DE102004010407B4 - Reactor for thermal waste treatment - Google Patents

Abstract

Reactor for the thermal waste treatment of feedstocks (6) comprising: - a container (36) sealed gas-tight to the environment for gasification, pyrolysis or thermolysis of the feedstocks, - a substantially gas-tight device (4) for feeding feedstocks into the container, - pressure sensors (34) for measuring a gas pressure in the container, - a control device (32) for controlling the gas pressure measured by the pressure sensors (34) via actuators, so that the pressure in the container is above the atmospheric pressure, - gas extraction means (21, 42) as control elements for the extraction of gases from the container, wherein the control device is designed to deliver a steep signal for the gas suction means, - Gaszuführmitteln (13, 14, 15) as actuators for partial combustion of feedstocks in a heating region of the reactor, wherein the control device for discharging a Control signal for the gas supply means ausgebil det is, - Eindüsungsmitteln (17, 26) as actuators via the oxygen or oxygen-containing gases in the container ...

Description

The present invention relates to a thermal waste treatment reactor and a process for thermal waste treatment of feedstocks.

In the gasification, pyrolysis or thermolysis is known per se methods for thermal waste treatment. Corresponding reactors are known from the prior art.

From the DE 100 07 115 C2 , from which the present invention proceeds as the closest prior art and the disclosure content of which belongs to the disclosure of the disclosure of the present patent application, a shaft reactor is known, is dispensed with the otherwise usual circulation gas guide. By dispensing with a cycle gas guidance, the condensation of pyrolysis products and the formation of undesired deposits should be avoided.

From the DE 43 32 865 A1 and the DE 43 27 633 A1 Furthermore, pyrolysis reactors are known with a transport device for the waste. The transport device has a feed device which is connected laterally to a transport channel. In the transport channel is located in the longitudinal direction of a drivable by a motor plug screw. The transport channel opens into a carbonization drum, which is operated by a carbonization process.

In contrast, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved thermal waste treatment reactor and an improved thermal waste treatment process.

The objects underlying the invention are each achieved with the features of the independent claims. Preferred embodiments of the invention are indicated in the dependent claims.

According to the invention, a reactor for the thermal waste treatment of feedstocks is provided, which has a gas-tight container closed to the environment for gasification, pyrolysis or thermolysis of the starting materials. The starting materials are supplied to the container via a substantially gas-tight device.

In contrast to conventional shaft reactors so the reactor of the invention is closed at the top. Since the supply of the starting materials via a gas-tight device, a gas pressure can build up in the container, which is above the atmospheric pressure. As a result, gasification, pyrolysis or thermolysis is more complete, faster and more efficient. Furthermore, by a closed design of the reactor, the gas pressure in the reactor is independent of the atmospheric pressure and can be regulated by various influencing possibilities of the local gas pressures in the reactor explained in more detail below. The substantially gas-tight insulation of the container relative to the environment therefore has the advantage on the one hand of better environmental compatibility since no or little gas can escape from the reactor vessel into the environment. On the other hand, this has the advantage that the gas pressure in the reactor can be regulated by influencing the various local, partial and dynamic gas pressures in the reactor. In particular, the efficiency of a reactor can be increased in this way, since the thermal treatment of the starting materials at elevated pressure can be more intensive and therefore more complete.

It is of particular advantage in this case that due to the increased gas pressure in the reactor, the gas concentration and the residence time of the gaseous intermediates in the reactor increases. In particular, the pores of the starting materials are better penetrated by the gases in the reactor vessel due to the increased gas pressure, so that the corresponding reactions run more intensively and completely. Furthermore, the residence time increases, d. H. the average transit time of a feedstock particle through the reactor vessel, which also leads to a more complete material conversion.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the reactor is a shaft reactor, the shaft being closed at the top. The supply of feedstocks to the container of the shaft reactor is thus not carried out as usual in the prior art by tipping the feedstock into a shaft opening, but via the gas-tight device. The gas-tight device may, for example, be arranged laterally at the upper end of the shaft in order to introduce the starting materials into the shaft.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the gas-tight device for supplying the starting materials for a discontinuous feed of the starting materials is formed. For example, the device has a lock system for this purpose. To introduce a batch of feedstock, an external hatch door is opened to introduce the charge feedstock into a lock space. Thereafter, the outer lock door is closed and an inner lock door is opened so that the charge feedstock from the lock room can fall into the shaft. The inner and outer lock door are substantially gas-tight, so that the increased gas pressure in the container in the Supply of a batch of feedstock can be substantially maintained.

