CN86106255A - 禾秆燃饼的制造方法 - Google Patents

禾秆燃饼的制造方法 Download PDF

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CN86106255A
CN86106255A CN198686106255A CN86106255A CN86106255A CN 86106255 A CN86106255 A CN 86106255A CN 198686106255 A CN198686106255 A CN 198686106255A CN 86106255 A CN86106255 A CN 86106255A CN 86106255 A CN86106255 A CN 86106255A
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straw
cake
combustion
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翰斯·E·希尔瓦斯特
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K40/20—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by moulding, e.g. making cakes or briquettes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
    • Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
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  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)
  • Dry Formation Of Fiberboard And The Like (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
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  • Fodder In General (AREA)

Abstract

制造燃饼或燃块的方法，其中燃饼块系在压缩时，特别是通过连动杆或活塞压缩，由谷类或禾秆(麦秸、稻草)或类似的纤维素废料的茎秆与一种粘合剂相掺合而制成。在压力下禾秆饼内的温度暂时上升到75℃～200℃的范围，其特征在于将来自豆科和/或含蛋白质植物的茎秆或类似废料掺合，作为粘合剂，由此保证燃饼具有能经受长距离运输的结构上的稳定性。

Description

本发明涉及一种制造燃饼块的方法，该燃饼块系由谷类或禾秆（麦秸、稻草）或类似的纤维素废料的茎杆与一种粘合剂相掺合，通过压缩特别是采用连动杆或活塞压缩而制成，在加压时禾秆饼内的温度暂时上升到75℃到200℃的范围间。
这样的方法是已知的，例如在丹麦专利说明书148119号中，描述一种制造压缩麦秸燃饼的方法，该方法的特点是它所使用的粘合剂为含有有机物的含水淤渣，特别是得自污水净化或生物气体回收的淤渣。该发明的所说的优点着重在通过麦秸饼来除掉淤渣，并开发利用淤渣中有机组分的热值;而对渣饼的结构或抗变形性似乎并不太重视。可以予料，这种渣饼是不适于运输的，因为它们缺乏抗变形性。渣饼在受到很少的物理应力，例如当被成叠贮存时常常会碎裂。
从丹麦专利申请90/84号中得知，为了提高渣饼的抗变形性可以使用粘合剂，使其能适於长距离运输。根据该申请所说的粘合剂是由粉煤灰组成的，与其它的已知粘合剂相比较，粉煤灰是一种贱价的废料，而且它甚至还能吸收麦秸中略为偏高的水份。采用粉煤灰的缺点是，它所含的矿物质组分在燃饼的制造过程中，会对活塞和其他部件引起严重的机械磨损，同时就粉煤灰废物中会污染环境物质的量来说，也是不能控制的。这又使得利用燃饼燃烧后的灰份作肥料的想法成为不可足取。
从丹麦专利申请4471/81号中我们知道其燃饼或燃块是用一种叫tallbek的物质作为粘合剂的，用量相当为1～10%（重量）。根据该申请这种粘合剂会产生使燃饼有焰燃烧的作用。另外，这种粘合剂的缺点是tallbek不能保证燃饼具有足以经受长途运输的抗变形性。
虽然tallbek是一种含高级脂肪酸、树脂酸、酯和不皂化物质等组分的油状产品，它在制造燃饼或燃块进时与压力完全无关。但是，它在80℃～90℃时仅仅变稀，因此当冷却时它会胶结在一起，并沉析在基料和冷却段中。最后，应该说明的是tallbek是一种必须依靠输入的材料，以致通常会加重国家支付差额的负担。
另外，使用商品名为WAFOLIN
Figure 86106255_IMG1
的木素磺酸盐作为粘合剂也是一种已知的惯例，这种物质生产出粘着性差的燃饼，燃饼容易碎裂;而且，木素磺酸盐的含硫量约为5%，因此使用木素磺酸盐将会引起高的硫发散。
已知各种粘合剂的一个共同特点是，它们均要求禾秆的含水量在12～16%之间，即非常干的禾秆。在北欧的气候条件下，禾秆在收集之前在大地上要被干燥至这样低的含水量几乎是不可能的，并且确已证实，用作压制燃饼的大部分禾秆在被用于制造燃饼之前必须先行脱水。这种脱水工艺本身是耗能和较费成本的，以致降低了禾秆的总能源输出量。
本发明的目的是提供一种由含水量甚至高于16%的禾秆或类似的纤维素废料制造燃饼或燃块的方法，其中使用一种粘合剂以保证燃饼或燃块的结构稳定性，使燃饼块能承受长距离运输，而且这种粘合剂没有固有的付作用，例如它既不会增加对柱塞或基料的磨耗，也不含有环境污染物。此外，此粘合剂必须能与燃料一起进入到农业循环，在这样的循环中，例如焚烧后的灰份可以作为补充肥料使用。
根据本发明此目的已经通过掺合禾秆和被用作粘合剂的、得自豆类和含蛋白质植物的类似废料而实现。豆类和含蛋白质植物的茎秆之蛋白质含量在30～40克/公斤。在压缩期间的高温下，此蛋白质可与禾秆中的水份一起被利用而产生蛋白质的凝结作用，由此使禾秆饼粘结成具有较大的抗机械应力的稳定形禾秆饼。这种特定粘合剂的最重要特性是，一方面有可能使用比先前所用的禾秆要高出75%以上含水量的禾秆，而不会在制得的产品中引起质量下降;另一方面它也不会促成对柱塞或基料的不正常磨耗。此外，当它处于凝聚态时，粘合剂还在禾秆与基质之间起润滑剂作用。
由禾秆饼燃烧产生的剩余物为灰份，它不含环境污染物，例如重金属盐形式的污染物，因为用于制造禾秆饼的所有物质均可从通常的农场剩余产物中取得。这就使利用灰份作肥料成为仅仅是一种很正常的事情，由此可见它为禾秆饼中的各组分提供一种循环。
现已证实，使用取自豌豆和羽扁豆生产中的茎杆作粘合剂是特别合适的。在禾秆燃饼块的制造过程中，也可考虑使用种植豆科植物时大量的去叶的豆类茎秆。在正常生长的各种豆科植物中，原蛋白质含量为30～40克/公斤茎秆。为了使粘合剂能有效地起作用，其添加量可达10%，主要采用的添加量为5%。
本发明方法的一个特别令人惊奇的效果是禾秆中的允许含水量为16～30%，此值在压制禾秆饼的工艺中迄今仍是被禁止的。这是由于当湿禾秆被压缩成燃饼时即产生汽囊，汽囊会使燃饼破裂和形成不良的粘着。而本发明允许禾秆具有大量水份这一事实，也许可以通过禾秆中的水份与粘合剂的蛋白质组分相结合形成稳定键而得到解释。
引用下述的例子来说明本发明：
在FARMHAND型切碎机中将含水量为24%的禾秆切碎到1～3厘米长。在混合室内使它与粉碎的豆类茎杆相掺合。然后，混合物被送入到C.F.Nielsen牌的偏心压力机中，就压缩禾秆饼来说，这种压力机被证明是足够坚固的。由于其作用和操作是众所周知的，所以略去有关的说明。压制的燃饼在温度为70℃左右，以连续的条状形式从压力机压出，然后沿冷却段被送到堆料场，在该处通过自由下落而使燃饼条断开。
制得的禾秆燃饼之干固体物含量约为92%、热值约为4310千卡/公斤或18045千焦耳/公斤。上述数值是非常不稳定的，它们主要视一年中的时间、气候、土壤的种类和组成等而定。

