies, each plow body (19) for laying a line strip (17) and/or a cover strip (18) above or above a corresponding line (12) is formed.

Description

The invention relates to a cable plow system.

Such cable plow systems include a cable plow for inserting one or more, for example two or three, lines, in particular pipes or cables, into the ground, with the cable plow comprising one or more, for example two or three, laying units, with the or each laying unit having a Engaging in the subsoil has a sword suitable for forming a gully and a line guide for inserting a line into the gully formed or formable by the sword.

There is a requirement, in addition to laying the lines, to also insert route tapes and cover tapes into the subsoil, with the route tapes and cover tapes being to be inserted precisely above the lines and parallel to the lines in the subsoil.

It is therefore the object of the invention to specify a new cable plow system, in particular a cable plow system which makes it possible to lay route tapes and cover tapes precisely above the lines.

This object is achieved by a cable plow system having the features of claim 1. Advantageous refinements and developments are specified in the dependent claims.

The cable plow system according to the invention is characterized in that the cable plow system has an additional plow, with the additional plow being arranged behind the cable plow in an intended direction of travel, and with the additional plow being designed for laying a number of route strips and/or cover strips corresponding to the number of lines in the subsoil is, wherein the additional plow has a number of plow bodies corresponding to the number of laying units, for example one or two or three plow bodies, wherein the or each plow body is designed for laying a route strip and/or a cover strip above or above a corresponding line.

An essential advantage of the invention lies in the fact that with the cable plow system according to the invention one or more lines and corresponding route tapes and/or cover tapes can be installed one on top of the other in the subsoil. "Above" or "on top of each other" is to be understood in particular as meaning that the route tapes and/or cover tapes, viewed in the direction of travel, are each vertically above a corresponding line and/or without or at least without any significant lateral deviation or lateral offset from the corresponding line in be brought into the ground.

It is also advantageous that the route tapes and/or cover tapes can be positioned exactly due to the plow body assigned to them and specially designed for their installation, in particular in accordance with the requirements mentioned above and below, and can also be laid without twisting or buckling the respective tape, see above that the respective band extends flat transversely to the intended direction of travel and thus to the laying direction, in particular horizontally. In other words: With the invention, the respective band can be presented flat throughout, in particular horizontally, and has no twisting or buckling, ie it extends transversely to the intended direction of travel according to its band width. The twisting and buckling of the tapes that occurs with conventional installation can thus be avoided. The invention also enables the correct flat laying of wider road and/or cover strips.

A route tape (also known as route warning tape) is a tape, in particular a film tape, which is used to protect underground lines such as cables or pipes. For this purpose, it is placed underground above the lines to be protected and can have warning notices or a warning color such as red or yellow printed on it. The route tape is intended to indicate cables or pipes laid in the ground below the tape, in order to avoid damaging or destroying these cables or pipes during earthworks. The masking tape is primarily intended to protect the underlying cable or pipe by covering or shielding it.

According to a development of the invention, each plow body is designed to form a gully, with each plow body having a first laying guide for inserting the route tape and a second laying guide for inserting the cover strip in the gully formed or formable by the plow body.

The first laying guide is preferably longer than the second laying guide, so that an outlet opening of the first laying guide is arranged further back than an outlet opening of the second laying guide, viewed in the direction of travel.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the first laying guide and the second laying guide are offset by a specified distance one above the other on the plow body, so that the route tape and the cover tape offset by this distance one above the other in the subsoil can be laid, the first laying guide being arranged above the second laying guide.

Furthermore, it can be provided that the first laying guide and the second laying guide are arranged on the plow body and the additional plow is arranged in such a position relative to the cable plow that the route tape and/or the cover tape is a predetermined distance above the line laid by a corresponding laying unit be routed through the plow body.

Each plow body has, in particular, a plow edge for producing the gully, the plow edge being provided at the front of the plow body in the intended direction of travel.

Provision is preferably made for each laying guide to be formed by an extension of the plow body which is directed backwards in the intended direction of travel and is in particular bent at least in a transition area.

