CN210116256U - 车辆的蒙皮 - Google Patents

车辆的蒙皮 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN210116256U
CN210116256U CN201920398987.5U CN201920398987U CN210116256U CN 210116256 U CN210116256 U CN 210116256U CN 201920398987 U CN201920398987 U CN 201920398987U CN 210116256 U CN210116256 U CN 210116256U
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layer
skin
substrate
appearance coating
appearance
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CN201920398987.5U
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戈德弗鲁瓦·博
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Faurecia Interieur Industrie SAS
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Faurecia Interieur Industrie SAS
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Abstract

本实用新型涉及一种车辆的蒙皮，包括基材(4)和覆盖基材(4)的外观覆层(6)，外观覆层(6)是多层的并且包括装饰层(8)、包括密封的阻隔膜(16)的阻隔层(10)和加固层(12)，阻隔层(10)介于装饰层(8)和加固层(12)之间，加固层(12)位于基材(4)的一侧，并且装饰层(8)位于基材(4)的相对侧。

Description

车辆的蒙皮
【技术领域】
本实用新型涉及蒙皮领域，特别是车辆、尤其是机动车辆的蒙皮。
【背景技术】
可以制造蒙皮，其包括基材和覆盖基材并且用来赋予蒙皮特定的外观的装饰层。特别是可以提供碳丝编织片形式的装饰层，以使蒙皮具有由以碳丝加固的塑料材料制成的零件的外观。
然而，在蒙皮制造期间进行的装饰层成形期间，装饰层的碳丝可能相对于彼此移动。此外，蒙皮的另一层的熔融材料、基材的熔融材料或在蒙皮制造期间使用的胶可能在碳丝之间通过而可在蒙皮装饰层的可见面上看到。这会产生妨碍感官质量的蒙皮外观缺陷。
【实用新型内容】
本实用新型的目的之一是提出一种制造蒙皮的方法，该方法使得能够限制外观缺陷的风险。
为此目的，本实用新型提出一种制造蒙皮、特别是用于车辆的蒙皮的方法，该蒙皮包括至少部分地覆盖基材的外观覆层，该制造方法包括：
-制造多层外观覆层，所述多层外观覆层包括装饰层、包含密封阻隔膜的阻隔层、以及加固层，阻隔层介于装饰层和加固层之间；然后
-组装外观覆层和基材，加固层位于基材的一侧，并且装饰层位于相对侧。
在特定实施例中，该方法可以包括以下可选特征中的一个或多个，所述特征被单独地或以任何技术上可行的组合而采用：
-制造外观覆层包括将装饰层、阻隔层和加固层逐层压制在一起以进行组装；
-阻隔层包括覆盖阻隔膜一面的至少一个粘合层，阻隔膜的单面或每一面覆盖有粘合层；
-阻隔膜由热塑性弹性材料制成，例如热塑性聚氨酯；