According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the device for supplying feedstocks for continuous feed of the starting materials is formed. For example, the device has a stuffing device, in particular a stuffing screw.

According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the device for supplying feedstock is designed as a hydraulically or pneumatically driven plunger. In this case, the feeds are conveyed by a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder into the shaft of the reactor.

According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, a pressure relief valve, a pressure relief valve or other safety device is arranged at the top of the shaft of the reactor to release pressure from the reactor vessel when the pressure exceeds a safety threshold.

According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, one or more gas pressure sensors are arranged on or in the container of the reactor. Preferably, at least one gas pressure sensor is arranged in the shaft region of the reactor. With the gas pressure sensor, the gas pressure is measured, which builds up there in the container. The corresponding gas pressure reading is input to a control device to control the gas pressure within a permitted operating range.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the reactor has gas supply means. For example, the gas supply means are arranged at a heating region of the reactor. To start, for example, the pyrolysis hot gases can be supplied via the gas supply. To regulate the gas pressure, the control device can deliver a steep signal for the gas supply. For example, if the gas pressure rises too much, the gas supply means are controlled to reduce the supply of the hot gases. Accordingly, the partial combustion of the feedstocks is throttled so that the gas pressure can remain in the permitted working range.

According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the reactor has injection means, via which oxygen or oxygen-containing gases can be introduced into a melting and overheating section of the reactor. Alternatively or in addition to the control via the gas supply means, the control device can deliver a control signal for the injection means. For example, if the gas pressure in the container increases too much, the supply of oxygen or oxygen-containing gases via the injection means is reduced.

According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, upper injection means and lower injection means are arranged on the reactor. The upper injection means are located above a reduction section, while the lower injection means are located above the melts and below the reduction section. Thus, for example, if the gas pressure in the container increases too much, the supply of oxygen or oxygen-containing gases via the upper and / or lower injection means is reduced.

According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, gas suction means are arranged in a lower region of the reactor in order to suck off the gases obtained from the gasification, pyrolysis or thermolysis, optionally after reduction. Alternatively or in addition to the regulation of the pressure via the gas supply means and / or the injection means, the control device is designed to deliver an actuating signal to the gas suction means. For example, if the gas pressure in the container rises too much, a control signal sends a steep signal to the gas suction means, so that more gas is drawn off to lower the pressure. In the opposite case, the gas extraction rate is correspondingly reduced so that the pressure can rise.

According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the control device is designed as an alternative or in addition to the delivery of an actuating signal to the device for supplying starting materials. For example, if the gas pressure in the tank rises too much, the control device sends a control signal to the feed material feeder to reduce the feed rate of the feeds per unit time or to adjust the feed for a certain time.

Of particular advantage of the regulation of the gas pressure, for example via the Gaszuführmittel and / or the gas suction and / or the device for supplying the starting materials is that in normal operation a response, for example, the pressure relief valve at the upper end of the shaft can be avoided , This has the particular advantage that no valuable reaction products can escape via the pressure flap in the atmosphere or otherwise z. B. must be destroyed by flaring. Another important advantage is that it also reduces the environmental impact.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a process for the thermal treatment of feedstocks by means of gasification, pyrolysis or thermolysis. The gasification, pyrolysis or thermolysis is carried out at a gas pressure which is above the atmospheric pressure, for example between 0.05 percent and 20 percent above atmospheric pressure, in particular between 0.1 and 10 percent above atmospheric pressure.

Furthermore, preferred embodiments of the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the drawings. Show it:

1 a simplified sectional view of an embodiment of a reactor according to the invention,

2 a block diagram of an embodiment of the control system for the reactor.

The 1 shows an embodiment of a reactor according to the invention, which is a shaft reactor with a shaft 1 is. The shaft 1 is closed at the top. However, it can be attached to the closure 2 of the shaft 1 an overpressure flap 3 located at a gas pressure in the shaft 1 , which is above an allowable threshold, opens.

The feeding of input materials into the shaft 1 via a device 4 at the side of the shaft 1 is arranged. Alternatively, the device 4 but also vertically above the shutter 2 of the shaft 1 be arranged.

