CN87100910A - 管夹 - Google Patents
管夹 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN87100910A CN87100910A CN87100910.2A CN87100910A CN87100910A CN 87100910 A CN87100910 A CN 87100910A CN 87100910 A CN87100910 A CN 87100910A CN 87100910 A CN87100910 A CN 87100910A
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- Prior art keywords
- pipe clamp
- clamp
- metal tape
- pipe
- inner end
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L17/00—Joints with packing adapted to sealing by fluid pressure
- F16L17/02—Joints with packing adapted to sealing by fluid pressure with sealing rings arranged between outer surface of pipe and inner surface of sleeve or socket
- F16L17/03—Joints with packing adapted to sealing by fluid pressure with sealing rings arranged between outer surface of pipe and inner surface of sleeve or socket having annular axial lips
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L33/00—Arrangements for connecting hoses to rigid members; Rigid hose connectors, i.e. single members engaging both hoses
- F16L33/02—Hose-clips
- F16L33/035—Hose-clips fixed by means of teeth or hooks
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T24/00—Buckles, buttons, clasps, etc.
- Y10T24/14—Bale and package ties, hose clamps
- Y10T24/1457—Metal bands
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T24/00—Buckles, buttons, clasps, etc.
- Y10T24/14—Bale and package ties, hose clamps
- Y10T24/1457—Metal bands
- Y10T24/1478—Circumferentially swagged band clamp
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T24/00—Buckles, buttons, clasps, etc.
- Y10T24/14—Bale and package ties, hose clamps
- Y10T24/1457—Metal bands
- Y10T24/148—End-to-end integral band end connection
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Clamps And Clips (AREA)
- Joints That Cut Off Fluids, And Hose Joints (AREA)
Abstract
一种由金属带自身环绕构成的管夹,它有两个端部,其中一端称之为外端,靠近的另一端称之为里端,里外端共同组成了夹紧装置。管夹上除了位于里端的夹紧装置上有一部分处于非夹紧状态外,两个夹紧装置之间的金属带都处于伸长状态。管夹在金属带的里端变成了一个向上弯曲的部分,一般来说形状象一个方向朝外的“T”形,在外端夹紧装置的背面有一个长槽,该槽的宽度至少等于“T”形竖线的宽度。
Description
人们已经知道,有一种结构颇为简单的管夹,特别是欧洲专利3192号上所述的管夹,它是由金属带自身环绕而构成,其两端部分地搭接,形成了一个里端,一个外端。
为了紧固管夹,例如一根软管已装到刚性管子上,紧固套在这根软管上的管夹,管夹的两个端部都有一个相互作用的夹持和紧固的装置。最好,带的外端有一个钩子,在管夹紧固之后,它与位于带里端的凸起部分相配合。在管夹上,除了位于里端附近的夹紧装置有一部分处于放松状态外,两个夹紧装置之间的金属带都处于伸长状态。
这种管夹易于生产,易于安装和紧固,其性能是非常令人满意的。
在非紧固状态下提供这种管夹其优点是明显的。但是,人们发现这些管夹相互缠绕在一起,大尺寸的管夹这一情况尤为突出。因而,使用者在安装管夹之前,不得不把它们分开,这样就浪费了时间。
本发明的目的在于克服上述的缺点,同时提高安装、夹持及管夹两端紧固的可靠性。
依照本发明,构成管夹的金属带里端变成了一个径向朝上弯曲的部分,一般是个“T”形,而在外端,其夹紧部分的后面有一个长槽,其宽度至少等于“T”形竖线的宽度。
这样,当管夹未夹紧时,其周边成一无缝的整环,这就避免了前面所提到的那种危险。此外,下面还要说明,其定位的可靠性也有所改善。