-该方法包括在组装外观覆层和基材之前和/或在外观覆层和基材的组装过程中形成外观覆层；
-外观覆层和基材的组装是通过在外观覆层上包覆成型基材或通过将外观覆层胶合在预先提供的基材上而制成的；
-该方法包括在组装外观覆层和基材之前，在外观覆层的可见的正面一侧、在外观覆层的装饰层上涂覆保护层；
-保护层由选自聚氨酯、环氧树脂和不饱和聚酯的材料制成；
-保护层被模塑在装饰层上；
-保护层被模塑在装饰层上，其中模塑压力等于或小于20巴，特别是等于或小于5巴；
-保护层的玻璃化转变温度等于或大于70℃，特别是等于或大于80℃，在50℃到100℃的温度范围内，其杨氏模量等于或大于2500N/mm2，在50℃到100℃的温度范围内，其肖氏硬度D等于或大于70肖氏D，和/或其厚度等于或大于0.5mm；以及
-装饰层是木片、金属片、矿物片或编织物，特别是由碳丝制成的编织物或由凯夫拉(Kevlar)丝制成的编织物。
本实用新型还涉及一种蒙皮，特别是用于车辆的蒙皮，其包括基材和覆盖基材的外观覆层，外观覆层是多层的并且包括装饰层、包含密封阻隔膜的阻隔层、以及加固层，阻隔层介于装饰层和加固层之间，加固层位于基材的一侧，并且装饰层位于相对侧。
在特定实施例中，该蒙皮可以包括以下可选特征中的一个或多个，所述特征被单独地或以任何技术上可行的组合而采用：
-阻隔膜由热塑性弹性材料制成，例如热塑性聚氨酯；
-基材被包覆成型在外观覆层上或被胶合在外观覆层上；
-外观覆层包括覆盖与基材相对的一侧的装饰层的保护层；
-保护层由选自聚氨酯、环氧树脂和不饱和聚酯的材料制成；
-保护层(14)的玻璃化转变温度等于或大于70℃，特别是等于或大于80℃，在50℃到100℃的温度范围内，其杨氏模量等于或大于2500N/mm2，在50℃到100℃的温度范围内，其肖氏硬度D等于或大于70肖氏D，和/或其厚度等于或大于0.5mm。
【附图说明】
通过阅读下面的仅作为示例给出并且参考附图进行的描述，将更好地理解本实用新型及其优点，在附图中：
-图1是蒙皮的剖视图；
-图2是图1的蒙皮的阻隔层的剖视图；
-图3是示出图1的蒙皮的外观覆层的制造步骤的示意图，其中阻隔层是一体的；
-图4是示出外观覆层的保护层的涂覆步骤的示意图；
-图5是示出在覆层上包覆成型基材以获得蒙皮的示意图；
-图6是示出外观覆层的成形步骤的示意图；
-图7是示出在基材上胶合外观覆层以获得蒙皮的示意图；以及
-图8是示出蒙皮的外观覆层的制造步骤的示意图。
【具体实施方式】
图1中示出的蒙皮2包括基材4和组装到基材4的外观覆层6。
蒙皮2例如是车辆蒙皮，特别是机动车辆的蒙皮。
基材4为蒙皮2赋予其大致轮廓。在一个实施例中，基材4由塑料材料制成，特别是模塑的热塑性材料。
外观覆层6至少部分地覆盖基材4。外观覆层6在此完全覆盖基材4。
外观覆层6预计可被看到，并且为蒙皮2赋予特定的外观。
外观覆层6包括转向与基材4相反方向的可见的正面6A和转向基材4的相对的隐藏背面6B。
在下面的描述中，术语“正”、“背”、“前”、“后”指的是外观覆层6的分别位于前面和后面的可见的正面6A和隐藏的背面6B。
在一个特定实施例中，基材4被包覆成型到外观覆层6上，更确切地说，被包覆成型到外观覆层6的反面上，即，到外观覆层6的背面6B上。到反面上的该包覆成型例如是通过压缩模塑或通过注塑(或BIM，针对英语的“back injection moulding(后注塑)”)实现的。
外观覆层6是层状的。它是多层的，并且通过将各层彼此叠放并进行组装而形成。这样的层状外观覆层6通常称为“层状复合物”。
外观覆层6包括装饰层8、阻隔层10和加固层12。阻隔层10夹在装饰层8和加固层12之间。
