DE102010054170A1 - Device for generating electrical energy by converting heat into torques and method for operating a power generator by torque generation by means of heat - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a device for converting heat into electrical energy by generating torque. Essentially, a generator, a pump or compressor and a turbine are used, which are connected to one another by a common force transmission means. These parts are housed in a hermetically sealed housing filled with liquid carbon dioxide, the heat being removed from a heat exchanger within a closed flow circuit, which is also filled with carbon dioxide, thereby causing the turbine to be driven. A method for operating such a device is also described.

Description

The invention relates to a device in which by a torque generation, a conversion of heat into electrical energy, wherein the device consists essentially of a generator, a pump or a compressor and a turbine. Likewise, the invention relates to a method for operating a power generator via a torque generation, in particular from heat.

Heat can be transferred from a higher body to such a lower temperature by conduction, convection and radiation. For this purpose, devices are used, which are referred to as heat exchangers. In the heat exchangers is from a heat-carrying medium, for. As a gas or a liquid, a portion of its amount of heat either directly or indirectly earmarked transferred to another medium. This other medium may for example be a coolant.

Such a heat exchanger for converting heat into electrical energy is for example the DE 198 11 800 A1 refer to. This z. For example, a closed-cycle gas turbine is used in which heat energy is transferred through a heat exchanger to a gas and the gas is circulated in a closed system, conducting mechanical work that is converted into electrical energy in coupling with an electrical generator.

The DE 10 234 568 A1 relates to a method for convective energy production in a fluidically closed circulation system, in which a heat transfer medium, which is also working fluid circulates, the hydro- and thermodynamically at least one heat source and a heat sink of different temperature with each other and in the areas of the heat source and sink a heat exchange between the circulating heat transfer medium and heat reservoir, in particular via installed heat exchangers, wherein the heat source is located in particular locally below the heat sink, so that as a result of heat exchange processes, the heat transfer medium is subjected to a convective hydromechanical flow, so that over local sections of the circulatory system or within the flowing Heat transfer medium pressure differences build, summarizing a thermally initiated gravimetrically convective flowing heat transfer Me resulting in circulation. Here, from the collectively driven heat transfer medium flow, which undergoes a hydro- and thermodynamically closed loop process with phase transformation in the wiring harness system, work machines averages and decouples energy.

A countercurrent heat exchanger with two separate volume flows and a heat exchange element is disclosed by the disclosure of DE 20 2008 010 691 A1 known.

The general increase in the cost of energy has triggered a major incentive to reduce energy consumption. The recovery of heat energy with the help of heat exchangers also plays a major role here.

Both the increasing scarcity of energy sources in connection with the ever-increasing problems of quantitative security of supply as well as cost-effectiveness considerations, in particular as a result of the strong increases in energy prices, mean that, for example, waste heat generates electrical energy. Here, the use of heat exchangers plays a prominent role in the entirety of the measures.

In the heat exchangers, for example, natural refrigerants such as ammonia, water, hydrocarbons, air (noble gas) and carbon dioxide are used. These agents have no ozone depletion potential and no or only a low global warming potential. The natural refrigerant carbon dioxide is non-flammable and non-toxic. Carbon dioxide has a very large volumetric cooling capacity, the circulating volume of refrigerant is therefore relatively small. Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound of carbon and oxygen (CO ₂ ). Carbon dioxide is produced by burning carbonaceous fuels, especially fossil fuels. Below a critical temperature of 31 ° Celsius, carbon dioxide can be compressed by increasing the pressure to a colorless liquid. Depending on the temperature, this happens at a pressure of 5.18 bar or more. At room temperature, on the other hand, a pressure of about 60 bar is required. The critical pressure at the critical temperature is approximately 73.8 bar.

The refrigerant used is carbon dioxide under the name R 744 in vehicles and stationary air conditioning systems, in industrial refrigeration technology, etc.

Carbon dioxide as a refrigerant is used for example for a refrigerant circuit, which in the DE 10 2005 017 918 A1 is described.

Turbines or pumps, which are constructed according to the same principle, for example, the US 6,227,795 . US 2002/0182054 and US Pat. No. 1,329,559 be removed. Such devices have a runner, which consists of a Number of solid, flat discs, which are mounted on a shaft. The discs are distanced accordingly by intermediate rings and have at their center a plurality of openings, which may for example be spoke-like or the like. Housed is this rotor in a housing which has at least one inlet at its periphery. As an outlet, the existing breakthroughs are used near the shaft. When used as a turbine, the above-described introduction of the medium via the outer inlet applies, but when used as a pump, the medium to be pumped and compressed is introduced in the opposite direction over the central region of the openings.

