CN88103047A - 多孔金属体 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及基本包含铝和铁以及可选择地加入的锡和/或铜和/或铬的硬质多孔烧结体的制造,本发明的方法依靠用作吸氧剂的少量镁和/或钙的存在,在较佳实施例中,可将金属颗粒挤压成蜂窝结构体,在镁和/或钙存在条件下可然后对其烧制以得到具有控制孔隙率的紧固高孔密度结构体。
Description
本发明涉及特别适用作在高氧化和极端热环境下液体和气体的过滤介质的硬质多孔体的制备,它由金属颗粒烧结在一起制得。本发明的优选实施例包含将金属颗粒挤压成能用作内燃机的强腐蚀性废气流滤料的多孔蜂窝状结构体。
商业上已开发了用于多种工业用途的多孔陶瓷体,例如,已使用多孔陶瓷蜂窝结构来过滤柴油机废气流(美国专利号4,329,162)。尽管多孔陶瓷体在这种环境下仍然是一种普遍的、有用的材料,但人们一直希望发展在强氧化气氛下表现出较高机械强度、较高热弹性和较高抗腐蚀性的材料。由于许多金属被认为固有较陶瓷体高的机械强度和抗热冲击性,因此,进行了探索以发展能在极其恶劣环境下,特别是在例如内燃机的废气流这种强氧化气氛下延长工作寿命的多孔金属体。
对于内燃催化转换器技术来说,不锈钢基体是普遍的,美国专利3,788,486提出了使用经烧结的金属粉末,通常它用作多孔滤料。所揭示的是使用奥氏体不锈钢圆柱坯料经加工之后作为滤料结构,但没提到金属粉末的挤压。美国专利4,277,374揭出了铁素体不锈钢的使用,它包括,为改善多孔基体的抗氧化性而添加铝,但没提到挤压。美国专利4,582,677揭示了作为可挤压多孔金属蜂窝结构的100%纯铝、铜、钛或锆金属的使用。
现有技术中粉末制的金属基体存在烧结性能差和/或机械强度低的不足,或者它们具有弱的抗腐蚀性。
本发明的目的首先在于克服现有技术的不足和提供一种表现出金属典型机械强度并能承受内燃机废气系统中固有的热循环和氧化腐蚀的硬质多孔金属体。本发明的基体材料在强腐蚀环境中的稳定性使其能作为一种基体在较弱腐蚀环境中使用而兼具所有上面列举的优点。
由分析成份基本上为至少80%(重量比)铝和铁和不超过约1%从镁和钙所组成组系中选取的碱土金属构成的物体可达到上述目的。因此,本发明基本组成基本上包括分析成份为约50-90%铁(重量)、5-30%铝(重量)和不超过约1%镁和/或钙,选择性的添加物包括直至10%锡、直至10%铜和直至10%铬,但锡、铜和铬的总量小于约20%。
正如可被估计到的那样,铁构成该物体的主要结构组分;其较佳浓度百分数为约70-90%,其中最佳浓度范围为75-85%。铝给予了产品中所必需的抗氧化性能,优选范围为约12-16%,最佳为产品含有约14-15%的铝。
镁和/或钙的存在促进了铁-铝组成物的烧结,而且含有镁和/或钙抑制在铝上产生一层Al2O3层,在铝上有形成一层10-20 的Al2O3层的固有倾向;这个层严重地限制了铝颗粒的烧结,实质上金属钙和镁起着氧的受体的作用,因此允许铝和铁很好地烧结成为坚固的整体。
尽管锡的含有是非强制性的,但直到10%锡的存在对促进和增强烧结是有利的;较佳的组成范围为约3-7%,最佳为约4-5%。同样,尽管铜的含有是非必要的,但直到10%铜的存在是高度希望的,铜具有抑制锡热折的能力,因为锡不溶于铝,铝和锡颗粒在一起烧结的结果使锡趋向于分离出来,铜的加入限制了这种分离并促进锡在铝-铁系中用作烧结助剂,铜加入的效果几乎可立即被看出;然而,在限制锡分离和有利于锡作为一种助烧结剂上真正的实质性改善在约3%铜时才变得明显,较佳铜含量为约3-8.5%,最佳范围为约5-7%。
直到10%铬的加入看来会增加最终产物的延展性,通常需要至少5%铬以达到显著的改善。
广义来说,制备本发明硬质多孔体的方法包括将铝、铁和镁和/或钙以及可选择加入的锡、铜和/或铬烧结成烧结体,两种进行烧结过程的方法被发现是可行的,说明如下:
第一种方法包含有四个基本步骤:
(a)制备较佳以颗粒形式金属的均匀混和物,
(b)将此混和物与足够数量的有机粘合剂/载体介质混合以制得一种易成形的混合料。
(c)将此混合料形成所希望结构的形体;并
(d)将此形体在基本无氧化气氛下烧至温度约1000℃-1400℃并保持一段足够长的时间以蒸发多余的镁和/或钙,并将颗粒烧结成所希望孔隙率的最终形体。
如果希望的话,可通过将粉末混和入粘合剂/载体介质以形成一种均质的混和料而使步骤(a)和(b)合并。
由于金属镁和钙在1000℃-1400℃下的高反应活性,所以在初始混和物中只需要较少量,不超过约0.5%(重量),当然,多得多的镁和钙,例如5%或甚至更多也是可行的,但这样大的量不仅不必要而且它们必须被蒸发掉以使最终产物不致包含实质上的镁钙组分。进而,由于金属态镁和钙的高反应性,其易气化化合物例如MgF2和CaF2可期望对之进行取代。