装饰层8位于转向与基材4相反方向的可见的正面6A一侧，并且加固层12位于转向基材4的隐藏背面6B这一侧。
位于可见侧的装饰层8为外观覆层6赋予其外观，并因此为装备有该外观覆层6的蒙皮赋予其外观。
装饰层8例如是片材，其优选地选自织物片、木片、矿物片、金属片、玻璃片和用纤维或丝加固了的塑料材料的片材。
织物片是编织的、非编织的或网状的，并且由天然丝或合成丝制成，例如由碳丝、芳纶丝(或
Figure BDA0002008781130000041
)、棉丝、羊毛丝、麻丝和/或塑料材料的丝制成。金属装饰片例如是铝片。用纤维加固的塑料装饰片包括用埋入基质的碳纤维或芳纶纤维加固的塑料材料的基质。矿物装饰片例如是石英或页岩石层，例如板岩或云母。
在一个优选实施例中，装饰层8是由碳丝编织的织物片或由芳纶丝编织的织物片、木片或矿物片。
在一个特定实施例中，装饰层8是用碳丝编织的、包括金属丝(例如，铝丝)的织物片。在由碳丝制成的织物中包含金属丝，特别是铝丝，赋予了更具价值的外观。
提供加固层12以加固装饰层8，以获得容易处理并且可以很容易地用于制造蒙皮2的外观覆层6。加固层12也便于将外观覆层6与基材4组装在一起。
在一个实施例中，加固层12是片材，例如编织的、非编织的或网状的、由天然丝或合成丝制成的织物片、瓦楞纸片、纸片、塑料材料的片或金属片等等。
包含木制装饰层8的层状外观覆层6通常称为“层状木材复合物”(或针对英语“wood sheet complex”的WSC)。
包含碳丝装饰层8的层状外观覆层通常称为“层状碳复合物”(或针对英语“carbonsheet complex”的CSC)。
阻隔层10是密封的，以防止在外观覆层6和蒙皮2的制造过程中通过处于粘性状态或液态的流体。
因此，阻隔层10防止来自加固层12侧的处于粘性状态的流体或液态流体浸渍装饰层8。
阻隔层10还防止粘性状态的流体或液态流体通过毛细管作用并透过装饰片8而被加固层12吸收，这会增加装饰层8的浸渍。
可选地，并且如图1所示，外观覆层6包括在外观覆层6的可见面6A一侧覆盖装饰层8的保护层14。装饰层8夹在保护层14和阻隔层10之间。
保护层14用于在制造蒙皮2期间、特别是在外观覆层6和基材4的组装期间保护装饰层8。
特别地，在通过注塑或通过压缩模塑来在外观覆层6上包覆成型基材4的情况下，基材4的材料在压力下可能压坏装饰层8，尤其是压坏装饰层8的丝，这可能改变装饰层8的视觉外观。覆盖装饰层8的保护层14使得能够避免这样的压坏。
在一个实施例中，保护层14是树脂层，优选地是热固性树脂层。保护层14例如是聚氨酯、环氧树脂、聚酯层。
优选地，保护层14由双成分树脂制成，该双成分树脂是通过混合两种成分而获得的，这两种成分的混合引起树脂的固化。这种树脂快速固化，通常比单成分树脂更快，这有利于外观覆层6的制造。
保护层14优选具有以下特征中的一个或多个：
-玻璃化转变温度等于或大于70℃，特别是等于或大于80℃；
-在50℃到100℃之间的温度范围内，杨氏模量等于或大于2500
N/mm2；
-在50℃到100℃的温度范围内，肖氏硬度D等于或大于70肖氏D；和/或
-厚度等于或大于0.5mm。
保护层14的这些特征使得能够确保在制造期间有效地保护装饰层8。
玻璃化转变温度高于确定的阈值使得能够确保保护层14在外观覆层6与基材4的组装期间、特别是当对组件进行热处理时(如在通过注射或压缩进行包覆成型期间的情况)保持足够的机械特征(杨氏模量和/或肖氏硬度D)。