The device 4 is essentially gas-tight with the shaft 1 connected to feedstocks in the shaft 1 without causing a significant pressure drop in the shaft 1 comes.

In the preferred embodiment considered here, the device is 4 designed for the continuous supply of starting materials. The device 4 has a funnel 5 for the supply of starting materials 6 , About a stuffing screw 7 the device 4 become the starting materials 6 to the shaft 1 transported them into the shaft 1 fall into it and a pillar of pouring 8th form. In the case of the lateral arrangement of the device considered here 4 at the shaft 1 is the pillar of fortune 8th slightly asymmetrical.

Preferably predominates in the starting materials 6 the proportion of organic constituents, so that the reactor and the described method is particularly suitable for the treatment of common household waste, household-like commercial waste and industrial waste and hazardous waste with increased levels of hydrocarbon compounds. Unless the combustible constituents of certain feed compositions are sufficiently high to carry out the combustion and gasification processes, the feedstock may 6 Energy sources are added. It is possible to add a certain amount of coke in a conventional manner or to increase the total calorific value by adding wood or other high-calorie feedstocks.

The pillar of pouring 8th is generally porous and permeable to gas. Through the closure 2 of the shaft 1 and the gas-tight feed of feedstocks 6 in the shaft 1 However, the penetration of ambient air into the reactor and the escape of gases from the reactor is prevented in the ambient air.

To the shaft 1 closes below a pre-tempering section 9 on, which serves in the example shown, the drying of the starting materials. The shaft 1 and the pre-tempering section 9 are advantageously designed cylindrical or conical with slight cross-sectional increase down. The pre-tempering section 9 has a double wall, with a wall cavity 10 is formed, in which a heat transfer medium is guided.

With the help of the heat transfer medium of the pouring column 8th in the area of the double-walled pre-tempering section 9 Heat are supplied, so that the feedstock is preheated or pre-dried. Optionally, the wall cavity can be omitted and the heat supply, for example, by heat conduction directly from the hotter zones of the reactor.

The heat supply is dimensioned so that adhesion of certain constituents on the wall is largely excluded. In addition, by predrying water components are discharged so that they do not burden the further gasification process in addition. In the pre-tempering section 9 the pouring column can be heated to over 100 ° C.

If necessary, the pre-tempering section can be omitted altogether if predrying due to the composition of the feedstock 6 is not necessary or the Vortemperierungsabschnitt is in special cases for cooling the feedstocks 6 used.

Below the pre-tempering section 9 closes a pyrolysis section 11 at. Alternatively, this may also be a gasification section or a thermolysis section. At the transition between the Vortemperierungsabschnitt 9 or the supply section, when the Voremperierungsabschnitt deleted, and the pyrolysis section 11 the cross-section is extended.

Preferably, the free shaft cross-section increases in this transition region at least twice, whereby on the one hand the rate of descent of the starting materials 6 is reduced and on the other hand, a pour cone 12 is trained. The pour cone 12 becomes central to the pillar 8th in the pre-drying section 9 fed.

At the edges of the Schüttkegel flattens 12 so that there is a free space. In this upper edge region of the pyrolysis section 11 There are gas supply means, which in the embodiment considered here as an annular gas feed space 13 are configured, which is open in the plane of the cross-sectional widening in the pyrolysis section. The purpose of the gas supply space 13 consists of hot gases and / or oxygen-containing gases to the cone 12 feed, so feeds 6 in an edge region of the bulk cone 12 partially burned.

The gas supply means may also be designed as nozzles, wall openings or other devices which control the supply of gas to the pour cone 12 enable.

For this purpose, at least one combustion chamber opens in the embodiment considered here 14 that at least with a burner 15 is fitted in the gas feed space 13 ,

The burner 15 generates hot gas, which is preferably tangential over the combustion chambers 14 and the gas supply room 13 to the pour cone 12 is introduced. In embodied embodiments, multiple combustors or burners may be used if desirable for the most even heating of the bulk cone.

The combustion in the burner 15 Expediently takes place under oxygen deficiency, so that a reaction-resistant combustion gas is provided by a nearly stoichiometric combustion. By supplying the combustion gas, which consists for example largely of carbon dioxide and water vapor, which is on the bulk cone 12 used feedstock 6 heated.