Claims (4)

1、制造燃饼或燃块的方法，该燃饼块系在压缩，特别是连动杆或活塞压缩时，由谷类或禾秆(麦秸、稻草)或类似的纤维素废料的茎秆与一种粘合剂相掺合而制成，在压力下禾秆饼内的温度暂时上升到75℃～200℃范围，其特征在于掺合得自豆科和/或含蛋白质植物的茎秆或类似废料以作为粘合剂。
2、根据权利要求1的方法，其特征在于采用得自豌豆或羽扁豆生产中的粉碎茎秆作为粘合剂。
3、根据权利要求1或2的方法，其特征在于添加的粘合剂量达到10%，主要采用的添加量为5%。
4、根据权利要求1～3的方法，其特征在于禾秆的含水量为16～30%之间，主要在18～23%之间。
CN198686106255A 1985-08-19 1986-08-18 禾秆燃饼的制造方法 Pending CN86106255A (zh)

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AU (1) AU6331886A (zh)
DE (1) DE3627986A1 (zh)
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FR (1) FR2586254B1 (zh)
GB (1) GB2179367B (zh)
IN (1) IN165209B (zh)
IT (1) IT1197808B (zh)
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FR2586254B1 (fr) 1990-03-02
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GB2179367A (en) 1987-03-04
DK374885D0 (da) 1985-08-19
AU6331886A (en) 1987-03-10
SE8603358D0 (sv) 1986-08-08
DK152291C (da) 1988-07-11
IT8621500A0 (it) 1986-08-19
GB2179367B (en) 1989-01-11
FR2586254A1 (fr) 1987-02-20
SE8603358L (sv) 1987-02-20
DE3627986A1 (de) 1987-02-26
DK374885A (da) 1986-01-08
EP0232396A1 (en) 1987-08-19
GB8620084D0 (en) 1986-10-01
IT1197808B (it) 1988-12-06
US4810446A (en) 1989-03-07
DK152291B (da) 1988-02-15
IT8621500A1 (it) 1988-02-19

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