在确定的温度范围内杨氏模量大于确定的阈值和/或在确定的温度范围内肖氏硬度D高于确定的阈值使得能够确保保护层14将承受得住在外观覆层6和基材4的组装期间施加的机械应力、特别是在通过注射或压缩进行包覆成型期间施加的压力而外观覆层6不会受到不利影响。
厚度大于确定的阈值使得能够确保保护层14足够厚以确保应力分布，使得外观覆层6在施加压力期间不会受到不利影响，特别是在注塑或压缩模塑期间。
如图1中所示，蒙皮2可选地包括表层15。表层15保护外观覆层6免受撞击、刮擦和/或紫外线辐射。表层15例如是合成树脂层，例如清漆。表层15是透明或半透明的，并且可能是有色的。表层15在此覆盖保护层14。
如图2中所示，阻隔层10包括密封的阻隔膜，该阻隔膜被设计成防止在外观覆层6和蒙皮2的制造期间的处于粘性状态或液态的流体通过。
阻隔层10可以包括至少一个粘合层，其使得能够将阻隔层10组装到外观覆层6的另一层上。
在示出的示例中，阻隔层10是由夹在两个粘合层18之间的阻隔膜16形成的。阻隔层10是例如通过对两个粘合层16、18之间的阻隔膜16进行共挤压包覆成型制成的。
阻隔膜16的厚度在20μm到200μm之间，特别是在20μm到60μm之间，尤其是大约40μm。
阻隔膜16是例如由弹性材料制成的，特别是热塑性聚氨酯(或针对英语“thermoplastic polyurethan”的TPU)。
在一个特定示例中，阻隔膜16由TPU制成，其厚度为约40μm。
两个粘合层18具有相同的厚度或不同的厚度。两个粘合层18各自的厚度在10μm到200μm之间，特别在20μm到60μm之间，尤其是约40μm。
两个粘合层18例如由相同的材料制成。在变型中，它们由不同的材料制成。两个粘合层18中的每一个由例如共聚酰胺制成。
包括粘合层18的阻隔层10有助于外观覆层6的制造，特别是有助于装饰层8、阻隔层10和加固层12的组装。
现在将参考图3至图8描述图1的蒙皮的制造方法和其变型。
该制造方法包括组装装饰层8、阻隔层10和加固层12(图3)，然后可选地，在外观覆层上涂覆保护层14(图4)，然后组装外观覆层6和基材4(图5)。
在图3示出的示例中，装饰层8、阻隔层10和加固层12是分开制造的，然后组装它们以制造以层状复合物形式的外观覆层6。
在一个实施例中，外观覆层6是通过叠加装饰层8、阻隔层10和加固层12并将它们逐层压在一起以组装它们而形成的。通过粘合层18来确保装饰层8、阻隔层10和加固层12的组装。
此处通过使之在压制台22的平行且反向旋转的两个辊20之间通过来叠加并压制装饰层8、阻隔层10和加固层12。这种压制类型也称为轧制。
图3中示出了单个压制台22，但是当然可以提供几个连续的压制台。
在此示例中，同时压制装饰层8、阻隔层10和加固层12。在变型中，这也可以连续进行，用装饰层8和加固层12中的一个来压制组隔层10以组装它们，然后将这样形成的子组合与装饰层8和加固层12中的另一个进行压制。
可选地，对装饰层8、阻隔层10和加固层12进行热压，特别是热轧。
为此，在压制之前和/或期间对外观覆层6的这些层中的至少一个进行加热。为了在压制之前进行加热，可以提供布置在压制上游的加热装置，以加热外观覆层6的片材中的至少一个。为了在压制过程中加热，可以提供加热压制机(这里是加热辊20)。
在示出的示例中，加热是在压制的上游通过加热装置23实现的，加热装置23被布置成加热阻隔层10。
优选地，并且如图3所示，装饰层8、阻挡层10和加固层12被包装成连续的带24、26、28的形式，通过使之穿过至少一个压制台22来对这些带进行叠加和压制，以形成连续的复合带30，然后在切割站32中切割该连续的复合带30以形成分立的外观覆层6。
在组装装饰层8、阻隔层10和加固层12的步骤之后，将保护层14涂覆到装饰层8上。