所述第二种方法也包含四个基本步骤:
(1)制备较佳以细颗粒形式的铝和铁以及可选择加入的锡、铜和/或铬的均质混和物;
(2)将该混和物和入足够量的有机粘合剂介质以产生一种易成形混合料;
(3)将该混合料成形为所希望结构的形体;
(4)将该形体在基本无氧化气氛下烧至温度约1000℃-1400℃,较佳为至少1150℃,它与镁和/或钙源紧密联系但至少部分脱离直接与上述镁和/或钙源接触,烧制足够长的时间以产生镁和/或钙的蒸气而与铝颗粒接触,使铝和铁颗粒以及存在的任何可选择加入的金属颗粒烧结在一起成为所希望孔隙率的最终形体。
在上述方法中观察到,镁和钙在用于烧结的温度下气化,这第二种方法依赖于那些蒸气向成形的混合料的转移,而在接着期望的烧结过程中进行必要的吸氧。所述物体的孔隙率允许蒸气从其中迅速渗透,基本非氧化性气体例如氩或氦的缓速流动能加速镁和/或钙的吸气反应。镁和/或钙的氟化物或易气化化合物可再用来取代金属,最终经烧结产物的分析表明在其中存在只有几个ppm(百万分数)的镁和/或钙。因此,在最终产物中镁和/或钙的存在不仅对在其中产生所希望的特性来说是不必要的,而且可能是不希望的,因为由此反而会使铁/铝基材料的性能受到影响。这样,产物中最好含有不超过几个ppm的镁和/或钙。
为了保证在最终物质中不存在不希望的孔隙,可将在两种方法中形成的金属颗粒和有机粘合剂/载体介质混和物在室温干燥或轻度加热如直到500℃以使粘合剂气化掉,然后将其烧至烧结温度。
由金属颗粒和有机粘合剂的混合料形成“未烧结”即未经烧结体可通过诸如冷压、热压、等静压压制、模压和辊轧这些方法进行。然而,在本发明的较佳实施例中,混合物被挤压通过一个模子以形成未烧结的蜂窝状结构体。
所使用的金属颗粒的尺寸取决于所用到的造型的复杂性和壁厚以及所希望的最终产物的孔隙率水平和孔隙的尺寸。因此,尽管粗颗粒例如通过6号美国标准筛(3.36mm)的颗粒可被压制成整体,但为了对孔隙率和孔隙尺寸严格控制,较佳的是选用通过100号美国标准筛(149微米)的颗粒,最佳为通过325号美国标准筛(44微米)的颗粒。后种尺寸的颗粒在挤压那些孔之间壁很薄的蜂窝状结构方面特别有用。
孔隙的尺寸是颗粒尺寸和烧结过程中的温度和时间的函数,因此,孔隙尺寸可在很大范围内变化,过高的温度和/或过长的烧结时间会导致过小的孔隙;而烧结不足会使孔隙过大。然而,所述物质作为过滤介质使用要求对孔隙尺寸严格控制,所要求尺寸由需从液体中去除的材料决定。通常,在指定用于内燃机废气流内过滤介质的蜂窝结构体中,孔隙尺寸被保持在约1-100微米的狭范围内,最好将孔隙尺寸严格控制在约10-50微米范围内。
总孔隙率水平也是颗粒尺寸和烧结过程的温度和时间的函数,因此同孔隙尺寸相似的方式,总孔隙率也可在很大范围内变化。然而在预定用作内燃机废气流中过滤介质的蜂窝状结构体中,孔隙率在约25-75%(体积百分率)范围内。低于25%时,用于推动废气通过滤料的压力变得过高,在约75%时,结构变弱。较佳的孔隙率范围为约40%-60%。
根据上述条件,可将蜂窝结构体挤压成具有孔密度为10至大于2400孔/平方英寸和孔壁薄至约75微米。较佳的结构具有孔密度为约50-600孔/平方英寸,其壁厚在约100-700微米范围内变化。
在此描述的发明也可象前面描述的参考资料美国专利4,329,162那样方便地用作柴油机颗粒状滤料。
在下列表中报道的例子中,通过在异丙醇中球磨所述组分的粉末,在约95℃温度下将粉末混和物干燥约4小时,然后将粉末混和物干压成直径约为20mm,高为5mm的圆片而形成所述组成物的小圆片,随后在流动氩气氛中和约1300℃温度下将此圆片烧结约1小时。为了方便,使用商业上可购买到的50%铁(重量)/50%铝(重量)的铁铝合金作为铁和铝的来源,另外加入添加的铁粉以提供所述例子中高的铁含量。因为需要高耐熔性的构体,所以保持铝含量直至最大为约15%。产物的耐熔性随着铝浓度超过15%而下降,然而,随着铝的含量增加,最终产物的抗氧化性得到改善。
表中以重量百分数列举的组成物反映了原始配料的粉末浓度,因为如上面观察到的那样,组分镁和/或钙在成形过程中气化掉了。因此,在烧结产物中残留的这些组元可能不超过几个ppm(百万分数)。
表中“是”表示对圆片烧结好的表观估价;“否”表示对可能有的烧结差的表观估价。
表
例 Fe Al Sn Cu Mg Ca 烧结
A 81.6 13.1 2.0 3.3 - - 否
B 77.1 14.9 5.0 - 3.0 - 是1
C 71.5 14.0 5.0 6.5 3.0 - 是
D 73.5 14.0 4.5 6.5 1.5 - 是
E 81.0 14.0 2.0 - 3.0 - 否
F 72.5 14.0 4.5 6.5 2.5 - 是
G 76.6 14.9 5.3 - 3.2 - 否
H 82.0 12.0 6.0 - - - 否