Provision is particularly preferably made for each plow body to be arranged behind a corresponding laying unit in the intended direction of travel, in particular true to the track, in such a way that the route tape and/or the cover tape is laid through the plow body above and/or parallel to the line laid by the corresponding laying unit .

“True to track” means in particular that the plow body is arranged behind the corresponding laying unit in the intended direction of travel when viewed from above without any lateral deviation or offset. This means that the plow body is arranged in the same track or drives in the same track as the corresponding laying unit.

According to a development of the invention, each plow body has one or more, preferably two, hollow shafts, with the hollow shaft or shafts for guiding the track strip and/or the cover strip extending from at least one, preferably one each, inlet opening in the upper area of the plow body to an outlet opening , In particular an outlet opening on each of the laying guides of the plow body are formed.

Provision is preferably made for each plow body to have two hollow shafts, with one hollow shaft for guiding the track tape from an entry opening for the track tape in the upper area of the plow body to an outlet opening on the first laying guide for the track tape and the other hollow shaft for guiding the cover tape from one Entry opening for the cover strip in the upper region of the plow body is formed towards an exit opening on the second laying guide for the cover strip.

According to a further variant embodiment of the invention, the additional plow has a plurality of plow bodies, the plow bodies being connected to one another by one or more, preferably two, connecting means.

Provision can be made for the or one of the connecting means to be designed as a plate, with the plate preferably being Y-shaped or V-shaped, and the plow body being arranged in the lower region or on the underside of the plow body, for example welded on.

Furthermore, it can be provided that the or one of the connecting means is designed as a frame, in particular a metal frame, with the frame being arranged in the upper area of the plow body.

According to a further development of the invention, the auxiliary plow has a plurality of plow bodies, the plow bodies being arranged offset one behind the other in the intended direction of travel.

Three plow bodies are preferably provided, with a middle plow body being offset in the intended direction of travel by a specified distance behind the two outer plow bodies.

The cable plow system particularly preferably comprises a chassis, the cable plow being arranged on the chassis, preferably on an underside of the chassis or at the bottom of the chassis.

The chassis has, preferably four, wheels, the wheels each being arranged by means of a preferably telescopic support on a central unit of the chassis. Furthermore, a driver's station can be arranged on the central unit or form the central unit.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the additional plow is or can be connected to the cable plow or to the chassis by means of a connecting linkage.

The connecting linkage is preferably arranged on the connecting means designed as a frame, in particular screwed or welded on. The connecting linkage preferably comprises two rods between the connecting means designed as a frame and the Cable plow or chassis are arranged or can be arranged.

The cable plow system preferably includes a filling device for bedding material, which is arranged and designed in such a way that the bedding material can be used to fill the gully or gullies formed by the blade(s) of the cable plow and/or by the plow body(s) of the additional plow. The filling device can be an inverted hopper, the upper inlet opening for bedding material having a smaller cross-sectional area than the lower outlet opening. This has the advantage that clogging of the outlet opening by the bedding material is at least largely avoided. Alternatively, a filling device is also possible in which the inlet opening and outlet opening have the same cross-sectional area or in which the inlet opening has a larger cross-sectional area than the outlet opening, i.e. in this case the filling device is designed as a normal funnel.

The filling device is preferably arranged in front of the plow body(s) of the additional plow in the intended direction of travel. The filling device is preferably attached to the connecting linkage of the additional plow. As a result, the bedding material can be filled on or around the line or lines that have already been laid before the route and/or cover tape is then laid. This has the advantage that the respective bands remain in the intended position after laying due to the bedding material.

The filling device preferably has an upper inlet opening and a lower outlet opening. Bedding material can be placed in the inlet port in the desired amount, then exits the outlet port to bedding the routed conduit or conduits. However, it is also possible to make the outlet opening closable and thus to store bedding material in the filling device and, if necessary, to open the outlet opening in order to embed the laid line or lines.

It can be provided that the cable plow system comprises a vibration device, the vibration device being arranged on the additional plow and generating a vibration, for example a vertical vibration, of the additional plow in an activated operating state.

Furthermore, it can be provided that the vibration device has a control unit for controlling, in particular activating and/or deactivating, the vibration device.