By the EP 0 161 832 B1 an annular permanent magnet system has become known. This permanent magnet system is used to generate homogeneous magnetic fields and consists of individual segments that have not been placed close to each other with gaps. By this particular arrangement of the magnets, a preselected magnetic field is generated in the interior, wherein the magnet segments have been magnetized in different specific directions, so as to produce a homogeneous magnetic field in the interior.

Similar systems are out of the US 2003/0094873 A1 and for example from the JP 2007-15 92 41 A1 refer to.

A rotor assembly for an electric machine shows the DE 10 2004 017 507 A1 in which permanent magnets are embedded within a rotor body, which consists of a plurality of anisotropic individual magnets, which are arranged in the rotor body along lines and magnetized.

With the DE 10 2004 017 157 B4 For example, a method of manufacturing a rotor assembly and a rotor assembly for an electric machine has been set forth. In the method of manufacturing the rotor assembly, an arrangement of permanent magnets which are embedded in a spoke-like manner of isotropic magnetic material in the rotor body and magnetized by an external magnetization device in the installed state is described in the rotor body.

The DE 44 14 527 C1 discloses an electrically commutated DC machine having a permanent magnet rotor with a cylindrical air gap and a homogeneous magnetic field with a straight line and radial field line course and constantly changing polarity. There is used an ironless stator assembly having a self-supporting stator winding consisting of wire-shaped conductor material and cured synthetic resin having straight winding section extending inside the air gap.

The object of the invention is to provide a device for converting heat energy from different heat sources into electrical energy by means of a torque generation which works extremely effectively. Such a device should have a high efficiency and be inexpensive to manufacture, also a maintenance-free operation is required, which requires no or low operating costs.

The object of the invention is achieved by a device for converting heat into electrical energy by means of torque generation by the claims 1 and 2 and by a method for operating a power generation by means of torque generation. The dependent claims provide a further embodiment of the inventive concept again.

The device according to the invention essentially has a turbine with a pump arranged on a common shaft and a generator. Both the generator and the pump and the turbine are forcibly connected to each other by the common power transmission means. To heat sources of any kind, especially waste heat sources whose energy is otherwise lost and only contributes to the environmental impact of generating electrical energy, a first heat exchanger is used, which is deprived of heat by a circuit corresponding. This primarily extracted heat is introduced into the turbine by means of a medium, preferably a refrigerant or coolant, which preferably consists of carbon dioxide and is liquid at this point. In a first start-up of the device, it is necessary that the generator, which is used in this case as a motor, is supplied from the outside corresponding electrical energy, so that the entire process is triggered. This means that the motor starts to rotate and inevitably drives the pump and the turbine with it. Due to the rotational movement of the motor, the pump compresses the coolant and presses it under high pressure through the first heat exchanger to absorb the heat energy and then into the turbine. The turbine is, in a preferred embodiment, configured to have a rotor consisting of a number of fixed, spaced, flat disks fixed on the common shaft. The discs have at the same time in the region of the shaft a plurality of openings which serve to let the recessed refrigerant escape again.

If the shaft is set in rotation by the motor during commissioning, so will the disk package of the turbine is set in rotation. Due to the circulation, the coolant is admitted by the first heat exchanger under pressure in a liquid state between the rotating disks. Here, by adhesion and internal friction of the discs, the liquid coolant is taken from the discs and it is exposed to two forces simultaneously. This leads to a tangential force in the direction of movement and in a radially outward force. Due to the cumulative effect of these tangential forces and centrifugal forces, the coolant is moved at an ever increasing rate in a spiral path until it arrives at the outlet in the region of the continuous common shaft. In this case, the individual liquid particles of the coolant will make several revolutions within the turbine, which leads to an increase in the performance of such a turbine and a switchover of the starter motor to generator operation. At the same time an increase and increase in the peripheral speed is associated with it. The turbine with the liquid coolant introduced becomes the drive for the entire device for generating a torque of heat. It is understood that the greater the disc diameter and the longer the spiral path of the coolant and thus the greater their internal friction, the greater the distance between the individual discs can be. This friction drives the turbine.