当把一根柔性软管安装和固定到一根刚性管子或类似零件上时,如果在带状管夹夹持前,所述的带状管夹已然套在软管上时,就具有更多的优点。显然,在软管末固定好之前,管夹决不能紧固。但是软管必须牢固地安装,充分地考虑到软管的操作,又不出现软管和刚性管分开的危险。
在某些情况下,具有上述特征的管夹能达到上述目的,但是这对软管的外径和管夹的内径在非紧固状态下的尺寸所要求的公差精度较高。这一条件,虽然在理论上是可行的,但在大批量生产中是困难的,例如在广泛普及了自动生产线的摩托车工业中。
因此,该管夹有利于提供一种在管夹紧固前能预先把管夹装在软管或类似零件上的装置,而在所述软管安装的全部操作过程中,管夹处于牢固夹持的状态。
为此目的,依照本发明的管夹在其金属带上有一个方向朝外的钩子,该钩子位于长槽端部之外,与金属带外端上紧固装置相反的位置上。有一个弹性零件,例如橡胶带或类似零件,首先把它挂到所述的钩子上,然后再把它挂到金属带里端上径向的相外弯曲的部分上。
以上这些结构,当所述的管夹装套到软管上时,弹性零件并不妨碍管夹内径的必然的增加。但是,它将导致套在软管上的管夹随着变紧了,软管必然固定在那儿。实际上不妨碍软管以后装在被装零件上的位置。
参照附图阅读下面的说明,就更容易理解本发明了。图中
-图1是本发明的带状管夹在打开位置时的透视图。
-图2是管夹在扣合但未紧固位置时的正视图。
-图3是图2所示管夹的俯视图。
-图4是管夹在紧固位置时的正视图。
-图5是本发明另一实施例在非紧固位置时的透视图。
现在示出的图是上述欧洲专利中所描述的那种型式的管夹。金属带1自身环绕,其外端有一个钩2钩在里端附近的凸起部分3上。正如图1特别是图2所示,在所述的凸起部分之外,还延伸出一个部分4,该部分位于凸起部分3和钩2之间。
在与凸起部分相反的一端,延伸部分4的端部变成一个一般的径向朝上弯曲的部分5,它被加工成“T”形并且向外弯曲,“T”形的横线相对于管夹的对称平面来说实际上是垂直的。在钩2的背面,金属带的外端有一个长槽6,该槽在图3中已清楚地表示出来。所述的槽的宽度至少等于“T”形径向朝上弯曲部分5竖线的宽度,在下面的说明中,弯曲部分5是用来扣合的。槽6的长度应足以使钩2紧固到凸起部分3上。
槽6和“T”形径向朝上弯曲部分5的竖线位于管夹的对称平面上。
为了使管夹在紧固前易于扣合,在槽6上离开钩2一定距离的地方开一个洞是有利的。该洞的横向尺寸至少等于“T”形的横线的长度。
在这里要指出的“T”形必须具有一个弯曲的截面,例如其形状就象一个大写希腊字母“伽玛”(Γ)。
本发明的管夹通常采用轧制金属带的方式生产,为了生产上述的零件,在轧制前或轧制后,必须采用切割或弯型的操作。生产的最后一步包括让径向朝上弯曲部分5与洞7相对并把“T”形横线插入洞中。当管夹放松时,在金属弹性的作用下使向上弯曲部分5向钩2靠拢,和槽6的端部相邻。
这种扣合状态的管夹(图2)能够大批量供应,不会有任何管夹缠绕在一起的危险。管夹固定到软管式零件上并被夹住后,通常用一适当的工具,例如钳子让管夹滑动使钩2接近凸起部分3直到紧固位置为止。在这一操作过程中,朝上弯曲部分5的竖线部分在作为导轨的槽中向回推,直到槽的远离钩2的一端为止。
如果在某些情况下,不能采用把管夹滑套到被夹持零件上这种安装方法时,让朝上弯曲部分5正对着洞7,并把朝上弯曲部分5从洞7中取出来,所述的管夹很容易被打开。一旦要安装管夹时,其操作方式正好相反,实现紧固的方法也同上文所述的一样。
现在参考图5,该图所示为以前所描述过的管夹,图中各部分采用与前图相同的序号。
人们会注意到,在长槽6端部的外边,在管夹紧固装置相反的位置上,金属带1上有一个从管夹上面向外的钩子8。
标有序号9的弹性装置,其一端挂在钩8上,另一端挂在金属带里端4上的朝上弯曲部分5上。所述的零件9可以采用各种形状,如一个弹簧或一个简单的两端有孔的扁平橡胶条。钩子8和插入金属带洞中的朝上弯曲部分5的确切形状在图中已经说明了。也能采用一种橡胶圈,橡胶圈的环圈与钩子8和朝上弯曲部分5上相连接。
所述的弹性装置9给钩子8和朝上弯曲部分5加了一个使它们相互靠拢的力,弹性零件的尺寸和其回弹力是使紧固装置2和3总是扣合在一起,尽管管夹的自然趋势是处于图2所示的位置。
要举一个改进了的管夹装套到一根柔性软管上的例子是很容易的,在交通车辆的传动中,用来保护铰链连接(方向节连接)的波纹管A的连接就是如此。稍微增加一点管夹内径的尺寸就足以克服弹性零件9所产生的回弹力。当管夹以图中所示的方式安装时,在波纹管操作的时候,弹性零件9所发出的回弹力足以使管夹保持在一定位置上,但是不会影响把波纹管装到刚性管子或刚性零件上时的操作。管夹的紧固以上文描述的那种方式实现。同时通过紧固装置2勾住凸起部分3,使管夹保持紧固状态。
在工业中象摩托车工业中,本发明找到了有利的应用,在这里大量的管夹被使用,同时在这里必须保持装配的高效率。
Claims (4)
1、一种由金属带自身环绕构成的管夹,它有两个端部,其中一端称之为外端,靠近的另一端称之为里端,里外端共同组成了夹紧装置。管夹上除了位于里端的夹紧装置上有一部分处于非夹紧状态外,两个夹紧装置之间的金属带都处于伸长状态,管夹在金属带的里端变成了一个向上弯曲的部分,一般来说形状象一个方向朝外的“T”形,在外端夹紧装置的背后有一个长槽,该槽的宽度至少等于“T”形竖线的宽度。
2、在权利要求1所述的管夹中,其所述的“T”形朝上弯曲部分的竖线位于管夹的对称平面之中。
3、在权利要求1所述的管夹中,在长槽上距管夹外端的紧固装置一定距离处有一个洞,洞的宽度至少等于径向的“T”形朝上弯曲部分横线的长度。
4、在权利要求1所述的管夹中,位于所述的长槽端部以外,并且与管夹外端上紧固装置相反的位置上,有一个方向朝外的钩子,橡皮带或类似弹性零件,一头挂在所述的钩子上,另一头挂在带的里端径向朝外弯曲部分上。
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR8602591 | 1986-02-25 | ||