I 86.0 14.0 - - - - 否
J 79.5 14.0 - 6.5 - - 否
K 74.5 14.0 5.0 6.5 - - 否
L 71.5 14.0 5.0 6.5 3.0 - 是2
M 73.5 14.0 5.0 6.5 - 1.0 是3
N 71.5 14.0 5.0 6.5 - 3.0 是3
O 73.5 14.0 4.5 6.5 - 1.5 是3
P 75.5 14.0 4.0 6.5 - - 否
Q 81.0 12.0 5.0 2.0 - - 否
1.烧结之前在600℃下将圆片锻烧
2.Mg F2作为Mg来源
3.Ca F2作为Ca的来源
观察此表,可马上证实镁和/或钙存在的必要。例C和例L的比较也表明可用易气化镁化合物取代金属态镁。最后,表Ⅰ表明只有少量的镁和/或钙作为吸氧剂是合用的,由此使铝和铁以及可选择加入的铜和/或锡和/或铬按希望烧结成硬质多孔体。已经发现锡的含入对提高最终产物的抗氧化性特别有利,特别是当产品处于例如反复加热至1000℃和冷却至室温的热循环时。
为了证明形成一种硬质多孔的烧结蜂窝状结构体的能力,将产生组成大约为84.4%(重量)铁和15.6%(重量)铝的商业铁/铝合金粉末和添加的粉末铁(两种粉末都通过325号美国标准筛)与约3-8%(重量)甲基纤维素、0.5%(重量)硬脂酸锌润滑剂和0.5-1%(重量)油酸润湿剂混和,将该混和物挤压成圆柱形蜂窝状结构,其直径为4英寸,长度为15′(英尺)并具有400孔/平方英寸的横截面,孔壁厚度为约150微米。将所述蜂窝状体作为12英寸的长度在温度低于约300℃下干燥12小时,将具有长度为约4英寸的试样从所述蜂窝体上切下来并放入钼烧舟和/或氧化铝坩锅中。一定量的金属镁或Mg F2被放入钼烧舟中,将这些烧舟放在与那些包含蜂窝状体试样邻近的位置。然后将这些并置的烧舟在缓慢流动的氩气氛中在1150°-1300℃之间的温度下烧结约15-30分钟。由此得到的经烧结的结构体的孔隙率在约40-50%范围内,其孔隙尺寸在约1-20微米之间变化。
Claims (13)
1、一种硬质多孔体,其特征在于它基本包含分析得到的重量百分数为5-50%铝、30-90%铁、0-10%锡、0-10%铜、0-10%铬和不超过1%的从由镁和钙所构成组中选取的碱土金属,其中铝和铁的总量至少构成总组成物的80%,锡和铜和铬的总量小于20%。
2、根据权利要求1所述的多孔体,其特征在于所述铝含量为12-16%,所述铁含量为70-90%,所述碱土金属含量为几个ppm。
3、根据权利要求1所述的多孔体,其特征在于所述锡含量为3-7%,所述铜含量为3-8.5%。
4、根据权利要求1所述的多孔体,其特征在于所述铬含量为至少5%。
5、根据权利要求1所述的多孔体,其特征在于它具有孔隙率为约25-75%(体积),孔隙的尺寸在1-100微米范围。
6、根据权利要求1或2或3或4或5所述的硬质多孔体,其特征在于它是具有孔密度至少为10孔/平方英寸的蜂窝状结构,所述孔的壁厚为至少75微米,所述结构体由具有孔隙率为约25-75%(体积)和孔隙尺寸在约1-100微米范围内的材料构成,它包含约30-40%铁。
7、根据权利要求6所述的结构体,其特征在于所述孔密度在约50-600孔/平方英寸范围内,所述孔的壁厚在约100-700微米之间。
8、根据权利要求6所述的结构体,其特征在于所述材料的孔隙率在约40-60%(体积)之间,孔隙尺寸为约10-50微米。
9、一种制造按权利要求1或2或3或4或5或6或7或8所述硬质多孔体的方法,其特征在于它包含下列步骤:
(a)制备在有机粘合剂/载体中的合适比例的颗粒铝、铁和可选择加入的锡、铜和铬以及至少0.5%颗粒状碱土金属或一定量足够能获得至少为0.5%碱土金属的颗粒状易气化碱土金属化合物的均匀混和物。
(b)使所述混和物成形为所希望结构的形体;然后
(c)将所述形体在基本无氧化气氛下烧至温度约1000℃-1400℃保持一段足够长的时间以蒸发掉任何多余的碱土金属并使金属颗粒烧结在一起成为所希望孔隙率的坚固的整体。
10、一种制造如权利要求1或2或3或4或5或6或7或8所述硬质多孔体的方法,其特征在于它包含下列步骤:
(a)制备在有机粘合剂/载体介质中的合适比例的颗粒状铝、铁和可选择加入的锡、铜和铬的均质混合物;
(b)使所述混和物成形为所希望结构的形体;然后
(c)将所述形体在基本无氧化气氛下烧至温度约1000-1400℃,它与从由镁和钙所组成的组中选取的颗粒状碱土金属源或颗粒状易气化碱土金属化合物紧密联系但至少部分不接触,烧制一段足够长的时间以产生所述碱土金属的蒸气而与铁或铝颗粒接触并使金属颗粒烧结,在一起成为所希望孔隙率的坚固的整体。
11、根据权利要求9或10所述的方法,其特征在于首先将步骤(b)所述形成的混和物在室温或在低于约500℃的升高的温度下干燥以蒸发掉所述有机粘合剂/载体介质,然后对其进行烧制以使颗粒烧结在一起。