The coolant, which is preferably introduced into the turbine as carbon dioxide in the liquid state, leaves the turbine in the gaseous state through the openings of the disks in the region of the drive shaft. The emerging from the turbine energy carrier medium in the form of the coolant, which is now gaseous, enters the shaft and is guided via outlets of the shaft to a second heat exchanger. At this heat exchanger, a further cooling of the coolant is effected. After cooling by the second heat exchanger, the coolant is introduced via the coolant circuit back into the common shaft, but a partition between the prescribed outlets and the now inactive take-offs of the drive shaft is present in the pump. The cooled refrigerant is introduced into the pump in the area of the shaft by an analogous structure of the pump with respect to the turbine through the openings in the discs in the area of the common shaft. The coolant is now entrained in the turbine due to the rotation of the discs, as already stated, and it takes its tortuous path and thereby undergoes compression to the outlet located at the outlet and thus at the largest circumference of the discs. By the compression, the coolant is liquefied again and then enters the liquefied state in the first heat exchanger again. Thus, the coolant circuit is closed in itself. Once the engine has received a certain speed, due to the heat extracted from the first heat exchanger, the turbine will run with the pump itself, so that the engine can be switched over to generator operation. As long as corresponding heat energy is supplied via the first heat exchanger and cooling of the coolant takes place via the second heat exchanger, the device continues to run and thus results in torque generation on the shaft, which can be referred to as a force transmission means.

By such a method with such a device, electrical energy can be generated inexpensively from a heat source by means of torque generation in an effective manner.

In a further preferred embodiment, the device described above can be closed by a common housing. The advantage of such a housing is that also this housing is filled with the existing coolant within the circuit. This means that here at the critical point of about 73 bar and a temperature of 31 ° Celsius, the carbon dioxide is liquid

In this preferred embodiment, the advantage is that no leakage to a filling of the flow circuit for the operation of the device may occur because due to the common housing, the environment of the described device is also filled with the coolant.

Since, due to the stated object, such a device should operate with high efficiency, in addition to the use of the effective turbine and the pump with its disc structure, a generator is used, which is operable both as a generator and a motor. This consists of a standing, cylindrical plunger coil, which is designed as a self-supporting air coil with at least two windings. Depending on the number of phases, the coil may also have a plurality of windings. The individual windings are bifilar and at the same time wound meander-shaped, in such a way that the bifilarity is not carried out in opposite directions. Thus, the individual windings are bifilar wound and gleichsinning connected in series, so that a plunger coil is created, which has a double turn number about four times the inductance over conventional coils. By such a winding arrangement is achieved that add in the working gap, the magnetic fields and at the same time cancel this in the winding head. By lifting the electric fields in the Winding heads are reduced losses, which are otherwise converted into heat.

Such a plunger coil is impregnated by means of a corresponding temperature-resistant resin, wherein the resin can also be reinforced with, for example, glass fibers.

The conductor material for the individual windings consists of one or a plurality of twisted strands.

To the cylindrical, standing plunger coil are arranged in a first preferred embodiment outside in a rotating mold directly juxtaposed permanent single magnetic segments in their diameter. The permanent single magnet segments are enclosed to the outside by a ring arrangement in the form of an outer shield. Thus, an EMC-dense electrical machine is created at the same time and on the other hand provided for a sufficient magnetic inference. Due to the individual magnetic segments to be described, the proportion of outward magnetic field lines is indeed small, but even this small amount is still virtually eliminated in its entirety by the inference.

The Permanenteinzelmagnetsegmente directly to each other without gaps have each with respect to the adjacent permanent magnet system on a magnetic design in different number of poles. According to the design of the plunger coil in their number of poles, it is thus possible that the Permanenteinzelmagnetsegmente summarized in groups in the same number as the electric poles are also present in the air-core coil. Due to the fact that the individual different permanent magnet segments have different preferred magnetization directions, a directional magnetic, amplified homogenous magnetic field results, which is aligned with its polarity and number of poles to the air-core coil.