在一个实施例中，通过将外观覆层6插入模具36的模腔34中然后在模腔34中模塑保护层14来制造保护层14。
在图4示出的示例中，保护层14由双成分树脂形成。模具36包括两个储存器38，每个储存器38包含双成分树脂的相应成分中的每一个，用于混合两种成分的混合器40，以及用于将混合物注入模腔34中的填充装置41。
混合器40例如被配置成通过在高压下、例如在约120巴的压力下喷射两种成分来进行混合。这允许快速有效地混合两种成分以实现快速的聚合作用。混合是在单独的且与模腔34分离的混合室中进行的。
模腔34的填充是在等于或小于20巴、优选地等于或小于5巴、尤其是等于或小于4巴的填充压力下进行的。
有如下可能：由于检测到模腔34的完全填充和填充装置41的停止之间的反应时间，可能在填充的最末端局部观察到填充过压。
在低压下模塑保护层14避免了模塑期间损坏装饰层8，从而保持其外观，以获得更好的最终成果。
在任何情况下，当通过压缩模塑或通过注塑来制造基材4时，填充压力严格小于基材4的模塑压力。
在图5所示的示例中，外观覆层6和基材4的组装是通过将基材4包覆成型到外观覆层6上而实现的，这里更确切地说，在外观覆层6上覆盖有保护层14。
为此，在存在熔融塑料材料44的情况下将外观覆层6布置在包覆成型模具42中，该熔融塑料材料44用于在模塑结束时形成基材4。
包覆成型模具42在此包括相对于彼此可移动的两个模具部件46、48，其用于选择性地打开和关闭包覆成型模具42。
在一个实施例中，基材4的模塑是通过注塑实现的。在这种情况下，预先制造的外观覆层6被布置在包覆成型模具42中，然后通过设置在模具部件48中的至少一个给料通道50将熔融塑料材料44注入模具中，以用于模塑基材4。
在另一实施例中，基材4的模塑是通过压缩模塑实现的。熔融塑料和外观覆层6被布置在打开的包覆成型模具42中，然后关闭包覆成型模具42使得在包覆成型模具42内部抵靠外观覆层6模塑预先引入包覆成型模具42的熔融塑料材料，并形成基材4。
在一个实施例中，外观覆层6与外观覆层6上的基材4的包覆成型一致地被成形为所需的三维形状。外观覆层6基本上平坦地插入包覆成型模具42中，并且外观覆层6形成其最终的三维形状是由于包覆成型模具42的关闭和/或外观覆层6上的基材4的包覆成型。
在基材4的包覆成型结束时，获得包括覆盖有外观覆层6的基材4的组件。
可选地，该制造方法包括在外观覆层6的组装与基材4和外观覆层6的组装步骤之间实施的切割和/或加工外观覆层6的至少一个步骤。
切割包括例如在外观覆层中切割开口和/或切割外观覆层的外边缘。加工包括例如加工外观覆层6的开口的内边缘和/或外观覆层6的外边缘。
当外观覆层6包括保护层14时，可以在涂覆保护层14之前提供切割和/或加工外观覆层6的步骤，和/或在涂覆保护层14与组装基材4和外观覆层6之间提供切割和/或加工的步骤。
可选地，当外观覆层6包括保护层14时，该制造方法包括对保护层14进行表面加工的步骤。表面加工步骤包括例如打磨和/或抛光。
可选地，该制造方法包括涂覆表层15(图1)。在组装了外观覆层6和基材4之后涂覆表层15。例如通过喷涂来涂覆表层15。
当外观覆层6包括保护层14并且制造方法包括表面加工步骤时，表层的涂覆例如在表面加工步骤之后进行。
可选地，并且如图6中所示，该制造过程包括在组装基材4和外观覆层6之前使外观覆层6成形以为其赋予永久的三维形状。
该成形有利地通过加热成型来实现。加热成型包括加热外观覆层6和对加热后的外观覆层6的变形，以为其赋予所需的三维形状。