12、根据权利要求9或10所述的方法,其特征在于所述颗粒材料的尺寸为通过100号美国标准筛。
13、根据权利要求9或10所述的方法,其特征在于将步骤(a)所述混和物挤压成蜂窝结构,然后将其烧制成具有孔密度至少为10孔/平方英寸和所述孔壁厚至少为75微米的坚固的整体蜂窝结构,包含所述结构的材料具有孔隙率为约25-75%(体积),孔隙尺寸在约1-100微米范围内。
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US07/054,845 US4758272A (en) | 1987-05-27 | 1987-05-27 | Porous metal bodies |
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ATE525156T1 (de) * | 2006-07-21 | 2011-10-15 | Hoeganaes Ab | Pulver auf eisenbasis |
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US8124213B2 (en) * | 2008-05-30 | 2012-02-28 | Corning Incorporated | Flow-through sorbent comprising a metal sulfide |
US9556904B2 (en) * | 2008-12-19 | 2017-01-31 | Doosan Infracore Co., Ltd. | Sintered bush |
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CN103361505A (zh) * | 2012-12-27 | 2013-10-23 | 华东理工大学 | 一种FeAl基多孔材料的制备方法 |
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JP6331437B2 (ja) * | 2014-02-07 | 2018-05-30 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 多孔質金属体の製造方法 |
CN104630635B (zh) * | 2015-03-05 | 2016-08-24 | 北京绿洁美科技有限公司 | 一种铁铬铝基多孔金属材料及其制备方法 |
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- 1988-05-16 ES ES198888304411T patent/ES2036264T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-05-16 EP EP88304411A patent/EP0293122B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-05-16 AT AT88304411T patent/ATE82774T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-05-16 DE DE8888304411T patent/DE3876141T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-05-19 CN CN88103047A patent/CN1016516B/zh not_active Expired
- 1988-05-20 AU AU16507/88A patent/AU620033B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1988-05-24 IL IL86485A patent/IL86485A/xx unknown
- 1988-05-25 BR BR8802556A patent/BR8802556A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1988-05-26 FI FI882496A patent/FI90354C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-05-26 NO NO882319A patent/NO882319L/no unknown