Such permanent magnet excited motors or generators have the advantage that they require no additional energy to generate their own magnetic field. This fact significantly increases the efficiency. Likewise, such electrical machines require a much smaller space. There is no loss of the excitation winding, because they have been replaced by permanent magnets. Permanent magnet-excited motors are among the DC motors. Also by the use of the replaceable plunger coil a reduction in the design is created, which is ironless except for the shielding ring. This eliminates the usually existing cogging torque, which means that such an electric machine can rotate completely free. Another advantage is that even significantly higher speeds can be achieved with a much higher efficiency by the use of the cylindrical standing plunger coil. This is partly because the rotational moment of inertia is much lower.

Such an electric machine described above can be used in addition to the execution as a motor as a generator. In this case, the generator converts, for example, mechanical energy from the generation of torque or the like into electrical energy. This mechanical energy can be generated for example by driving by gas turbine, steam turbine, steam heat, wind power or the like.

Both the engine and the generator of the type described above are to be referred to as a synchronous machine.

In order to achieve a further increase in the efficiency, an electric machine is proposed in a further preferred embodiment according to claim 2, which also has a permanent single magnetic segment arrangement within the cylindrical plunger coil. As a result, a working gap, which is partially occupied by the plunger coil, is formed between the outer ring consisting of individual permanent magnet segments and the inner permanent magnet magnet segment arrangement. On each side of the plunger coil there are air gaps on each side.

The inner Permanenteinzelmagnetsegmentanordnung is positively and positively coupled to the outer ring assembly of the Permanenteinzelmagnetsegmente and arranged according to the number of poles of the outer ring assembly so that a unipolar design.

The Permanenteinzelmagnetsegmente the outer ring assembly are magnetized prior to assembly within the shield according to a certain scheme so that they each occupy a different preferred magnetization. This creates a directional, amplified, magnetic homogeneous magnetic field within the plunger coil. The individual permanent magnet segments, which are arranged directly without gaps or spacings, essentially assume a trapezoidal shape in their cross section, the base being determined by the inner diameter of the surrounding shield. The upper surface of the approximate trapezoidal shape is determined according to the radius of the plunger coil.

The different preferred magnetization is a so-called Halbach system. Such Halbachmagnetsystem generates an extremely homogeneous magnetic field. In the case of the permanent magnets according to the invention, virtually every segment thus receives a specific preferred direction. Due to the size of the individual magnet segments, this results in a deviation from the homogeneity of the magnetic field generated in the region of the plunger coil. To keep this deviation in the magnetic field as low as possible, it is therefore necessary to make a fine segmentation. Although this increases the production cost, but it creates a more homogeneous magnetic field.

The permanent single magnetic segments are made of isotropic permanent magnet material. Because the entire magnet system consists of a multiplicity of permanent magnet segments arranged close to one another, it is necessary for the preferred direction of magnetization also to vary locally within the individual segments.

The magnet material used is isotropic materials with an approximately linear characteristic in the second quadrant. Furthermore, materials can also be used in which the coercive field strength is substantially greater than the ratio of remanence to the magnetic field constant. Such materials are sintered or plastic bonded ferrites or rare earth magnets.

With the above-described devices can be produced, for example, from waste heat or the like cost electrical energy. In particular, the device is suitable for generating electrical energy in connection with systems in which, for example, by solar radiation heating of an energy carrier takes place.

The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to various embodiments.

It shows:

1 : A schematic representation of a first preferred embodiment;

2 a schematic representation of a second preferred embodiment;

3 a schematic representation of a third preferred embodiment;

4 a schematic sectional view of a generator design;

5 FIG. 1 shows an arrangement of a first preferred embodiment of the electric machine with the arrangement of a plunger coil and an outer magnet arrangement; FIG.

6 : as 3 but with an internal magnet system disposed within the plunger coil;

7 a schematic representation of the distribution of the magnetic, directed field strengths within the permanent single magnetic segments;

8th a permanent single magnet segment in a preferred magnetization direction embodiment;

9 : as 8th but with a changed preferred direction of magnetization;

10 : as 9 but with a changed preferred direction of magnetization;

11 : a winding diagram for a plunger coil.

The 1 shows a first preferred embodiment of a device for converting heat into electrical energy by means of a torque generation. This is a motor / generator 2 available on a power transmission vehicle 4 in the form of a shaft or axle with a pump 3 or a compressor is operatively connected, wherein at the same time the force transmission means 4 also in operative connection with a turbine 5 stands. The power transmission means 4 is for example between the turbine 5 and the pump 3 as a hollow shaft with a partition 7 executed, which will be used later.