Due to the vibration generated by the vibrating device, in particular vertical vibration, the first connecting means designed as a plate acts as a vibrating plate, with the soil being compacted with optionally filled bedding material in the area of the additional plow by means of the vibrating plate.

A further development of the invention provides that the additional plow has a clearing device, the clearing device comprising one or more, preferably two, clearing plates, the clearing plates for filling in the blade(s) of the cable plow and/or the blade(s) of the cable plow and/or the plow body(s). of the additional plow are constructed and arranged with bedding material and/or soil, the clearing device being arranged in the intended direction of travel in the rear area of the additional plow, in particular behind the plow body or bodies.

The soil can in particular be soil thrown up to the side next to the respective plug when plowing with the cable plow and/or the additional plow. The bedding material can, for example, be bedding material discharged through the hopper, which is thrown up laterally, for example, by the plow body or plow bodies of the additional plow.

The clearing device preferably has two clearing plates, the clearing plates being arranged to the side of the additional plow, the clearing plates being arranged on the additional plow inclined vertically and/or horizontally outwards in the intended direction of travel.

The two clearing plates are preferably connected to one another by means of one or more carriers. In particular, the clearing plates are attached to the additional plow by means of a carrier. The clearing plates 41 can also be attached to each other and/or to the additional plow 16 so that they can be adjusted.

In a working state of the cable plow system, the clearing plates are arranged with their lower edge on the surface of the earth. “Working condition” is understood to mean a condition of the cable plow system in which the cables are laid underground using the cable plow and the route tapes and cover strips are laid using the additional plow.

• 1 ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines erfindungsgemäßen Kabelpflugsystems in einer schematischen Darstellung mit Blick von der Seite,
• 2a eine schematische Darstellung eines Ausführungsbeispiels der Anordnung der Verlegeeinheiten des Kabelpflugs und der Pflugkörper des Zusatzpflugs eines erfindungsgemäßen Kabelpflugsystems in einer Draufsicht;
• 2b eine schematische Darstellung der mit dem in 2a dargestellten Kabelpflugsystem verlegten Leitungen, Trassenbändern und Abdeckbändern im Untergrund mit Blick in Fahrtrichtung;
• 3 ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines Zusatzpflugs des erfindungsgemäßen Kabelpflugsystems in einer dreidimensionalen Darstellung;
• 4 ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines Zusatzpflugs des erfindungsgemäßen Kabelpflugsystems in einer Seitenansicht;
• 5 den Zusatzpflug gemäß 4 in einer dreidimensionalen Darstellung;
• 6 den Zusatzpflug gemäß 4 in einer Frontansicht;
• 7 den Zusatzpflug gemäß 4 in einer Draufsicht mit Blick von unten.

The invention is also described below with regard to further features and advantages based on the description of exemplary embodiments and under Reference to the accompanying schematic drawings explained in more detail. Show it

• 1 an embodiment of a cable plow system according to the invention in a schematic representation with a view from the side,
• 2a a schematic representation of an embodiment of the arrangement of the laying units of the cable plow and the plow body of the additional plow of a cable plow system according to the invention in a plan view;
• 2 B a schematic representation of the in 2a shown cable plow system laid cables, route tapes and cover tapes in the underground with a view in the direction of travel;
• 3 an embodiment of an additional plow of the cable plow system according to the invention in a three-dimensional representation;
• 4 an embodiment of an additional plow of the cable plow system according to the invention in a side view;
• 5 according to the additional plow 4 in a three-dimensional representation;
• 6 according to the additional plow 4 in a front view;
• 7 according to the additional plow 4 in a top view looking down.

Corresponding parts and components are denoted by the same reference symbols in the figures, also across the various exemplary embodiments.

1 shows a cable plow system 10 according to the invention. The cable plow system 10 comprises a cable plow 11 and an additional plow 16. The cable plow 11 is provided for inserting three lines 12, in particular pipes or cables, into the ground. However, a cable plow for laying only one or two lines can also be provided. In the example shown, the cable plow 11 comprises three laying units 13 because of the three lines 12 to be laid, with each laying unit 13 having a sword 14 suitable for engaging in the subsoil to form a gully and a line guide 15 for laying a line 12 in the passage through the sword 14 has formed or formable gully.