FR8602591A FR2594901B1 (fr) | 1986-02-25 | 1986-02-25 | Collier de serrage |
FR8606716A FR2598473B2 (fr) | 1986-02-25 | 1986-05-09 | Collier de serrage. |
FR8606716 | 1986-05-09 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN87100910A true CN87100910A (zh) | 1987-12-09 |
CN1007655B CN1007655B (zh) | 1990-04-18 |
Family
ID=26225045
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN87100910A Expired CN1007655B (zh) | 1986-02-25 | 1987-02-24 | 管夹 |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4742600A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0236217B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JPH0830483B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR950005553B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1007655B (zh) |
BR (1) | BR8700834A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA1286484C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE3760254D1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2009842B3 (zh) |
FR (1) | FR2598473B2 (zh) |
PT (1) | PT84311B (zh) |
Cited By (2)
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CN100410575C (zh) * | 2005-02-28 | 2008-08-13 | 伊利诺斯器械工程公司 | 防去除棘齿夹 |
CN103842707B (zh) * | 2011-09-06 | 2015-11-25 | 汉斯奥蒂克机械和设备工厂股份公司 | 软管卡箍 |
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FR2616879B1 (fr) * | 1987-06-22 | 1989-11-17 | Caillau Ets | Collier de serrage metallique perfectionne |
FR2617266B1 (fr) * | 1987-06-23 | 1989-12-22 | Caillau Ets | Collier de serrage |
SE465384C (sv) * | 1987-09-28 | 1996-06-24 | Carl Eric Jaederberg | Monteringsanordning för två kanalsektioner i en för luftbehandlingsinstallationer avsedd luftkanal |
US4821379A (en) * | 1988-03-31 | 1989-04-18 | Wittek Industries, Inc. | Self-aligning spring clamp |
FR2632049B1 (fr) * | 1988-05-25 | 1990-10-05 | Caillau Ets | Collier de serrage |
IT1217723B (it) * | 1988-05-26 | 1990-03-30 | Arcelli & Bernacchi | Fascetta metallica per giunzione di tubi |
US5044814A (en) * | 1989-01-18 | 1991-09-03 | Kabushiki Kaisha Mihama Seisakusho | Clamping band |
DE3930716C1 (zh) * | 1989-09-14 | 1991-04-18 | Rasmussen Gmbh, 6457 Maintal, De | |
US5138746A (en) * | 1990-04-06 | 1992-08-18 | Nkh Spring Co., Ltd. | Clamp structure |
JP2501591Y2 (ja) * | 1990-04-06 | 1996-06-19 | 日本精工株式会社 | 締付けバンド |
FR2662487B1 (fr) * | 1990-05-23 | 1992-10-23 | Caillau Ets | Collier de serrage. |
US5033167A (en) * | 1990-07-12 | 1991-07-23 | Gkn Automotive Inc. | Low profile clamp |
US5138747A (en) * | 1991-04-08 | 1992-08-18 | Hans Oetiker | Clamp structure with improved spring action |