About a closed flow circuit through a first heat exchanger is the turbine 5 by means of the shaft 4 and a second heat exchanger 1 with subsequent entry into the wave 4 via a pump 3 back to the first heat exchanger 8th shown as a closed circuit. Both the turbine 5 as well as the pump 3 are formed in this embodiment as a disk-shaped structure in an analogous manner. The flow circuit has a coolant, which preferably consists of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is easy to produce or is in sufficient form. In a first startup of such a device according to the 1 it is necessary that the generator 2 is set in rotation with its motor function by applying an external energy. From a certain speed, when the energy supplier as the first heat exchanger 8th with his Heat dissipation acts, can switch the engine function to generator function.

Through the first heat exchanger 8th the necessary energy is supplied to the whole system. Such a heat exchanger is most effectively carried out as a countercurrent heat exchanger, because thereby an overall higher efficiency is achieved. Through the pump 3 the coolant is liquefied and compressed at the same time. This liquefied compressed refrigerant is passed through the first heat exchanger 8th pressed with the working fluid heated. After leaving the first heat exchanger 8th is due to the flow circuit, the coolant in the turbine 5 admitted. This intake is done via corresponding inlet nozzles, the turbine 5 can also be designed as a resonance turbine, preferably in a duplex arrangement. In such a resonant turbine, the individual disks would have small pockets or bulges at their periphery, so as to better encourage the liquid refrigerant to the turbine 5 to set in rotation. In this case, the refrigerant with an approximately equal flow rate in the turbine 5 introduced. Subsequently, the refrigerant is now on its usual path resistant to the central outlet, which is in the area of the shaft 4 is located and not shown, expand. The expansion takes place mainly along the spiral paths, because the expansion inward counteract the centrifugal force and the great resistance to radial outflow. By this way of introducing the refrigerant into the turbine 5 this is brought to a high rotational speed, which at the same time the pump 3 and the generator 2 drives. After leaving the turbine 5 the refrigerant has relaxed and gets over the hollow shaft 4 by means of the outlets 6 subsequently in the gaseous state to a second heat exchanger 1 forwarded. In the second heat exchanger 1 Cooling of the coolant takes place. After cooling, the flow circuit carries the gaseous coolant to the pump 3 over in the wave 4 existing inlets 9 , The hollow shaft in this area 4 points between the outlets 6 and the inlets 9 a partition 7 so that the coolant can not get from one side to the other side. The cooled down coolant is transferred via the flow circuit into the central area of the pump 3 taken in and taken by the high rotational speed and due to the adhesion and the internal friction on the discs having a smooth surface or a microstructured surface. Due to this vortex formation within the pump 3 At the same time, the coolant will be compressed in such a way that it liquefies again and thus in the liquid state at the inlet of the first heat exchanger 8th arrives. From here, the cycle of the coolant begins anew, resulting in a warming with subsequent entry into the turbine 5 leads.

A further preferred embodiment of a device for converting thermal energy via a torque generation into electrical energy shows the 2 , In contrast to the embodiment of 1 is an additional housing in this embodiment 2 10 present, which hermetically encloses the entire structure of the prescribed preferred embodiment. In this case 10 After appropriate evacuation, the coolant has also been filled in the form of carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide is also filled under the high pressure liquefied. It is understood that in the first heat exchanger 8th and the second heat exchanger 1 the parts of the heat exchangers 1 . 8th , which are not traversed by the flow circuit, outside the housing 10 to find oneself. For appropriate insulation care is taken at this point.

The advantage of the execution of such a hermetically sealed housing 10 This is because there is only a slight pressure difference with respect to the pressure within the flow circuit on the entire rotating parts and seals. This means a substantial extension of the lifetime of such a device.

In a further preferred embodiment according to the 3 is still achieved an increase in efficiency. This is done by a bypass 67 a portion of the cooled coolant from the second heat exchanger 1 diverted and it is thus a cooling of the generator 2 achieved with his windings. The heated, escaping coolant from the generator 2 is either directly in the area of the hollow shaft 4 over an inlet 9 inserted and thus enters the flow circuit of the pump 3 or in another preferred embodiment, it may also have a further additional heat exchanger 66 be guided. This heat exchanger 66 Among other things, flows through the flow circuit on the one hand, which means that here a so-called preheating of the coolant is carried out before it in the first heat exchanger 8th arrives.