The additional plow 16 is arranged behind the cable plow 11 in a planned direction of travel F, with the additional plow 16 being provided for laying a number of route strips 17 and cover strips 18 corresponding to the number of lines 12 in the subsoil, with the additional plow 16 one of the number of laying units 13 has the corresponding number of plow bodies 19, each plow body 19 being provided for laying a route strip 17 and a cover strip 18 above a corresponding line 12.

Each plow body 19 is intended to form a gully, with each plow body 19 having a first laying guide 20 for inserting the route strip 17 and a second laying guide 21 for laying the cover strip 18 in the gully formed or formable by the plow body 19. It is also possible to provide a plow body with only one laying guide for laying only one track strip or only one cover strip. Furthermore, each plow body 19 has a plow edge 29 for creating the gully, the plow edge 29 being provided at the front of the plow body 19 in the intended direction of travel F (see FIG 5 and 6 ). The laying guides 20, 21 are each formed by a rearward extension of the plow body 19 in the intended direction of travel F.

2a shows that each plow body 19 is arranged true to the track behind a corresponding laying unit 13 in the intended direction of travel F in such a way that the track strip 17 and the cover strip 18 are laid through the plow body 19 above and parallel to the line 12 laid by the corresponding laying unit 13. "True track" means in particular that the plow body 19 in plan view, as in 2a shown, is arranged without lateral deviation or without lateral offset behind the corresponding laying unit 13. This means that the plow body 19 is provided in the same track or moves in the same track as the corresponding laying unit 13. According to the exemplary embodiment 2a three laying units 13 and three corresponding plow bodies 19 are provided. In each case, a plow body 19 is arranged true to track behind a corresponding laying unit 13 . In this way, three lines 12 can be laid underground and a line strip 17 and a cover strip 18 can be laid above the corresponding line 12 in each case.

3 shows that each plow body 19 has two hollow shafts 22, 23, with a hollow shaft 22 for guiding the track belt 17 from an inlet opening 24a for the track belt 17 in the upper area of the plow body 19 to an outlet opening 25a on the first laying guide 20 for the track belt 17 and the other hollow shaft 23 for guiding the cover strip 18 from an inlet opening 24b for the cover strip 18 in the upper area of the plow body 19 to an outlet opening 25b on the second laying guide 21 for the cover strip 18 is designed.

How in particular 1 , 3 and 4 show, the first laying guide 20 and the second laying guide 21 are arranged one above the other on the plow body 19, offset by a specified distance A, so that the track belt 17 and the cover strip 18 can be laid one above the other in the ground, offset by this distance A, with the first laying guide 20 for Laying the route tape 17 is arranged above the second laying guide 21 for laying the cover tape 18. The first laying guide 20 is preferably longer than the second laying guide 21, so that the outlet opening 25a of the first laying guide 20 is arranged further to the rear, viewed in the direction of travel F, than the outlet opening 25b of the second laying guide 21.

Provision can also be made for the first laying guide 20 and the second laying guide 21 to be arranged on the plow body 19 and for the additional plow 16 to be arranged in such a position relative to the cable plow 11 that the cover strip 18 is a distance B above that defined by a corresponding laying unit 13 routed line 12 is routed through the plow body 19, as in particular in 2 B shown.

3 until 7 show that the plow bodies 19 are connected to each other by two connecting means 26,27. One of the connecting means 26 is designed as a plate which is V-shaped and is arranged on the underside 28 of the plow body 19, as for example in FIG 7 shown. The other connecting means 27 is designed as a metal frame, the frame being arranged in the upper area of the plow body 19, as for example in FIG 3 and 5 shown.

According to the exemplary embodiments 1 until 7 three plow bodies 19 are provided, with the plow bodies 19 being arranged offset one behind the other in the intended direction of travel F, so that a central plow body 19a is arranged offset in the intended direction of travel F by a predetermined distance behind the two outer plow bodies 19b, as in particular in 2a and 7 evident.