GB2262131B (en) * | 1991-12-03 | 1995-06-14 | Draftex Ind Ltd | Clamping rings |
FR2692322B1 (fr) * | 1992-06-04 | 1994-09-23 | Caillau Ets | Collier de serrage. |
DE4237330C1 (de) * | 1992-11-05 | 1993-10-28 | Rasmussen Gmbh | Schelle |
FR2708708B1 (fr) * | 1993-07-30 | 1995-10-27 | Caillau Ets | Collier de serrage. |
DE4411221A1 (de) * | 1994-03-31 | 1995-10-05 | Hilti Ag | Rohrschellenverschluss |
FR2729733B1 (fr) * | 1995-01-25 | 1997-04-25 | Caillau Ets | Collier de serrage |
US5544392A (en) * | 1995-03-01 | 1996-08-13 | Hans Oetiker Ag Maschinen -Und Apparatefabrik | Clamp structure with spring element |
DE19750010C1 (de) * | 1997-11-12 | 1999-05-12 | Rasmussen Gmbh | Schelle |
JP3927690B2 (ja) * | 1998-07-03 | 2007-06-13 | 日本発条株式会社 | ブーツバンド |
FR2794819B1 (fr) * | 1999-06-08 | 2001-09-07 | Caillau Ets | Collier de serrage |
PT1106895E (pt) * | 1999-12-02 | 2003-07-31 | Oetiker Hans Maschinen | Dispositivo de aperto |
PT1191270E (pt) * | 2000-09-26 | 2005-01-31 | Oetiker Hans Maschinen | Bracadeira para tubo flexivel |
EP1245891A1 (de) * | 2001-03-26 | 2002-10-02 | Hans Oetiker AG Maschinen- und Apparatefabrik | Schlauchklemme |
US7540071B2 (en) * | 2005-03-23 | 2009-06-02 | Franklin Fastener Company | Interlocked two-part clamp |
US7653972B2 (en) * | 2007-01-03 | 2010-02-02 | Craig Jr Paul M | Mechanical connection for open-type hose clamps |
US7721393B2 (en) * | 2007-01-03 | 2010-05-25 | Craig Jr Paul M | Size-conscious hose clamp |
US7690628B2 (en) * | 2007-12-10 | 2010-04-06 | Craig Hewitt | Fence fastener |
FR2932856B1 (fr) * | 2008-06-18 | 2010-08-13 | Caillau Ets | Collier de serrage a ergot d'accrochage embouti |
JP5167012B2 (ja) * | 2008-07-28 | 2013-03-21 | 矢崎総業株式会社 | 電線固定部材 |
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US20130022395A1 (en) * | 2011-07-18 | 2013-01-24 | Missy Cowan | Coupling for Hair Mannequin Head |
DE102013212629A1 (de) * | 2012-06-29 | 2014-01-02 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verbindungselement |
CN105508738A (zh) * | 2016-01-19 | 2016-04-20 | 成都科盛石油科技有限公司 | 固定装置改进结构 |
CN106764086A (zh) * | 2016-12-23 | 2017-05-31 | 慈溪铭展工贸有限公司 | 一种管夹 |
FR3101127B1 (fr) * | 2019-09-23 | 2021-10-01 | Caillau | Collier de serrage |
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US1942600A (en) * | 1932-09-06 | 1934-01-09 | Elias J Hornung | Clamp |
US2646940A (en) * | 1949-09-09 | 1953-07-28 | Stanley Works | Coilable rule with a detachable connection |
US2947055A (en) * | 1957-06-14 | 1960-08-02 | Warren B Mchenry | Fence post clamp |