Such a device for converting heat into electrical energy by means of torque generation runs at a very high speed, which at the same time includes an increase in the efficiency.

Subsequently, reference will now be made to the execution of the generator.

Such an embodiment of an electric machine as a generator / motor 2 can he 4 are taken in a schematic representation. By means of the scheme 30 The generated energy is extracted in the form of electrical energy via the connecting cables. The wave 4 is over camp 49 in a bearing block 48 rotatably mounted.

As already stated, the individual permanent magnet segments are 12 to 23 kept as small as possible, but also the economy in the production of such magnet segments must be considered. In the 8th to 10 is again on the geometric cross-section of the rod-shaped permanent magnet segments 16 . 17 . 18 and their preferred direction of magnetization received. The permanent magnet segments have this 16 . 17 . 18 , which have been taken out here by way of example from the entire magnetic ring, essentially the shape of a trapezoid. This would be the most economically viable embodiment, because such a production is associated with low costs. However, if you want to increase the efficiency of such a permanent magnet segment and at the same time the installation safety, then, for example, in the outer region of the permanent magnet segments 16 . 17 . 18 according to the 8th . 9 . 10 a radius 64 be attached to the inner radius of a closing ring 11 equivalent. This will make a good contact with the end ring 11 executed. In the interior of the electric machine, ie on the narrower lower side of the trapezoidal trapezoidal segment is a further slurping of this page in the form of a radius 65 given. This radius 65 is similar in shape to an outer air gap 32 at. The shape of the permanent magnet segment with its outer segment axes 28 is determined by that of the outer radius 64 based on the center of the entire arrangement, lateral segment axes 28 available. Thus, for example, rotations of the segment axes of 15 ° to the existing permanent magnet system may prove to be particularly economical. However, it is possible with appropriate design, other degrees of segment axes with a different number of poles.

The individual permanent magnet segments 12 to 23 are equipped with different preferred magnetization directions. This can also the 7 . 8th . 9 and 10 be taken again in a detailed representation. Almost half the height of a permanent magnet segment 16 . 17 . 18 there is an imaginary field axis 29 , Starting from this field axis 29 a different magnetization is made in the direction, which is approximately 90 ° to the field axis 29 extends. The magnetization changes due to the circular shape of the permanent magnet segments 12 to 23 For example, at each of the individual magnets to a fixed angle degree. Thus, in the embodiment of the 8th the preferred magnetization direction north-south, starting from the field axis 29 diametrically opposed to the radius 64 and 65 directed north-south. In which the permanent magnet segment 18 subsequent further permanent magnet segment 17 is this segment axis 28 by a certain angular degree, which varies according to the number of poles of the generator 2 directed, wandered in a clockwise direction. This means that the preferential magnetization direction like the 9 can be taken, no longer given diametrically. When considering the 10 it becomes clear that the field axis 29 has rotated by a fixed angle degree further clockwise and thus the magnetization direction north-south is rotated further in a clockwise direction.

From the 5 can the interaction of the individual permanent magnet segments 12 to 23 once again in its entirety within the shielding ring 11 , which also serves as a magnetic inference, are considered. This version is a four-pole version, so always the field axis 29 and 30 ° within the individual permanent magnet segments 12 to 23 turns clockwise. This is both in an execution as a motor 2 or generator applied in the same way.

The magnetization of the individual permanent magnet segments resulting from the preferred magnetization direction 12 to 23 can in the 7 are taken in a schematic representation. Here it turns out that there are grouped field distributions 46 . 47 for the north and south poles comes and thus a directed magnetic flux of the magnetic field with the poles to the coil 24 given is. Next, this illustration of the 7 can be taken that outward weakening of the magnetic fields takes place and thus it to a directed concentration in the direction of the coil 24 comes.

In the further preferred embodiment of the 6 is additionally in the center of the plunger coil 24 with the help of a carrier 38 another magnet segment arrangement 34 . 35 . 36 . 37 came. Since it is in the outer arrangement of the magnet segments 12 to 23 around a four-pole version of a generator 2 is, of course, the center with the magnetic carrier 38 as a four-pole version with the magnet segments 34 to 37 have been carried out. Here are the permanent magnet segments 34 to 37 with their magnetic poles relative to the outer magnetic poles of the permanent magnet segments 17 to 23 arranged unipolar. In the working gap between the outer Permanent magnet segments 12 to 23 and the inner permanent magnet segments 34 . 35 . 36 . 37 is the plunger coil 24 used stationary. Thus, in this embodiment, two air gaps, namely an outer air gap, are formed 32 and an inner air gap 33 with the intermediate coil 24 , The inner permanent magnet segment 34 to 37 is non-positive and positive in the illustrated orientation with the outer magnet segment 31 connected, so that an increased efficiency is given, wherein both permanent magnet segments rotate synchronously uniform.