1 12 shows that the cable plow system 10 includes a chassis 30, with the cable plow 11 being located at the bottom of the chassis 30 and the auxiliary plow being located at the rear of the chassis 30. FIG. The chassis 30 has four wheels 31 , the wheels 31 each being arranged on a central unit 33 of the chassis 30 by means of a telescoping support 32 . Furthermore, a driver's stand 34 is arranged on the central unit 33 .

The additional plow 16 is connected to the chassis 30 and thus also to the cable plow 10 by means of a connecting linkage 35 . The connecting linkage 35 is arranged, in particular screwed or welded, to the connecting means 27 designed as a frame. The connecting linkage 35 comprises two rods 36 which are arranged between the connecting means 27 designed as a frame and the chassis 30 .

The cable plow system 10 includes an in 1 illustrated filling device 37 for bedding material, wherein the bedding material 46 is provided for filling the or formed by the sword or swords 14 of the cable plow 11 troughs. The hopper 37 is arranged in front of the additional plow 16 and attached to its connecting linkage 35 .

The hopper 37 has an upper inlet opening 44 and a lower outlet opening 45 for bedding material 46 . The bedding material 46 falls out of the outlet opening 45 onto the lines 12 that have already been laid and covers them or embeds them at least upwards and to the side.

The cable plow system 10 also includes a, also in 1 illustrated, vibration device 38, wherein the vibration device 38 is arranged on the additional plow 16 and generates a vibration of the additional plow 16 in an activated operating state. Furthermore, it is provided that the vibration device 38 has a control unit 39 for controlling, in particular activating and/or deactivating, the vibration device 28 .

Due to the vibration generated by the vibrating device 38, in particular a vertical vibration, the first connecting means 26 designed as a plate acts as a vibrating plate, with the soil being compacted with possibly filled bedding material by means of the vibrating plate.

The additional plow 16 also has a 3 illustrated clearing device 40, wherein the clearing device 40 comprises two clearing plates 41, the clearing plates 41 being provided for filling the earth channels created by the swords 14 of the cable plow 11 and/or by the plow body 19 of the additional plow 16 with bedding material or soil, the Clearing device 40 is provided in the intended direction of travel F in the rear area of the additional plow 16 . The soil can in particular be soil thrown up laterally next to the respective plug 11, 16 when plowing with the cable plow 11 and/or the additional plow 16. The bedding material can, for example, be bedding material 46 discharged through the hopper 37, which is thrown up laterally, for example, by the plow body 19 of the additional plow 16.

The clearing plates 41 are arranged to the side of the additional plow 16, the clearing plates 41 being arranged in the intended direction of travel F, preferably both vertically and horizontally inclined outwards on the additional plow 16, as for example in 3 shown. The two clearing plates 41 are connected to one another by means of two supports 42 . Furthermore, the clearing plates 41 are fastened to the auxiliary plow 16 by means of one of the supports 42 . The clearing plates 41 can also be attached to each other and/or to the additional plow 16 so that they can be adjusted.

When the cable plow system 11 is in a working state, the clearing plates 41 are arranged with their lower edge 43 on the surface of the earth. “Working state” is understood to mean a state of the cable plow system 10 in which the lines 12 are laid underground using the cable plow 10 and the route strips 17 and cover strips 18 using the additional plow 16 .

reference list

10

cable plow system

11

cable plow

12

Management

13

laying unit

14

sword

15

wiring

16

additional plow

17

route tape

18

masking tape

19

plow body

19a

medium plow body

19b

outer plow body

20

first laying guide

21

second laying guide

22

hollow shaft

23

hollow shaft

24a

entry opening

24b

entry opening

25a

exit port

25b

exit port

26

lanyard

27

lanyard

28

bottom

29

plow edge

30

chassis

31

wheel

32

support

33

central unit

34

driver's stand

35

connecting linkage

36

pole

37

filling device

38

vibration device

39

control unit

40

clearing device

41

clearing plate

42

carrier

43

bottom edge

44

upper opening

45

lower opening

46

bedding material

47

earth surface

f

driving direction

A

Distance

B

Distance

Claims (15)