GB932116A (en) * | 1960-05-02 | 1963-07-24 | Carr Fastener Co Ltd | Improvements in and relating to retainer clips |
US3300805A (en) * | 1965-04-19 | 1967-01-31 | Danline Mfg Company | Disposable rotary brush spacer ring |
US3898713A (en) * | 1973-09-17 | 1975-08-12 | Robert L Nelson | Tension band |
FR2415223A1 (fr) * | 1978-01-18 | 1979-08-17 | Caillau Ets | Collier de serrage du type " ouvert " |
FR2516181A1 (fr) * | 1981-11-06 | 1983-05-13 | Caillau Ets | Collier de serrage |
IT1190725B (it) * | 1982-03-10 | 1988-02-24 | Norma Spa | Fascetta metallica per giunzioni |
US4492004A (en) * | 1982-12-03 | 1985-01-08 | Hans Oetiker | Earless clamp structure |
US4622720A (en) * | 1982-12-03 | 1986-11-18 | Hans Oetiker | Fastening arrangement for open hose clamp |
JPS59124266U (ja) * | 1983-02-09 | 1984-08-21 | 岩「淵」金属工業株式会社 | 柱体用バンド |
-
1986
- 1986-05-09 FR FR8606716A patent/FR2598473B2/fr not_active Expired
-
1987
- 1987-02-10 US US07/013,237 patent/US4742600A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-02-18 PT PT84311A patent/PT84311B/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-02-20 CA CA000530266A patent/CA1286484C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-02-23 KR KR1019870001511A patent/KR950005553B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-02-23 BR BR8700834A patent/BR8700834A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-02-23 JP JP62038137A patent/JPH0830483B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-02-23 ES ES87400386T patent/ES2009842B3/es not_active Expired
- 1987-02-23 EP EP87400386A patent/EP0236217B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1987-02-23 DE DE8787400386T patent/DE3760254D1/de not_active Expired
- 1987-02-24 CN CN87100910A patent/CN1007655B/zh not_active Expired
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN100410575C (zh) * | 2005-02-28 | 2008-08-13 | 伊利诺斯器械工程公司 | 防去除棘齿夹 |
CN103842707B (zh) * | 2011-09-06 | 2015-11-25 | 汉斯奥蒂克机械和设备工厂股份公司 | 软管卡箍 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US4742600A (en) | 1988-05-10 |
DE3760254D1 (en) | 1989-07-20 |
PT84311B (pt) | 1989-10-04 |
FR2598473B2 (fr) | 1988-12-02 |
KR870008145A (ko) | 1987-09-24 |
JPH0830483B2 (ja) | 1996-03-27 |
BR8700834A (pt) | 1987-12-15 |
FR2598473A2 (fr) | 1987-11-13 |
EP0236217A1 (fr) | 1987-09-09 |
CN1007655B (zh) | 1990-04-18 |
PT84311A (fr) | 1987-03-01 |
KR950005553B1 (ko) | 1995-05-25 |
CA1286484C (en) | 1991-07-23 |
EP0236217B1 (fr) | 1989-06-14 |
JPS63190913A (ja) | 1988-08-08 |
ES2009842B3 (es) | 1989-10-16 |
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