The number of poles of such an electric machine both when executing an engine 2 as well as a generator 8th is arbitrary and can be specified by the use, for example. It is also up to the use to determine the number of phases of such an electrical machine.

From the 11 may be a preferred winding scheme, for example, for a six-phase design of a coil 24 be removed. This illustration of the winding diagram makes it clear that the individual windings have been produced in a meandering and bifilar manner, preferably using twisted strands. When considering, for example, a winding start 55 it becomes clear that in the upper and lower winding heads 56 . 57 there is a cancellation of the magnetic fields due to the arrangement of the individual strands. This also applies to the other illustrated winding beginnings 50 . 51 . 52 . 53 and 54 to, the total at the coil ends 58 . 59 . 60 . 61 . 62 . 63 end up. Furthermore, this representation of the 11 be taken that with the bifilar running windings of the coil 24 the supply via the winding start 50 to 55 and the end of the winding end 58 to 63 lying at one point. Likewise, the bifilarity results from the fact that the individual strands are virtually led back and back and not circulate once as usual. Such a structure results in a magnetic field of alternating polarity. The fields add up in the working gap of the electric machine and in the winding heads they cancel each other out. The efficiency is thereby increased. The individual wires or strands of windings for the coil 24 are preferably held together by a fiber-reinforced plastic.

As a preferred magnetic material isotropic materials are used which are sintered or plastic bonded and belong to the group of rare earths.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

second heat exchanger

2

Generator / motor

3

Pump / compressor

4

Power transmission means

5

turbine

6

outlet

7

partition wall

8th

first heat exchanger

9

inlet

10

casing

11

end ring

12

Permanent individual magnetic segment

13

Permanent individual magnetic segment

14

Permanent individual magnetic segment

15

Permanent individual magnetic segment

16

Permanent individual magnetic segment

17

Permanent individual magnetic segment

18

Permanent individual magnetic segment

19

Permanent individual magnetic segment

20

Permanent individual magnetic segment

22

Permanent individual magnetic segment

23

Permanent individual magnetic segment

24

Kitchen sink

25

central element

26

magnetic segment

27

magnetic segment

28

segment axis

29

field axis

30

regulation

31

outer magnet system

32

outer air gap

33

inner air gap

34

Permanent magnet segment

35

Permanent magnet segment

36

Permanent magnet segment

37

Permanent magnet segment

38

carrier

39

Permanent magnet segment

40

Permanent magnet segment

41

Permanent magnet segment

42

Permanent magnet segment

43

Permanent magnet segment

44

Permanent magnet segment

45

ground

46

field distribution

47

field distribution

48

bearing block

49

camp

50

winding start

51

winding start

52

winding start

53

winding start

54

winding start

55

winding start

56

winding head

57

winding head

58

winding end

59

winding end

60

winding end

61

winding end

62

winding end

63

winding end

64

radius

65

radius

66

heat exchangers

67

bypass flow

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• DE 19811800 A1 [0003]
• DE 10234568 A1 [0004]
• DE 202008010691 A1 [0005]
• DE 102005017918 A1 [0010]
• US 6227795 [0011]
• US 2002/0182054 [0011]
• US 1329559 [0011]
• EP 0161832 B1 [0012]
• US 2003/0094873 A1 [0013]
• JP 2007-159241 A1 [0013]
• DE 102004017507 A1 [0014]
• DE 102004017157 B4 [0015]
• DE 4414527 C1 [0016]

Claims (13)