如图6中所示，此处，该成形是在成形模具50中进行的，该成形模具50包括两个模具部分52、54，这两个模具部分52、54被构造成彼此靠近以使插入在两个模具部件52、54之间的外观覆层成形。
在特别被适配成在与基材4进行组装之前使外观覆层6成形的实施例中，加固层12是由热塑性丝制成的织物片。
当外观覆层6具有保护层14时，例如在涂覆保护层14之前进行成形，如图6所示。
因此，保护层14被涂覆到已经成形的外观覆层6上。外观覆层6的成形可以通过施加不会对装饰层8产生不利影响的低压来进行。在变型中，在成形步骤之前涂覆保护层14。然后，保护层14在设有保护层14的外观覆层6的成形期间保护装饰层8。
当在外观覆层6和基材4的组装之前提供切割和/或加工外观覆层6的步骤时，该切割和/或加工步骤优选地在成形之前。
代替在外观覆层6上包覆成型基材4，该制造方法可以包括供应基材4，然后组装基材4和外观覆层6，如图7中所示。
外观覆层6例如通过在两者之间涂覆的胶合层而胶合到基材4上，如图7中的胶储存器56示意性地示出的，和/或热压在基材4上，使得外观覆层6和基材4彼此结合成一体。
当外观覆层6包括保护层14时，在组装基材4和外观覆层6之前或之后涂覆保护层14。如图7所示，优选地在组装基材4和外观覆层6之前涂覆保护层14。
在图1至图3示出的示例中，阻隔层10包括夹在两个粘合层18之间的阻隔膜16。
在图8示出的变型中，阻隔层10仅由热塑性阻隔膜16形成(而没有粘合层)。
在这种情况下，为了组装装饰层8、阻隔层10和加固层12，至少对热塑性阻隔膜16进行加热以使其承受高于其玻璃化转变温度的温度，并且当阻隔层10高于其玻璃化转变温度时，压制叠加的装饰层8、阻隔层10和加固层12。
这使得能够通过加热使阻隔膜10软化、然后在冷却期间使阻隔层10固化来组装装饰层8、阻隔层10和加固层12。阻隔层10粘合到装饰层8和加固层12中的每一个上。
在一个实施例中，加热装饰层8、阻隔层10和加固层12，使得阻隔层10的温度超过其玻璃化转变温度并对其进行压制。在变型中，仅加热阻隔层10使得阻隔膜10的温度超过其玻璃化转变温度，而不特别地加热装饰层8和加固层12。
在变型中或在替换方案中，如图8中通过胶储存器56示意性地示出的，外观覆层6的制造包括在装饰层8和阻隔层10之间提供胶和/或在阻隔层10和加固层12之间提供胶。
可以在装饰层8和阻隔层10之间提供胶并且在阻隔层10和加固层12之间提供胶，可以在装饰层8和阻隔层10之间提供胶而不在阻隔层10和加固层12之间提供胶，或者可以在阻隔层10和加固层12之间提供胶而不在装饰层8和阻隔层10之间提供胶。
可以在单次压制操作中胶合由装饰层8、阻隔层10和加固层12的叠加形成的组合。
在变型中，也可以通过将阻隔层10与装饰层8和加固层12中的一个进行胶合然后将该子组合与装饰层8和加固层12中的另一个进行胶合来连续进行。
可以提供具有阻隔膜16和单个粘合层18的阻隔层10，该单个粘合层18用于将阻隔层10与装饰层8和加固层12中的一个进行胶合，另一个是通过在压制之前提供的胶来与阻隔层10进行胶合。
因此，总的来说，阻隔层10由阻隔膜构成，或者包括在阻隔膜16的两个面中的仅一个面上的粘合层18或者在阻隔膜16的每一面上的粘合层18。
蒙皮2和相关制造方法使得能够限制蒙皮2的外观缺陷的风险，这保持了用户的感官质量。
插在装饰层8和加固层12之间的阻隔层10用于稳固装饰层8。特别地，当装饰层8是编织或网状的织物片时，所涂覆并胶合到装饰层8的阻隔层10防止这些丝相对于彼此移动，并且还使得能够稳固其整体几何形状。
插在装饰层8和加固层12之间的密封阻隔层还具有防止装饰层8在该覆层本身和整个蒙皮的制造过程中被流体浸渍。