Partial burning of these starting materials prevents sticking and sticking to the wall. In this heating area of the pyrolysis section 11 the pyrolysis process is started. This is done by raising the temperature of the starting materials 6 , For example, by complete or partial combustion of the feed materials located near the wall 6 or by supplying hot gases from the wall. In the pyrolysis section 11 it comes to the formation of a pyrolysis zone for drying and degassing of the starting materials 6 by heating and supplying hot gases under oxygen deficiency or in the absence of oxygen.

Below the pyrolysis section 11 closes a melting and overheating section 16 at. This has a cross-sectional narrowing, due to which the rate of descent of the feed material changes. They are also in the melting and overheating section 16 upper injection means 17 , which in the embodiment considered here by several circumferentially distributed oxygen lances 18 are formed. To the oxygen lances 18 To protect against overheating, these are, for example, water cooled. In other embodiments, nozzles, burners or the like are used as upper injection means, via which controlled various fuel gases or gas compositions can be supplied. If the supply of oxygen is not sufficient (if, for example, no starting materials with a sufficiently high energy value are available at this position in the short term), external combustion gases or excess gases obtained from the reactor can also be supplied via the injection means. In the embodiment considered here, with the aid of the upper injection means 17 the targeted and metered addition of oxygen immediately below the plane of the cross-sectional constriction. This forms in the region of the melting and overheating section 16 a hot zone 19 out.

The over the gas supply space 13 supplied combustion gases and those in the pyrolysis section 11 formed pyrolysis gases are passed through this hot zone 17 sucked. The oxygen supply in the hot zone is controlled so that combustion takes place under oxygen deficiency, which eventually leads to a further increase in temperature and extensive coking of the residues of the feedstock. The temperature in the hot zone 19 is adjusted so that slag-forming mineral constituents and metallic constituents are melted in this zone, whereby a certain proportion of contaminants contained in the feedstock (for example heavy metals) is dissolved in these melts. The molten metal and slag melt then drip down. The most largely coked residues also continue to sink further down.

Below the melting and overheating section 16 is a reduction section 20 formed in which the coked residues continue to sink with sufficient residence time down. The reduction section 20 includes one Gasabsaugraum 21 , over which excess gases are sucked off. All extracted gases must therefore both the hot zone 19 and a reduction zone formed by the coked residues below it 22 flow through. In the reduction zone 22 the gases are reduced by means of the carbon present there. In particular, it comes to the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide, wherein in particular the carbon still contained in the bed is used up and thus further gasified. When passing through the reduction zone 22 In addition, the gases are cooled so that they can be extracted with a technically controllable temperature. For this purpose, gas suction (in the 1 not shown) with the Gasabsaugungsraum 21 connected.

The sucked excess gases are supplied to subsequent (not shown) cooling and / or cleaning stages and a suitable conveyor (compressor or blower). The conveyor is used to extract the excess gases from the Gasabsaugraum 21 ,

Below the Gasabsaugraumes 21 closes a fire-resistant lined stove 25 at. In the stove 25 the molten metals and slag melts are collected. For these melts to remain liquid, are immediately above the melts and below the Gasabsaugraums 21 lower injection means 26 provided in the example shown again several oxygen lances 18 exhibit. The lower injection means may be designed and operated as above for the upper injection means 17 was explained. About the injection, for example, a suitable amount of oxygen, gas, fuel gas or the like, a temperature is set for the melts, which is sufficiently high to keep the melts liquid and after appropriate collection via a tapping 27 to be able to discharge from the reactor.

If liquids are also to be reacted in the reactor, they can advantageously have a liquid injection 30 be fed into the gas feed space 13 opens or combined with other gas supply means. About the liquid injection 30 For example, water, steam or other liquids intended for disposal can be introduced, whereby besides the desired disposal it is also possible to control the temperature of the combustion gases, the pyrolysis process and / or the composition and the temperature of the excess gases.

The reactor also has a regulator 32 for controlling the gas pressure in the reactor vessel. A pressure sensor 34 is at the top of the shaft 1 arranged. From the pressure sensor 34 the gas pressure inside the reactor vessel is measured. The pressure sensor 34 gives a corresponding pressure signal to the controller 32 from. Preferably, further pressure sensors 34 arranged at various locations within the reactor vessel.

The regulator 32 controls the reactor so that that of the pressure sensor 34 measured gas pressure remains in the reactor vessel within a given operating range. Preferably, this working range is between 0.05 and 20 percent above atmospheric pressure, preferably between 0.1 and 10 percent above atmospheric pressure.