Cable plow system (10), comprising a cable plow (11) for laying one or more lines (12) in the ground, wherein the cable plow (11) comprises one or more laying units (13), the or each laying unit (13) having an engaging has a sword (14) suitable for forming a gully in the ground and a line guide (15) for laying a line (12) in the gully formed or formable by the sword (14), characterized in that the cable plow system (10) has an additional plow (16), wherein the additional plow (16) is arranged behind the cable plow (11) in an intended direction of travel (F), and wherein the additional plow (16) for inserting a number of route strips (17 ) and/or cover strips (18) is formed in the ground, the additional plow (16) having a number of plow bodies (19) corresponding to the number of laying units (13), the or each plow body (19) for laying a line strip (17) and/or a cover strip (18) above or in each case above a corresponding line (12). cable plow system claim 1 , characterized in that each plow body (19) to formation of a gully, each plow body (19) having a first laying guide (20) for laying in the route tape (17) and a second laying guide (21) for laying the cover strip (18) in the path formed or capable of being formed by the plow body (19). has gully. cable plow system claims 2 , characterized in that the first laying guide (20) and the second laying guide (21) are arranged offset by a specified distance (A) one above the other on the plow body (19), so that the track strip (17) and the cover strip (18) around this Distance (A) can be laid one above the other in the subsoil, the first laying guide (20) being arranged above the second laying guide (21). Cable plow system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that each plow body (19) is arranged behind a corresponding laying unit (13) in the intended direction of travel (F) in such a way that the track strip (17) and/or the cover strip (18) is above and /or is laid through the plow body (19) parallel to the line (12) laid by the corresponding laying unit (13). Cable plow system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that each plow body (19) has one or more hollow shafts (22, 23), the hollow shaft or shafts (22; 23) for guiding the route strip (17) and/or the cover strip ( 18) from at least one inlet opening (24a; 24b) in the upper area of the plow body (19) to an outlet opening (25a; 25b) of the plow body (19). Cable plow system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the auxiliary plow (16) has a plurality of plow bodies (19), the plow bodies (19) being connected to one another by one or more connecting means (26; 27). cable plow system claim 6 , characterized in that the or one of the connecting means (26) is designed as a plate and in the lower area of the plow body (19) or on the underside (28) of the plow body (19) is arranged. cable plow system claim 6 or 7 , characterized in that the or one of the connecting means (27) is designed as a frame, the frame being arranged in the upper area of the plow body (19). Cable plow system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the additional plow (16) has several plow bodies (19), the plow bodies (19) being offset one behind the other in the intended direction of travel (F). Cable plow system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cable plow system (10) comprises a chassis (30), the cable plow (11) being arranged on the chassis (30). cable plow system claim 10 , characterized in that the additional plow (16) is connected or can be connected to the cable plow (10) or to the chassis (30) by means of a connecting linkage (35). Cable plow system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cable plow system (10) comprises a filling device (37) for bedding material, which is arranged and designed in such a way that the bedding material is fed through the blade(s) (14) of the cable plow (11) and/or the gully or gullies formed by the plow body or bodies (19) of the additional plow (16) can be filled. Cable plow system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cable plow system comprises a vibration device (38), the vibration device (38) being arranged on the additional plow (16) and generating a vibration of the additional plow (16) in an activated operating state. Cable plow system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the additional plow (16) has a clearing device (40), the clearing device (40) comprising one or more clearing plates (41), the clearing plates (41) for filling the or the through the blade(s) (14) of the cable plow (11) and/or the soil grooves formed by the plow body(s) (19) of the additional plow (16) are constructed and arranged with bedding material and/or soil, with the clearing device (40) in the intended Direction of travel (F) is arranged in the rear area of the additional plow (16). cable plow system Claim 14 , characterized in that the clearing device (4) has two clearing plates (41), the clearing plates (41) being arranged to the side of the additional plow (16), the clearing plates (41) being vertical and/or horizontal in the intended direction of travel (F). are arranged inclined outwards on the additional plow (16).

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