在将基材4包覆成型在外观覆层6上的情况下，密封的阻隔层10防止包覆成型的塑料材料浸渍装饰层8。
在使用胶来组装外观覆层6和基材4的情况下，阻隔层10防止胶浸渍装饰层8。
另外，当外观覆层6设有与外观层8接触的表层15或保护层14时，阻隔层10防止保护层14或表层15由于毛细现象穿过装饰层8被加固层12吸入，这会导致装饰层8被保护层过度浸渍。
因此，阻隔层10使得能够通过在可能的成形期间稳固装饰层并且通过避免或限制装饰层8被在覆层本身的制造及其与基材4的组装期间使用的流体所浸渍来保持装饰层8的外观。
此外，保护层14在制造过程中保护装饰层8，以保持装饰层8的视觉外观，尤其是不管在制造方法过程中、特别是在组装基材4和外观覆层6的过程中装饰层8受到的压力和挤压应力如何。
保护层14独立于密封阻隔层10是有利的，以在蒙皮的制造期间保护装饰层8。
因此，总的来说，本实用新型还涉及一种蒙皮、尤其是用于车辆的蒙皮的制造方法，该制造方法包括提供具有装饰层、位于装饰层背面的加固层和位于装饰层正面的保护层的多层外观覆层，然后将外观覆层组装在基材上，加固层位于基材一侧而装饰层位于相对侧。该组装例如通过在外观覆层上包覆成型基材、特别是通过压缩模塑或注塑来进行。

Claims (13)

1.一种蒙皮，包括基材(4)和覆盖基材(4)的外观覆层(6)，外观覆层(6)是多层的并且包括装饰层(8)、包括密封的阻隔膜(16)的阻隔层(10)和加固层(12)，阻隔层(10)介于装饰层(8)和加固层(12)之间，加固层(12)位于基材(4)的一侧，并且装饰层(8)位于基材(4)的相对侧。
2.根据权利要求1所述的蒙皮，其中，阻隔层(10)包括覆盖阻隔膜(16)的一面的至少一个粘合层(18)，阻隔膜(16)的单面或每一面覆盖有粘合层(18)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的蒙皮，其中，阻隔膜(16)由热塑性弹性材料(TPE)制成。
4.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的蒙皮，其中，阻隔膜(16)由热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)制成。
5.根据权利要求1所述的蒙皮，其中，基材(4)被包覆成型在外观覆层(6)上或粘合在外观覆层(6)上。
6.根据权利要求1所述的蒙皮，其中，外观覆层(6)包括在基材(4)的相对侧上覆盖装饰层(8)的保护层(14)。
7.根据权利要求6所述的蒙皮，其中，保护层(14)被模塑在装饰层(8)上。
8.根据权利要求6所述的蒙皮，其中，保护层(14)由选自聚氨酯、环氧树脂和不饱和聚酯中的一种材料制成。
9.根据权利要求6所述的蒙皮，其中，保护层(14)具有以下特征：
-玻璃化转变温度等于或大于70℃；
-在50℃到100℃之间的温度范围内，杨氏模量等于或大于2500N/m2；
-在50℃到100℃之间的温度范围内，肖氏硬度D等于或大于70肖氏D；和/或
-厚度等于或大于0.5mm。
10.根据权利要求9所述的蒙皮，其中，保护层(14)具有以下特征：
-玻璃化转变温度等于或大于80℃。
11.根据权利要求1所述的蒙皮，其中，装饰层(8)是木片、金属片、矿物片或编织物。
12.根据权利要求11所述的蒙皮，其中，所述编织物是由碳丝制成的编织物或由凯夫拉丝制成的编织物。
13.根据权利要求1所述的蒙皮，其中，所述蒙皮是车辆蒙皮。
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