The pressure sensor 34 measures the gas pressure, ie the resulting gas pressure, which results from the individual partial pressures of the gases supplied or the gases produced during the thermal treatment. An increased pressure in the reactor vessel results in that the thermal waste treatment, in the exemplary embodiment considered here, the pyrolysis, faster, more complete and thus more efficient. This pressure increase in the reactor vessel is achieved in that the shaft 1 up through the lock 2 is sealed gas-tight and characterized in that the feed of feedstock 6 over the device 4 and / or the liquid injection 30 pressure-tight.

Another particular advantage is that gases do not pass through the porous pouring column 8th can escape into the environment since the shaft 1 up through the lock 2 is completed. In normal operation, the gas pressure from the regulator 32 so regulated that the overpressure flap 3 not open. The overpressure flap 3 So serves only as a safety device for a possible accident during operation of the reactor. In normal operation, the overpressure flap remains 3 closed, so no gases from the shaft 1 can escape up into the atmosphere. Since otherwise the reactor vessel is substantially gas-tight, so gases from the reactor interior can not escape uncontrollably into the environment. This gives a particularly high level of environmental compatibility.

The regulation of the reactor operation by the controller 32 , so that the gas pressure remains within a permitted working range, can be done in various ways. For example, the controller controls 32 the burner 15 as an actuator, so more or less hot gases to the pouring column 12 be introduced. Accordingly, the controller 32 also the oxygen lances 18 Act as actuators for the control of the gas pressure as well as the conveyor for the extraction of the gases. Another embodiment is the regulation of the gas pressure over the amount of feedstock fed per unit time 6 , In this case, the controller controls 32 the device 4 and / or the Liquid injection 30 as an actuator for regulating the gas pressure. The regulation of the gas pressure by the regulator 32 can be done via one or more of said actuators.

The 2 shows a block diagram of a corresponding control system. Elements of 2 , the elements of 1 correspond, are marked with the same reference numerals.

The 2 shows schematically the gas-tight to all sides relative to the environment reactor vessel 36 from which, in particular upwards in normal operation, no gas can escape from the reactor into the environment. Inside the reactor vessel are one or more of the pressure sensors 34 arranged for measuring the internal gas pressure in the reactor vessel 36 serve. The one or more pressure sensors 34 are with the regulator 32 connected. At the regulator 32 For example, it is a so-called programmable logic controller (PLC). The regulator 32 has a processor 38 to execute a control program 40 ,

The regulator 32 uses, for example, the stuffing screw 7 , the liquid injection 30 , the burner 15 , the upper injection means 17 , the lower injection means 26 and / or the conveyor device 42 , which serves to extract the excess gases, as actuators for controlling the gas pressure in the reactor vessel 36 within a desired workspace. The connection between the pressure sensor (s) 34 , the regulator 32 as well as the stuffing screw 7 , Liquid injection 30 , the burner 15 , the top injectors 17 , the lower injection means 26 and the conveyor 42 is preferably done via a so-called fieldbus.

The regulator 32 regulates, for example, the conveying speed of the stuffing screw 7 , per unit time via the liquid injection 30 delivered amount of liquid feed, per unit time of the burner 15 amount of gas burned per unit of time from the upper injection means 17 or the lower injection means 26 discharged gas volume and / or per unit time of the conveyor 42 extracted excess gas volume. For this purpose, the control program 40 implement appropriate proportional, proportional differential and / or proportional-differential-integral controller algorithms.

Preferably, a gas pressure value for the purposes of the control of the gas pressure measuring signals, which are delivered from the differently arranged in the reactor vessel gas pressure sensors, determined. This can be done by low pass filtering the gas pressure signals, forming a weighted average from the gas pressure gauges, or another suitable way of filtering the gas pressure gauges so that an effective pressure reading for the resulting pressure in the reactor vessel is obtained. The individual gas pressure sensors are preferably arranged in the areas of influence of the various control variables. As a reference value for the control of that in the shaft 1 (see. 1 ) arranged pressure sensor 34 delivered value can be used.