Device for converting heat into electrical energy by torque generation, essentially consisting of a generator ( 2 ), a pump ( 3 ) or a compressor and a turbine ( 5 ) transmitted by a common transmission 4 ) are coupled together and in a hermetically sealed and filled with liquid coolant housing ( 10 ), the turbine ( 5 ) and the pump ( 3 ) or the compressor through an inner flow circuit via a first heat exchanger ( 8th ) and a second heat exchanger ( 1 ) are connected, wherein in this flow circuit also the coolant is present in liquid and gaseous form. Device for converting heat into electrical energy by torque generation, essentially consisting of a generator ( 2 ), a pump ( 3 ) or a compressor and a turbine ( 5 ) transmitted by a common transmission 4 ) are coupled together, wherein the turbine ( 5 ) and the pump ( 3 ) or the compressor through an inner flow circuit via a first heat exchanger ( 8th ) and a second heat exchanger ( 1 ) are connected, wherein in this flow circuit, the coolant is present in liquid and gaseous form. Device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the force transmission means ( 4 ) running as a common shaft between the turbine ( 5 ) and the pump ( 3 ) as a hollow shaft with a partition wall ( 7 ) is executed, wherein the hollow shaft on its circumference outlets ( 6 ) and inlets ( 9 ) for the refrigerant. Device according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the turbine ( 5 ) and the pump ( 3 ) are identical in design. Device according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mechanical structure of the turbine ( 5 ) and the pump ( 3 ) substantially out of the power transmission means ( 4 ) arranged in spaced parallel, circular discs, wherein in the region of the force transmission means ( 4 ) Openings are present. Device according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the surfaces of the discs is formed smooth or microstructured. Device according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the turbine ( 5 ) is designed as a resonant turbine, preferably in a duplex arrangement with two inlet nozzles. Device according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the resonant turbine ( 5 ) are formed on the circumference of the discs pockets or indentations. Device according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the region of the outlets ( 6 ) on the turbine ( 5 ) of the hollow shaft ( 4 ) fluidic connections to the second heat exchanger ( 1 ) and from this to the inlets ( 9 ) of the hollow shaft ( 4 ) on the pump ( 3 ) available. Device according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the generator / motor ( 2 ) with a standing, cylindrical plunger coil ( 24 ), which is designed as a self-supporting air-core coil with at least two windings wound in a bifilar and meandering manner and by a rotating, directly juxtaposed plurality of permanent magnet segments ( 12 to 23 ) existing ring assembly with an outer shielding ring ( 11 ), wherein the individual magnet segments ( 12 to 23 ) each have a different preferred direction of magnetization to the preceding permanent magnet segment, which allows at least one bipolar magnetic design of the electric machine, and that by the individual different preferred magnetization directions, the number of magnetic poles according to a directed, magnetic, amplified, homogeneous magnetic field to the coil ( 24 ) is available. Apparatus according to claim 10, characterized in that in the individual windings of the coil ( 24 ) And the end point lie in the same place and through the bifilar, meandering windings in the working gap between the permanent individual magnet segments ( 12 to 23 . 34 . 35 ) and the coil ( 24 ) an addition of the magnetic fields and in the winding pots ( 56 . 57 ) causes the windings to cancel the magnetic fields, and that the coils ( 24 ) are interchangeable and interpretable for different voltages and / or phases, and that the conductor material consists of each winding of one or a plurality of twisted strands, wherein the coil ( 24 ) is held together by fiber reinforced plastic. Device according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the permanent magnets ( 12 to 23 ) are designed as bar magnets and as Magnetic material isotropic materials are used which are sintered and plastic bonded and belong to the group of rare earths and have a substantially trapezoidal cross-section, wherein the individual permanent magnet segments ( 12 to 23 ) before mounting inside the shield ( 11 ), have been magnetized. Method for converting heat into electrical energy by torque generation according to the preceding claims by the following method steps: - the first heat exchanger ( 8th ) is the energy supplier, - the compressed and heated liquid carbon dioxide is due to its pressure in the turbine ( 2 ), - in the turbine ( 2 ), the liquid carbon dioxide is taken by adhesion and internal friction of the discs and exposed to tangential and radial forces, so that by a spiral movement, the carbon dioxide expands and its liquid state is converted into a gaseous state and into the hollow shaft ( 4 ), - that the gaseous carbon dioxide in a second heat exchanger ( 1 ) is cooled, after cooling, the gaseous carbon dioxide through the other end of the hollow shaft ( 4 ) into the centric inlet of the pump ( 3 ) introduced at approximately the same flow rate, - the carbon dioxide is in the pump ( 3 ) and liquefies again, - the liquefied carbon dioxide is the first heat exchanger ( 8th ) is supplied to this again to remove heat energy.

Images