- 1988-05-26 DK DK287388A patent/DK287388A/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1988-05-26 JP JP63129416A patent/JP2722078B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-05-27 KR KR1019880006243A patent/KR960008888B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
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CN101389777B (zh) * | 2006-02-27 | 2011-06-08 | 普兰西欧洲股份公司 | 含有由铁/铬合金制得的混合氧化物的燃料电池用多孔体 |
CN101251351B (zh) * | 2008-03-18 | 2011-07-06 | 华东理工大学 | 一种铁基粉末多孔表面换热管及其制备方法 |
US9242297B2 (en) | 2009-03-30 | 2016-01-26 | Mitsubishi Materials Corporation | Process for producing porous sintered aluminum, and porous sintered aluminum |
CN102365143A (zh) * | 2009-03-30 | 2012-02-29 | 三菱综合材料株式会社 | 铝多孔烧结体的制造方法和铝多孔烧结体 |
US9815116B2 (en) | 2009-03-30 | 2017-11-14 | Mitsubishi Materials Corporation | Process for producing porous sintered aluminum, and porous sintered aluminum |
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US8691328B2 (en) | 2009-06-04 | 2014-04-08 | Mitsubishi Materials Corporation | Process for production of aluminum complex comprising sintered porous aluminum body |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
IL86485A0 (en) | 1988-11-15 |
FI90354C (fi) | 1994-01-25 |
CN1016516B (zh) | 1992-05-06 |
NO882319L (no) | 1988-11-28 |
EP0293122A2 (en) | 1988-11-30 |
FI882496A (fi) | 1988-11-28 |
KR880014126A (ko) | 1988-12-23 |
DE3876141T2 (de) | 1993-04-08 |
DE3876141D1 (de) | 1993-01-07 |
ES2036264T3 (es) | 1993-05-16 |
FI90354B (fi) | 1993-10-15 |
US4758272A (en) | 1988-07-19 |
ATE82774T1 (de) | 1992-12-15 |
JPS63310942A (ja) | 1988-12-19 |
AU1650788A (en) | 1988-12-01 |
NO882319D0 (no) | 1988-05-26 |
EP0293122A3 (en) | 1989-11-23 |
FI882496A0 (fi) | 1988-05-26 |
BR8802556A (pt) | 1988-12-20 |
IL86485A (en) | 1992-06-21 |
DK287388A (da) | 1988-11-28 |
DK287388D0 (da) | 1988-05-26 |
KR960008888B1 (ko) | 1996-07-05 |
EP0293122B1 (en) | 1992-11-25 |
CA1307952C (en) | 1992-09-29 |
AU620033B2 (en) | 1992-02-13 |
JP2722078B2 (ja) | 1998-03-04 |
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