In addition to the pressures, further control variables can be recorded. With regard to the control of the screw plug, this is the level of the starting materials in the shaft of the reactor. With regard to the injection means, the supply of feedstocks, in particular the liquid injection, and the injection means, this is the gas composition and the temperatures which can also be measured in different regions of the reactor.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

shaft

2

shutter

3

Overpressure valve

4

contraption

5

funnel

6

feedstock

7

fabric screw

8th

discharge column

9

Vortemperierungsabschnitt

10

conversion cavity

11

pyrolysis section

12

angle of repose

13

Gaszuführraum

14

combustion chamber

15

burner

16

Melting and overheating section

17

upper injection means

18

oxygen lance

19

hot zone

20

reduction section

21

Gasabsaugraum

22

reduction zone

25

stove

26

lower injection means

27

racking

30

Liquid injection

32

regulator

34

pressure sensor

36

reactor vessel

38

processor

40

control program

42

Conveyor

Claims (15)

Reactor for the thermal waste treatment of feedstocks ( 6 ) with: - a closed container ( 36 ) for gasification, pyrolysis or thermolysis of the starting materials, - a substantially gas-tight device ( 4 ) for feeding feedstocks into the container, - pressure sensors ( 34 ) for measuring a gas pressure in the container, - a control device ( 32 ) for controlling by the pressure sensors ( 34 ) measured gas pressure via actuators, so that the pressure in the container is above the atmospheric pressure, - Gasabsaugungsmitteln ( 21 . 42 ) as actuators for the extraction of gases from the container, wherein the control device is designed to deliver a steep signal for the gas suction means, - Gaszuführmitteln ( 13 . 14 . 15 ) as actuators for partial combustion of feedstocks in a heating region of the reactor, wherein the control device is designed to deliver an actuating signal for the gas feed means, - injection means ( 17 . 26 ) are supplied as actuators via the oxygen or oxygen-containing gases in the container, wherein the control device is designed to deliver an actuating signal for the injection means, wherein the gas pressure sensors are arranged in the areas of influence of the various actuators. Reactor according to claim 1, wherein the container comprises a top-closed shaft ( 1 ), and the apparatus for supplying feedstock is arranged on the shaft. Reactor according to claim 2, wherein the means for supplying feeds is arranged laterally on the shaft of the container. Reactor according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the device is designed for supplying feedstocks for discontinuous feeding of the starting materials. Reactor according to claim 4, wherein the device for supplying feedstock comprises a lock for feeding the feedstock into the container. Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the device for supplying feedstocks for the continuous supply of the feedstock is formed in the container. Reactor according to claim 6, wherein the feedstock supply means comprises a stuffing device. Reactor according to claim 7, wherein the stuffing device is a stuffing screw ( 7 ) having. Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, with means ( 3 ) for releasing an overpressure, wherein the means for releasing the overpressure are arranged at an upper region of the container. Reactor according to claim 9, wherein the means for releasing the overpressure at an upper portion of an upwardly closed shaft ( 1 ) of the container are arranged. Reactor according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the means for releasing the overpressure comprise an overpressure flap and / or a pressure relief valve. Process for the thermal waste treatment of feedstocks, wherein the thermal treatment is carried out by gasification, pyrolysis or thermolysis at a gas pressure above atmospheric pressure, comprising the steps of: - measuring a gas pressure in the container by means of pressure sensors ( 34 ), - Regulation of pressure sensors ( 34 ) measured gas pressure within a working range, so that the pressure in the container is above the atmospheric pressure, - use of gas extraction means ( 21 . 42 ) as actuators for the extraction of gases from the container, wherein the control device is designed to deliver a steep signal for the gas suction means, - use of gas supply means ( 13 . 14 . 15 ) as actuators for partial combustion of feedstocks in a heating region of the reactor, wherein the control device is designed to deliver an actuating signal for the gas feed means, - use of injection means ( 17 . 26 ) are supplied as actuators via the oxygen or oxygen-containing gases in the container, wherein the control device is designed to deliver an actuating signal for the injection means, wherein the gas pressure sensors are arranged in the areas of influence of the various actuators. Method according to claim 12, comprising the following further steps: Supply of feedstocks via a substantially gas-tight device into a container, the container being closed at the top in a gastight manner, - Gasification, pyrolysis or thermolysis of the starting materials in the container. The method of claim 12 or 13, wherein the feed of the starting materials via the gas-tight device takes place continuously or discontinuously. The method of claim 12 or 13, wherein the gas-tight device has a lock, and the feed of the starting materials is discontinuous via the lock.

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